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Gastrointestinal > GI Anatomy > Flashcards

GI Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

GI tract is also called the?

A

Alimentary Tract

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2
Q

The GI tract starts and ends where?

A

Mouth to Anus

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3
Q

What are the accessory digestive organs?

A

Teeth, tongue, salivary glands and pancreas

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4
Q

How many regions is the abdomen divided into?

A

3
Intrathoracic, True Abdomen, Retroperitoneal abdomen

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5
Q

What region of the abdomen is enclosed by the lower ribs and distal to the diaphragm?

A

Intrathoracic

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6
Q

What organs are in the intrathoracic region?

A

Liver, Gallbladder, Spleen, Stomach, Transverse Colon

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7
Q

What organs are in the True Abdomen?

A

Small and Large Intestines, lower portion of Liver, Bladder

Females: Uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries

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8
Q

Which region of the abdomen lies behind the thoracic and true portions and separated by a membrane?

A

Retroperitoneal abdomen

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9
Q

What organs are in the retroperitoneal abdomen?

A

Kidneys, Ureters, Pancreas, Posterior Duodenum, Ascending and Descending Colon, Inferior Vena Cava

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10
Q

What are the six functions of digestion?

A

Ingestion, Secretion, Mixing and Propulsion, Digestion, Absorption and Defecation

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11
Q

Which function of digestion involved taking in food and liquid through the mouth?

A

Ingestion

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12
Q

Which function of digestion involves cells lining GI tract which produces water, acid, buffers and enzymes that aid in digestion?

A

Secretion

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13
Q

Which function of digestion provides continuous contraction and relaxation moving food along GI tract?

A

Mixing and Propulsion

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14
Q

Which function of digestion is mechanical and chemical process that breaks down the food we ingest?

A

Digestion

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15
Q

Which function of digestion involves small molecules produced in digestion moved into space to be used by cells?

A

Absorption

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16
Q

Which function of digestion involves elimination of materials not absorbed by our body indigestion?

A

Defecation

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17
Q

The walls from the esophagus to the anus are made up of what 4 distinct layers of tissue?

A

Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis, Serosa

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18
Q

Which layer of tissue is the innermost lining of the GI tract in direct contact with the substances passing through?

A

Mucosa

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19
Q

Which layer of tissue is made up of areolar connective tissues that bind the mucosa to the muscularis and contain blood and lymphatic vessels that absorb food?

A

Submucosa

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20
Q

Which layer of tissue contains skeletal and smooth muscles?

A

Muscularis

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21
Q

The Serosa is made of what 2 layers?

A

Visceral Peritoneum
Parietal Peritoneum

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22
Q

Where is the visceral peritoneum?

A

Outermost layer around organs of GI Tract

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23
Q

Where is the parietal peritoneum?

A

Lines the walls of the abdominal cavity

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24
Q

What is known as the “fatty apron” that drapes over the transverse colon and small intestine?

A

Greater omentum

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25
Q

What binds the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall?

A

Mesentery

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26
Q

What are the 3 salivary glands?

A

Parotid, Submandibular, Sublingual

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27
Q

What is the percentage of water to solutes in saliva?

A

99.5% water
0.5% solutes

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28
Q

Saliva contains what that kills bacteria and prevents tooth decay?

A

Lysozomes

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29
Q

Salivary amylase begins digestion of what in the mouth?

A

Starches

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30
Q

Mucous produced by salivary glands assist in swallowing how?

A

By lubricating food

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31
Q

The tongue is made up of what muscle and forms which part of the oral cavity?

A

Skeletal muscle and floor of the oral cavity

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32
Q

What is the fold of mucous membrane midline underneath the tongue that limits movement of tongue posteriorly?

A

Frenulum

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33
Q

What performs mechanical digestion by chewing and breaking down food into small pieces?

A

Teeth

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34
Q

What are the 3 branches of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx, Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx

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35
Q

What is a muscular tube, line with stratified squamous epithelium that lies posterior to the trachea?

A

Esophagus

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36
Q

What are the sphincters of the esophagus and what muscles composed them?

A

Upper esophageal sphincter – skeletal muscle
Lower esophageal sphincter – smooth muscle

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37
Q

What are the phases of swallowing?

A

Voluntary, Pharyngeal, Esophageal

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38
Q

Which phase of swallowing involves bolus forced into the oropharynx by the movement of the tongue upward and backward against the palate?

A

Voluntary

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39
Q

Which phase of swallowing is the breathing temporarily interrupted, the soft palate and uvula move upward to close the nasopharynx, and the epiglottis seals off the larynx?

A

Pharyngeal

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40
Q

Which phase of swallowing is food pushed through the esophagus via peristalsis and when the bottom of the bolus reaches the bottom of the esophagus the lower esophageal sphincter relaxes, and the bolus moves into the stomach?

A

Esophageal

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41
Q

What is a J shaped organ of the GI tract and serves as a reservoir?

A

Stomach

42
Q

The stomach extends from end of what to the tip of what?

A

End of esophagus to the tip of duodenum

43
Q

The stomach can accommodate how many liters of food?

A

6.4 liters, it is the most elastic part of the GI tract

44
Q

What are the 4 main regions of the stomach?

A

Cardia, Fundus, Body and Pylorus

45
Q

Gastric gland cells are exocrine cells that secrete what 3 types of contents to combine and create gastric juice?

A

Mucus Neck cells- secrete mucus
Chief cells- secrete pepsinogen
Parietal cells- secretes HCl

46
Q

HCL converts pepsinogen into what?

A

Pepsin, active digestive enzyme

47
Q

What is a major hormonal regular for HCL secretion?

A

Gastrin

48
Q

G cells secrete what in the pyloric antrum of the stomach?

A

Gastrin

49
Q

What is necessary for B12 absorption in the small intestine?

A

Intrinsic Factor

50
Q

What is a thick liquid with the consistency of pea soup made up of gastric juices and macerated food particles in the stomach?

A

Chyme

51
Q

What 2 functions does the pancreas have?

A

Endocrine and exocrine functions

52
Q

Which part of the pancreas is made up of different types of cells that make hormones?

A

Islets of Langerhans

53
Q

What is the most common cell in the Isle of Langerhans and what does it produce?

A

Beta cells, which produce insulin

54
Q

Alpha cells in the Isle of Langerhans produce what hormone and what does the hormone do?

A

Glucagon, prevents blood glucose from dropping too low

55
Q

What is the most important accessory organ in the GI tract?

A

Pancreas

56
Q

Where is the pancreas located?

A

Retroperitoneal, behind the stomach

57
Q

What is the path of secretions through the pancreas?

A

Pancreatic duct joins Common Bile duct and form the Hepatopancreatic duct.
From Hepatopancreatic duct, secretions pass through Sphincter of Oddi into the duodenum

58
Q

What is a clear colorless liquid made up of 3 enzymes that consists mostly of water, some salts, sodium bicarbonate and has a pH of 7.1-8.2?

A

Pancreatic juice

59
Q

What does pancreatic juice contain?

A

Trypsin and Chymotrypsin
Pancreatic Amylase
Pancreatic Lipase
Ribonuclease

60
Q

Trypsin and Chymotrypsin break down what?

A

Proteins into amino acids, dipeptides and tripeptides

61
Q

Pancreatic amylase breaks down what?

A

Carbohydrates which are absorbed as monosaccharides

62
Q

Pancreatic Lipase breaks down what?

A

Triglycerides which are absorbed as monoglycerides and fatty acids

63
Q

Ribonuclease does what?

A

Nucleic acid digesting

64
Q

What is the second largest organ in the body?

A

Liver

65
Q

What is the liver responsible for?

A

Carbohydrate metabolism
Lipid metabolism
Protein metabolism
Processing of drugs and hormones
Excretion of bilirubin
Storage of vitamins and minerals
Activation of vitamin D

66
Q

What are the major functional cells of the liver?

A

Hepatocytes

67
Q

What is the pear-shaped sac that hangs from the inferior margin of the liver?

A

Gallbladder

68
Q

What stores bile and aids in chemical digestion, especially digestion of fats?

A

Gallbladder

69
Q

Describe the duct system of the Liver and Gallbladder

A

Left and right hepatic duct form with cystic duct to create the common bile duct
Common bile duct forms with the pancreatic duct to form the hepatopancreatic duct
Sphincter of Oddi controls passage of contents from hepatopancreatic duct into the duodenum

70
Q

Which ducts are bile and waste created in the liver passed through?

A

Left and right hepatic ducts

71
Q

Bile produced in the gallbladder is secreted through where?

A

Cystic duct

72
Q

What is the segment in the GI system that comes after the stomach?

A

Small intestine

73
Q

How long is the small intestine?

A

Approx 3m (10ft) in the living
Approx 6.5m (21ft) in cadavers

74
Q

Intestinal glands contain what 3 types of endocrine cells?

A

S cells
CCK cells
K Cells

75
Q

What cell secretes seretin, which stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice?

A

S cells

76
Q

What cells secrete Cholecystokinin?

A

CCK cells

77
Q

What hormone regulates gastric emptying, stimulates bile and pancreatic juice secretion, causes relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi and feeling of satiety?

A

Cholecystokinin

78
Q

What cells secrete glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptides (GIP)?

A

K Cells

79
Q

What hormone stimulates the release of insulin?

A

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)

80
Q

The small intestine is divided into what 3 segments?

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

81
Q

Which part of the small intestine attaches to the pyloric sphincter of the stomach?

A

Duodenum

82
Q

What is a significant landmark in the duodenum?

A

Ligament of Trietz

83
Q

Where does the ligament of trietz connect at?

A

Duodenal-Jejunal flexture and serves to secure those segments to the posterior wall

84
Q

What is the line of demarcation that denotes upper and lower GI bleeds?

A

Ligament of Trietz
Above = Upper
Below = Lower

85
Q

What is the middle section of small intestine?

A

Jejunum

86
Q

The main function of the jejunum is the absorption of?

A

Sugars, amino acids and fatty acids

87
Q

Which part of small intestine attaches to the large intestine at the ileocecal sphincter/valve?

A

Ileum

88
Q

What does the ileum absorb?

A

Remaining nutrients, B12 and bile salts which are recycled to liver and gallbladder for reuse

89
Q

Where does most digestion and absorption events occur?

A

Small intestine

90
Q

What is the last part of the GI tract?

A

Large Intestine

91
Q

What are the 4 regions of the Large Intestine?

A

Cecum, Colon, Rectum, Anal Canal

92
Q

Which part of the large intestine does the appendix attach?

A

Cecum

93
Q

What are the different portions of the colon?

A

Ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid portions

94
Q

What connects the sigmoid colon to the anus?

A

Rectum

95
Q

What is the last 2-3cm of the rectum consisting of internal and external sphincters?

A

Anal Canal

96
Q

What are the functions of the large intestine?

A

Complete absorption
Forms feces

97
Q

What are the 3 phases of digestion?

A

Cephalic
Gastric
Intestinal

98
Q

What phase of digestion does the smell, sight or thought of food activate neural centers in the brain stimulating salivary glands and gastric glands?

A

Cephalic

99
Q

What phase of digestion starts when food enters stomach?

A

Gastric

100
Q

What phase of digestion starts when food enters the small intestine?

A

Intestinal

Gastrointestinal (25 decks)

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