General Principles

Question 1

Studies how the drug affects the body?

Answer 1

Pharmacodynamics

Question 2

Studies how the body affects the drug including the Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion and Elimination ( metabolism + excretion)

Answer 2

Pharmacokinetics

Question 3

Amount of drug needed to produce a given effect.

Answer 3

Potency

Question 4

Graph of dose/ drug concentration versus fraction of population that responds at each dose.

Answer 4

Quantal dose response curve

Question 5

Graph of dose / drug concentration versus response.

Answer 5

Dose response curve

Question 6

Drugs with narrow therapeutic index? (10)

Answer 6

AVA has a Narrow Heart ( Digoxin) leads to WAR (warfarin) with her Brain
1. Aminoglycoside 🦠
2. Vancomycin 🦠
3. Amphotericin B 🦠
4. Digoxin ❤️
5. Lithium 🧠
6. Warfarin 🩸
7. Carbamazepine 🧠
8. Phenytoin 🧠
9. Phenobarbital 🧠
10. Theophylline 🧠

Question 7

A drug that produces less than the full effect , even when it has saturated the receptors.

Answer 7

Partial agonist

Question 8

Type of antagonism between propranolol & Isoproterenol?

Answer 8

Pharmacologic : interacts with the receptor site.

Question 9

Type of antagonism between pralidoxime and organophosphate?

Answer 9

Chemical Antagonist: interacts directly with the drug being antagonized.

Question 10

Frequent or continuous exposure to agonists often results to short term diminution of the receptor response.

Answer 10

Tachyphylaxis

Question 11

Properties of the drugs that favors absorption?

Answer 11

LUNA
1. Lipid soluble
2. Unionized
3. Neutral
Absorbed

Question 12

A factor inversely proportional to the rate of diffusion , based on Fick’s Law.

Answer 12

Membrane thickness

Fick’s Law
Directly proportional :
concentration gradient, permeability coefficient, surface area

Question 13

Reflects the fraction of administered drug that reaches the systemic circulation?

Answer 13

Bioavailability

Question 14

Steady state is reached after how many half-lives ?

Answer 14

3 to 4

Question 15

Acidic drugs bind to which protein?

Answer 15

Albumin

Question 16

Basic drugs bind to which protein? (2)

Answer 16

1. Orosomucoid
2. a-1 acid glycoprotein

Question 17

Reactions involved in Phase 1 metabolism? (4)

Answer 17

HORD
1. Hydrolysis
2. Oxidation
3. Reduction
4. Deamination

Question 18

Barbiturates are enzyme inducers except?

Answer 18

Secobarbital

Question 19

Cytochrome P450 Inducers ? (8)

Answer 19

“Smoke Sa BGC , PRE”
1. Smoking
2. St Johns Wort
3. Barbiturates except secobarbital
4. Griseofulvin
5. Carbamazepine
6. Phenytoin
7. Rifampicin
8. Ethanol

Question 20

Common CYP 450 Inhibitors. (10)

Answer 20

“ Quin , SICK GRAVE”
1. Quinidine
2. Sulfonamides
3. Isoniazid
4. Cimetidine
5. Ketoconazole
6. Grape fruit juice
7. Ritonavir ( on acute ingestion)
8. Amiodarone
9. Valporic acid
10. Erythromycin

Question 21

Type of elimination wherein rate of elimination is proportionate to the concentration?

Answer 21

First order elimination

Question 22

Type of elimination wherein rate of elimination is constant regardless of the concentration?

Answer 22

Zero order elimination / Saturable / Michaelis - Menten Kinetics

Question 23

What drugs display zero order elimination kinetics? (7)

Answer 23

WHAT PET

1. Warfarin 🩸
2. Heparin🩸
3. Aspirin 🩸
4. Tolbutamide 🍭
5. Phenytoin 🧠
6. Ethanol🧠
7. Theophylline 🧠

Question 24

The most important pharmacokinetics parameter to be considered in defining a rational steady state during dosage regimen?

Answer 24

Clearance

Question 25

The Cockcroft- Gault equation is used to estimate _______.

Answer 25

Clearance

Question 26

Teratogenic effect of Diethylstillbestrol?

Answer 26

Vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma ( Diethylstillbesong)

Question 27

Teratogenic effect of thalidomide?

Answer 27

Phocomelia

Question 28

Teratogenic effect of methimazole?

Answer 28

Aplasia cutis congenita

Question 29

Teratogenic effect of Lithium ?

Answer 29

Ebstein anomaly

Question 30

Teratogenic effect of isotritinoine?

Answer 30

Craniofacial malformations

Question 31

Teratogenic effect of Penicillamine?

Answer 31

Cutis laxa

Question 32

Teratogenic effect of warfarin per trimester?

Answer 32

1st - Chondrodysplasia 2nd- CNS Malformation 3rd- Bleeding diathesis

Question 33

A drug with insufficient human studies but was found to be unsafe in animal studies is categorized as what Pregnancy category?

Answer 33

Category C PREGNANCY CATEGORY A- Safe human, Safe animal B- No study in human, safe to animals B- Safe human, unsafe to animals C- No studies human, unsafe to animals C- No studies human, no studies animal D- unsafe to human & animals but benefits outweigh risks X- unsafe to human but risk outweighs the benefits

Question 34

Phase of clinical trial involving healthy human volunteers.

Answer 34

Phase I

Question 35

Phase of clinical trial wherein drug is tested in 100-200 of patients with the target disease?

Answer 35

Phase 2 Clinical Trials Sample Size Phase I : Is it Safety ? <100 people Phase II: Is it effective? >100 nmt 1000 Phase III: Is it safe & effective? >1000 Phase IV: Post marketing surveillance