GEU Flashcards

1
Q

General features (Every woman of reproductive age with abdominal pain should undergo a pregnancy test!)

A

Ectopic pregnancy occurs when an embryo attaches outside of the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tubes. It is frequently associated with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which may lead to stenosis of the fallopian tubes. This prevents the fertilized egg from passing through to the uterus, instead causing it to attach to the tube itself. In addition to signs of pregnancy, symptoms include abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding. The first diagnostic step is to confirm the pregnancy with a β-hCG test, which should be followed by a transvaginal ultrasound to determine the location of the pregnancy and the fetal heartbeat. Uncomplicated ectopic pregnancies often resolve spontaneously and are usually difficult to diagnose. Patients are typically hemodynamically stable with low, declining hCG concentrations (< 5000 IU/L). Complicated cases may involve tubal abortion or rupture, which can lead to intraabdominal bleeding and shock. Whereas uncomplicated cases are treated conservatively (e.g., methotrexate or expectant management), complicated ectopic pregnancy requires surgical removal. In cases of abdominal pain in women of reproductive age, it is therefore important to rule out ruptured ectopic pregnancy. Ricordiamo che beta-HGC raggiunge il picco alla decima settimana.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cause

A

Risk factors
Anatomic alteration of the fallopian tubes is the main cause of ectopic pregnancy. It may be due to:

  • A history of PID
  • Previous ectopic pregnancy
  • Past surgeries involving the fallopian tubes
  • ENDOMETRIOSIS
  • Exposure to DES (diethylstilbestrol) in utero
  • Bicornuate uterus
  • precedente parto cesareo

Non‑anatomical risk factors

  • Intrauterine device (IUD, infatti l’indicazione allo IUD è preferibile nelle donne che abbiano soddisfatto il desiderio di maternità e sopra i 40 anni )
  • History of infertility
  • Hormone therapy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Localizzazione

A

-Fallopian tube (96% of cases): ampulla&raquo_space; isthmus > fimbriae > interstitial pregnancy : e.g., cornual pregnancy

NB La localizzazione ampollare è quella con meno complicanze!

  • Ovary (3% of cases)
  • Abdomen (1% of cases)
  • Cervix (very rare)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Clinica

A

Patients usually present with signs and symptoms 4–6 weeks after their last menstrual period.

  • Lower abdominal pain and guarding
  • Vaginal bleeding
  • Signs of pregnancy: amenorrhea, nausea, breast tenderness, frequent urination
  • Tenderness in the area of the ectopic pregnancy
  • Cervical motion tenderness, closed cervix
  • Enlarged uterus ma meno rispetto all’inizion della amenorrea
  • Interstitial pregnancies tend to present late, at 7–12 weeks of gestation, because of myometrial distensibility
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Rottura

A
  • Acute course with sudden and severe lower abdominal pain (acute abdomen)
  • Signs of hemorrhagic shock: e.g., tachycardia, hypotension, syncope
  • More common in interstitial pregnancy (cioè nella tuba di Falloppio nel punto in cui questa penetra nell’utero)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Discriminatory zona

A

In donna con amenorrea e aumento di beta-HCG oltre 1000, la non visualizzazione di una camera gestazionale intrauterina cosi come la mancanza di battito cardiaco fetale è fortemente sospetta di GEU

Sono tutti segni indiretti, la vera diagnosi sarebbe la visualizzazione di una camera gestazionale esterna con battito cardiaco , ma è una evenienza rara, meno del 5% dei casi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Evoluzione

A

Nel 10% dei casi c’è risoluzione spntanea con aborto tubarico. Nel restante 90% si verifica una rottura tubarica

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Trattamento

A

VIGILE ATTESA

  1. Beta-hcg minore di 1500 (cresce più lentamente dek solito, 50 % ogni 48 ore e non 100%)
  2. Localizzazione tubatica ampollare
  3. No dolore o evidenza di rottura intraaddominale o rottura tubarica
  4. Gravidanza sotto i 4 cm
  5. Battito cardiaco assente

METHOTREXATE (continuare a monitirare con i dosaggi e con eco TV) ( β-hCG levels should occur within a week of MTX administration)

  1. Beta -HCG maggiore di 1500, plateau ma minore di 5000/10.000
  2. Paziente emodinamicamente stabile, nessuna rottura
  3. diametro massimo non superiore ai 4 cm
  4. assenza battito cardiaco

CHIRURGIA
-paziente e modinamicamente instabile, salpingectomia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly