Anti-inflammatory & Locals Flashcards
What is inflammation?
A process resulting from tissue injury due to physical, chemical, or biologic trauma.
What is the point of inflammation?
To remove or wall-off the cause of the injury
To repair or replace the damaged tissue
What are the clinical manifestations of inflammation
Heat, Redness, Swelling, Pain, Loss of function
What chemicals are released after cell damage
Prostaglandins
Leukotrienes
Thromboxanes
Histamine
Cytokines
What are the first responses in Inflammation?
Increased blood flow/perfusion
Dilution of offendng agent (serum)
Fibrin to immobize agent
Phagocytic cells to get rid of agent
Cyclooxygenase
An enzyme in the inflammatory cascade
Responsible formaking prostaglandins
Cyclooxygenase has two forms. What are they?
Cox-1: maintains physiologic functions (renal blood flow, stimulate gastric mucosal protection) GOOD
Cox-2: mediates inflammation and pain BAD
What is the definition of pain?
An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage.
Pain can be classified into two types. What are they?
Adaptive and Maladaptive
What areas of the brain are responsible for pain interpretation?
Crebrum
Thalamus
Medulla
How can fever be an important indicator of disease?
Chemical mediators released by damaged cells can cause fever.
How can a fever serve a purpose?
Destruction of the invading virus or bacteria by heat activation.
What is a pyrogen?
A substance which can induce fever
Where do exogenous pyrogens come from?
From outside the body - viruses and bacteria
Where do endogenous pyrogens come from?
From inside the body - chemical mediators (protaglandins)
How do NSAIDs work
Work by inhibiting cyclooxygenase
What are some adverse effects to NSAIDs
GI ulceration and bleeding due to the loss of the normal mucus coating of the stomach
Nephrotoxicity
Bone marrow suppression
Bleeding tendencies
Hepatoxicity
Contraindications of NSAIDs
Liver or renal insufficiiency
Bleeding disorders
Currently taking steroids or other NSAIDs
What species is Phenylbutazone “Bute” predominately used with?
Horses
What species is Flunixi8n Meglumine (Banamine) perdominately used with?
Horses
What is Carprofen (Rimadyl) used for?
Anti-infmamatory, analgesic, & milt anti-pyretic.
Only canine
What is Ketoprofen (Ketofen) used for?
Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-pyretic.
Horses
Off-label in canine and feline
What is Etodolac (Etogesic) used for?
Anagesic and anti-inflammatory.
More selective inhibition of Cox-2 than Cox-1
What is Meloxicam (Metacam) used for?
NSAID
A Cox-2 preferential NSAID
Does Deracoxib (Deramaxx) inhibit Cox-1 or Cox-2?
Cox -2 and spares Cox-1 at theraputic doses.
Is Ibuprofen recommended for dogs and cats?
No - can cause GI ulceration and renal damage
Can Acetaminiphen be used in dogs?
Yes at the proper dosage, but NEVER in cats.
What is DMSO
DiMethyl SulfOxide
Free radical scavenger that has anti-inflammatory & analgesic effects
What is Adequan used for?
reduces inflammation
Reduces prostaglandins released after a joint injury
What is Methocarbamol (Robaxin-V) used for?
Skeletal Muscle relaxant
Anabolic steroids
Promote proetin synthesis and increase muscle mass
Hormonal steroids
Estrogens, progesterone, and testosterone
What is the most potent natuarlly occuring anabolic steroid?
Testosterone
Are corticosteroids derived from the adrenal cortex?
Yes
Divided into two main groups:
mineralcorticoids (aldosterone) and
Glucocorticoids (cortisol = hydocortisone)
