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Pharmacology > General Principles > Flashcards

General Principles Flashcards

1
Q

Studies how the drug affects the body?

A

Pharmacodynamics

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2
Q

Studies how the body affects the drug including the Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion and Elimination ( metabolism + excretion)

A

Pharmacokinetics

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3
Q

Amount of drug needed to produce a given effect.

A

Potency

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4
Q

Graph of dose/ drug concentration versus fraction of population that responds at each dose.

A

Quantal dose response curve

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5
Q

Graph of dose / drug concentration versus response.

A

Dose response curve

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6
Q

Drugs with narrow therapeutic index? (10)

A

“WALA na Cyang PaPa ! , VasTeD na! “
1. Warfarin 🩸
2. Aminoglycoside 🦠
3. Lithium 🧠
4. Amphotericin B 🦠
5. Carbamazepine 🧠
6. Phenobarbital 🧠
7. Phenytoin 🧠
8. Vancomycin 🦠
9. Theophylline 🧠
10. Digoxin ❤️

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7
Q

A drug that produces less than the full effect , even when it has saturated the receptors.

A

Partial agonist

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8
Q

Type of antagonism between propranolol & Isoproterenol?

A

Pharmacologic : interacts with the receptor site.

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9
Q

Type of antagonism between pralidoxime and organophosphate?

A

Chemical Antagonist: interacts directly with the drug being antagonized.

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10
Q

Frequent or continuous exposure to agonists often results to short term diminution of the receptor response.

A

Tachyphylaxis

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11
Q

Properties of the drugs that favors absorption?

A

LUNA
1. Lipid soluble
2. Unionized
3. Neutral
Absorbed

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12
Q

A factor inversely proportional to the rate of diffusion , based on Fick’s Law.

A

Membrane thickness

Fick’s Law
Directly proportional :
concentration gradient, permeability coefficient, surface area

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13
Q

Reflects the fraction of administered drug that reaches the systemic circulation?

A

Bioavailability

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14
Q

Steady state is reached after how many half-lives ?

A

3 to 4

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15
Q

Acidic drugs bind to which protein?

A

Albumin

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16
Q

Basic drugs bind to which protein? (2)

A
  1. Orosomucoid
  2. a-1 acid glycoprotein
17
Q

Reactions involved in Phase 1 metabolism? (4)

A

HORD
1. Hydrolysis
2. Oxidation
3. Reduction
4. Deamination

18
Q

Barbiturates are enzyme inducers except?

A

Secobarbital

19
Q

Cytochrome P450 Inducers ? (8)

A

“Smoke Sa BGC , PRE”
1. Smoking
2. St Johns Wort
3. Barbiturates except secobarbital
4. Griseofulvin
5. Carbamazepine
6. Phenytoin
7. Rifampicin
8. Ethanol

20
Q

Common CYP 450 Inhibitors. (10)

A

“ Quin , SICK GRAVE”
1. Quinidine
2. Sulfonamides
3. Isoniazid
4. Cimetidine
5. Ketoconazole
6. Grape fruit juice
7. Ritonavir ( on acute ingestion)
8. Amiodarone
9. Valporic acid
10. Erythromycin

21
Q

Type of elimination wherein rate of elimination is proportionate to the concentration?

A

First order elimination

22
Q

Type of elimination wherein rate of elimination is constant regardless of the concentration?

A

Zero order elimination / Saturable / Michaelis - Menten Kinetics

23
Q

What drugs display zero order elimination kinetics?

A

WHAT PET

  1. Warfarin
  2. Heparin
  3. Aspirin
  4. Tolbutamide
  5. Phenytoin
  6. Ethanol
  7. Theophylline
24
Q

The most important pharmacokinetics parameter to be considered in defining a rational steady state during dosage regimen?

A

Clearance

25
Q

The Cockcroft- Gault equation is used to estimate _______.

A

Clearance

26
Q

Teratogenic effect of Diethylstillbestrol?

A

Vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma

27
Q

Teratogenic effect of thalidomide?

A

Phocomelia

28
Q

Teratogenic effect of methimazole?

A

Aplasia cutis congenita

29
Q

Teratogenic effect of Lithium ?

A

Ebstein anomaly

30
Q

Teratogenic effect of isotritinoine?

A

Craniofacial malformations

31
Q

Teratogenic effect of Penicillamine?

A

Cutis laxa

32
Q

Teratogenic effect of warfarin per trimester?

A

1st - Chondrodysplasia
2nd- CNS Malformation
3rd- Bleeding diathesis

33
Q

A drug with insufficient human studies but was found to be unsafe in animal studies is categorized as what Pregnancy category?

A

Category C

PREGNANCY CATEGORY
A- Safe human, Safe animal
B- No study in human, safe to animals
B- Safe human, unsafe to animals
C- No studies human, unsafe to animals
C- No studies human, no studies animal
D- unsafe to human & animals but benefits outweigh risks
X- unsafe to human but risk outweighs the benefits

34
Q

Phase of clinical trial involving healthy human volunteers.

A

Phase I

35
Q

Phase of clinical trial wherein drug is tested in 100-200 of patients with the target disease?

A

Phase 2

Clinical Trials Sample Size
Phase I : Is it Safety ? <100 people
Phase II: Is it effective? >100 nmt 1000
Phase III: Is it safe & effective? >1000
Phase IV: Post marketing surveillance

Pharmacology (12 decks)

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