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GI Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

GI tract is also called the?

A

Alimentary Tract

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2
Q

The GI tract starts and ends where?

A

Mouth to Anus

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3
Q

What are the accessory digestive organs?

A

Teeth, tongue, salivary glands and pancreas

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4
Q

How many regions is the abdomen divided into?

A

3
Intrathoracic, True Abdomen, Retroperitoneal abdomen

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5
Q

What region of the abdomen is enclosed by the lower ribs and distal to the diaphragm?

A

Intrathoracic

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6
Q

What organs are in the intrathoracic region?

A

Liver, Gallbladder, Spleen, Stomach, Transverse Colon

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7
Q

What organs are in the True Abdomen?

A

Small and Large Intestines, lower portion of Liver, Bladder

Females: Uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries

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8
Q

Which region of the abdomen lies behind the thoracic and true portions and separated by a membrane?

A

Retroperitoneal abdomen

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9
Q

What organs are in the retroperitoneal abdomen?

A

Kidneys, Ureters, Pancreas, Posterior Duodenum, Ascending and Descending Colon, Inferior Vena Cava

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10
Q

What are the six functions of digestion?

A

Ingestion, Secretion, Mixing and Propulsion, Digestion, Absorption and Defecation

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11
Q

Which function of digestion involved taking in food and liquid through the mouth?

A

Ingestion

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12
Q

Which function of digestion involves cells lining GI tract which produces water, acid, buffers and enzymes that aid in digestion?

A

Secretion

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13
Q

Which function of digestion provides continuous contraction and relaxation moving food along GI tract?

A

Mixing and Propulsion

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14
Q

Which function of digestion is mechanical and chemical process that breaks down the food we ingest?

A

Digestion

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15
Q

Which function of digestion involves small molecules produced in digestion moved into space to be used by cells?

A

Absorption

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16
Q

Which function of digestion involves elimination of materials not absorbed by our body indigestion?

A

Defecation

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17
Q

The walls from the esophagus to the anus are made up of what 4 distinct layers of tissue?

A

Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis, Serosa

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18
Q

Which layer of tissue is the innermost lining of the GI tract in direct contact with the substances passing through?

A

Mucosa

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19
Q

Which layer of tissue is made up of areolar connective tissues that bind the mucosa to the muscularis and contain blood and lymphatic vessels that absorb food?

A

Submucosa

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20
Q

Which layer of tissue contains skeletal and smooth muscles?

A

Muscularis

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21
Q

The Serosa is made of what 2 layers?

A

Visceral Peritoneum
Parietal Peritoneum

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22
Q

Where is the visceral peritoneum?

A

Outermost layer around organs of GI Tract

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23
Q

Where is the parietal peritoneum?

A

Lines the walls of the abdominal cavity

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24
Q

What is known as the “fatty apron” that drapes over the transverse colon and small intestine?

A

Greater omentum

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25
What binds the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall?
Mesentery
26
What are the 3 salivary glands?
Parotid, Submandibular, Sublingual
27
What is the percentage of water to solutes in saliva?
99.5% water 0.5% solutes
28
Saliva contains what that kills bacteria and prevents tooth decay?
Lysozomes
29
Salivary amylase begins digestion of what in the mouth?
Starches
30
Mucous produced by salivary glands assist in swallowing how?
By lubricating food
31
The tongue is made up of what muscle and forms which part of the oral cavity?
Skeletal muscle and floor of the oral cavity
32
What is the fold of mucous membrane midline underneath the tongue that limits movement of tongue posteriorly?
Frenulum
33
What performs mechanical digestion by chewing and breaking down food into small pieces?
Teeth
34
What are the 3 branches of the pharynx?
Nasopharynx, Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx
35
What is a muscular tube, line with stratified squamous epithelium that lies posterior to the trachea?
Esophagus
36
What are the sphincters of the esophagus and what muscles composed them?
Upper esophageal sphincter – skeletal muscle Lower esophageal sphincter – smooth muscle
37
What are the phases of swallowing?
Voluntary, Pharyngeal, Esophageal
38
Which phase of swallowing involves bolus forced into the oropharynx by the movement of the tongue upward and backward against the palate?
Voluntary
39
Which phase of swallowing is the breathing temporarily interrupted, the soft palate and uvula move upward to close the nasopharynx, and the epiglottis seals off the larynx?
Pharyngeal
40
Which phase of swallowing is food pushed through the esophagus via peristalsis and when the bottom of the bolus reaches the bottom of the esophagus the lower esophageal sphincter relaxes, and the bolus moves into the stomach?
Esophageal
41
What is a J shaped organ of the GI tract and serves as a reservoir?
Stomach
42
The stomach extends from end of what to the tip of what?
End of esophagus to the tip of duodenum
43
The stomach can accommodate how many liters of food?
6.4 liters, it is the most elastic part of the GI tract
44
What are the 4 main regions of the stomach?
Cardia, Fundus, Body and Pylorus
45
Gastric gland cells are exocrine cells that secrete what 3 types of contents to combine and create gastric juice?
Mucus Neck cells- secrete mucus Chief cells- secrete pepsinogen Parietal cells- secretes HCl
46
HCL converts pepsinogen into what?
Pepsin, active digestive enzyme
47
What is a major hormonal regular for HCL secretion?
Gastrin
48
G cells secrete what in the pyloric antrum of the stomach?
Gastrin
49
What is necessary for B12 absorption in the small intestine?
Intrinsic Factor
50
What is a thick liquid with the consistency of pea soup made up of gastric juices and macerated food particles in the stomach?
Chyme
51
What 2 functions does the pancreas have?
Endocrine and exocrine functions
52
Which part of the pancreas is made up of different types of cells that make hormones?
Islets of Langerhans
53
What is the most common cell in the Isle of Langerhans and what does it produce?
Beta cells, which produce insulin
54
Alpha cells in the Isle of Langerhans produce what hormone and what does the hormone do?
Glucagon, prevents blood glucose from dropping too low
55
What is the most important accessory organ in the GI tract?
Pancreas
56
Where is the pancreas located?
Retroperitoneal, behind the stomach
57
What is the path of secretions through the pancreas?
Pancreatic duct joins Common Bile duct and form the Hepatopancreatic duct. From Hepatopancreatic duct, secretions pass through Sphincter of Oddi into the duodenum
58
What is a clear colorless liquid made up of 3 enzymes that consists mostly of water, some salts, sodium bicarbonate and has a pH of 7.1-8.2?
Pancreatic juice
59
What does pancreatic juice contain?
Trypsin and Chymotrypsin Pancreatic Amylase Pancreatic Lipase Ribonuclease
60
Trypsin and Chymotrypsin break down what?
Proteins into amino acids, dipeptides and tripeptides
61
Pancreatic amylase breaks down what?
Carbohydrates which are absorbed as monosaccharides
62
Pancreatic Lipase breaks down what?
Triglycerides which are absorbed as monoglycerides and fatty acids
63
Ribonuclease does what?
Nucleic acid digesting
64
What is the second largest organ in the body?
Liver
65
What is the liver responsible for?
Carbohydrate metabolism Lipid metabolism Protein metabolism Processing of drugs and hormones Excretion of bilirubin Storage of vitamins and minerals Activation of vitamin D
66
What are the major functional cells of the liver?
Hepatocytes
67
What is the pear-shaped sac that hangs from the inferior margin of the liver?
Gallbladder
68
What stores bile and aids in chemical digestion, especially digestion of fats?
Gallbladder
69
Describe the duct system of the Liver and Gallbladder
Left and right hepatic duct form with cystic duct to create the common bile duct Common bile duct forms with the pancreatic duct to form the hepatopancreatic duct Sphincter of Oddi controls passage of contents from hepatopancreatic duct into the duodenum
70
Which ducts are bile and waste created in the liver passed through?
Left and right hepatic ducts
71
Bile produced in the gallbladder is secreted through where?
Cystic duct
72
What is the segment in the GI system that comes after the stomach?
Small intestine
73
How long is the small intestine?
Approx 3m (10ft) in the living Approx 6.5m (21ft) in cadavers
74
Intestinal glands contain what 3 types of endocrine cells?
S cells CCK cells K Cells
75
What cell secretes seretin, which stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice?
S cells
76
What cells secrete Cholecystokinin?
CCK cells
77
What hormone regulates gastric emptying, stimulates bile and pancreatic juice secretion, causes relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi and feeling of satiety?
Cholecystokinin
78
What cells secrete glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptides (GIP)?
K Cells
79
What hormone stimulates the release of insulin?
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)
80
The small intestine is divided into what 3 segments?
Duodenum Jejunum Ileum
81
Which part of the small intestine attaches to the pyloric sphincter of the stomach?
Duodenum
82
What is a significant landmark in the duodenum?
Ligament of Trietz
83
Where does the ligament of trietz connect at?
Duodenal-Jejunal flexture and serves to secure those segments to the posterior wall
84
What is the line of demarcation that denotes upper and lower GI bleeds?
Ligament of Trietz Above = Upper Below = Lower
85
What is the middle section of small intestine?
Jejunum
86
The main function of the jejunum is the absorption of?
Sugars, amino acids and fatty acids
87
Which part of small intestine attaches to the large intestine at the ileocecal sphincter/valve?
Ileum
88
What does the ileum absorb?
Remaining nutrients, B12 and bile salts which are recycled to liver and gallbladder for reuse
89
Where does most digestion and absorption events occur?
Small intestine
90
What is the last part of the GI tract?
Large Intestine
91
What are the 4 regions of the Large Intestine?
Cecum, Colon, Rectum, Anal Canal
92
Which part of the large intestine does the appendix attach?
Cecum
93
What are the different portions of the colon?
Ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid portions
94
What connects the sigmoid colon to the anus?
Rectum
95
What is the last 2-3cm of the rectum consisting of internal and external sphincters?
Anal Canal
96
What are the functions of the large intestine?
Complete absorption Forms feces
97
What are the 3 phases of digestion?
Cephalic Gastric Intestinal
98
What phase of digestion does the smell, sight or thought of food activate neural centers in the brain stimulating salivary glands and gastric glands?
Cephalic
99
What phase of digestion starts when food enters stomach?
Gastric
100
What phase of digestion starts when food enters the small intestine?
Intestinal

Gastrointestinal (25 decks)

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