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General pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in number

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2
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in size

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3
Q

Examples of metaplasia

A

Barrett’s oesophagus - epithelial cells
Myositis ossificans

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4
Q

Evidence of reversible cell injury

A

Na/K ATPase
Cell swelling and blebbing
Fatty change

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5
Q

Evidence of irreversible cell change

A

Elevated trop/CK
Loss of cell membrane/mitochondrial membrane/nucleus

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6
Q

Mechanisms of cell death

A

Necrosis - NHS - free and messy
Apoptosis - Switzerland

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7
Q

Necrosis

A

Exogenous
Large cell number
Large size
Inflammation
ATP independent
Disrupted cell membrane

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8
Q

Apoptosis

A

Endogenous
Small number
Small size
No inflammation
ATP dependent
E.g. endometrial shedding

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9
Q

Examples of apoptosis

A

Webbed fingers
Endometrial shedding
Viral-infected cells

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10
Q

Coagulative necrosis

A

Most common
Due to structural integrity - DRY

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11
Q

Liquefactive necrosis

A

Infective
In brain is cystic
Abscess - WET
Pancreas

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12
Q

Caseous necrosis

A

TB

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13
Q

Fat necrosis

A

Acute pancreatitis
Trauma to breast

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14
Q

Dry gangrene

A

No arterial blood supply
No venous congestion

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15
Q

Wet gangrene

A

Venous congestion

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16
Q

Pale infarcts

A

Due to arterial occlusion
Happen in heart, kidney

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17
Q

Congested infarcts

A

Due to venous occlusion
Happen in bowel, appendix, testes

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18
Q

Acute inflammation

A

Macrophages
IL-1

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19
Q

Chronic inflammation

A

T-cell
IL-2

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20
Q

Resolution of inflammation

A

IL-10

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21
Q

Pain transmitters

A

BEE
Bradykinin and PgE2

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22
Q

Half life of platelets

A

7-10 days

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23
Q

Half life of RBCs

A

120 days

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24
Q

Which Pg cause vasodilatation?

A

DILATE - I A E
PgI
PgA
PgE

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25
Q

How does arachidonic acid become prostaglandin?

A

Activated by cyclooxygenase (COX1 or COX2)

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26
Q

Primary neutrophil granules

A

Lysozymes

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27
Q

Secondary neutrophil granules

A

Lactoferrin

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28
Q

Neutrophil - 5

A

Multilobar nucleus with granules in cytoplasm
5 hours in blood
5 days in tissue
50% in the lung

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29
Q

C3a and C5a

A

A = anapylaxis = inflammation

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30
Q

C3b

A

B = binding = opsonisation

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31
Q

C5b - C9

A

MAC

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32
Q

Excess serum light chains

A

Multiple myeloma
Bence-Jones proteins

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33
Q

IgG

A

Secondary infection

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34
Q

IgE

A

Anaphylaxis

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35
Q

IgA

A

Produced in saliva and terminal ileum (Peyer’s patches in anti-mesenteric border)
Increased when happy, decreased when sad

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36
Q

IgM

A

Used for primary infection
Has most binding sites

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37
Q

Specialised macrophages

A

Epitheloid cells - flat, needed for granuloma formation
Multi-nucleated giant cells - linked together

38
Q

Chronic granulomatous inflammation

A

Type IV reaction –>TB

39
Q

Caseating granuloma

A

TB, fungi, TNF-alpha, TNF-alpha blockers (reactivate TB)

40
Q

IL1

A

Neutrophils

41
Q

IL2

A

Macrophage

42
Q

Labile cells

A

Always working
E.g. bone marrow, basal skin, GI stem cells

43
Q

Stable cells

A

Can work but not always
E.g. liver, proximal renal tubules

44
Q

Permanent cells

A

Don’t work
E.g. neurons, striated muscles

45
Q

First stage of wound healing

A

Haemostasis - fibrin & platelet
1-3 days

46
Q

Second stage of wound healing

A

Inflammation - fibroblasts & macrophage
Vit C and copper
4-7 days

47
Q

Third stage of wound healing

A

Proliferation - collagen & myofibroblasts
Zinc
2-3 weeks

48
Q

Fourth stage of wound healing

A

Remodelling
Weeks to months

49
Q

Proud flesh

A

Granulation tissue
Neovascularisation protruding through epithelium

50
Q

Types of collagen

A

Type 1 - bONE, keloid scar
Type 2 - cartilage
Type 3 - blood vessels, pink scars
Type 4 - basement membrane - 4 = floor

51
Q

Nutrients required for collagen

A

Vitamin C
Copper

52
Q

Hypertrophic scar

A

Weeks
Type 3 collagen
Parallel and confined to borders

53
Q

Keloid

A

Months
Excess type 1 collagen
Beyond borders
African
Steroids - triamcinolone

54
Q

Psammoma bodies

A

Intra cellular calcification
Papillary thyroid cancer, meningioma, mesothelioma

55
Q

Dystrophic calcification

A

Secondary to necrosis
Localised calcification e.g. saponification in pancreatitis
Normal calcium
E.g. TB, AAA, pancreatitis

56
Q

Metastatic tissue calcification

A

Normal tissue
Widespread calcification
Increased calcium

57
Q

Stains used for amyloidosis

A

Congo red
Apple green birefringence

58
Q

Arrangement of proteins in amyloidosis

A

Beta-pleated - enzyme unable to break down

59
Q

Primary systemic amyloid

A

Excess light chain produced by B cells
Multiple myeloma

60
Q

Protein in restrictive cardiomyopathy

A

Transthyretin (ATTR)

61
Q

Dialysis related B2 microglobulin accumulation

A

Carpal tunnel syndrome

62
Q

Localised amyloid in thyroid

A

Calcitonin
Medullary thyroid cancer - homogenous amorphous material

63
Q

Localised amyloid in pancreas

A

Amylin - T2DM

64
Q

Location of Peyer’s patches

A

Anti-mesenteric border of ileum

65
Q

Location of B cells

A

Bone marrow

66
Q

Location of T cells

67
Q

Thymus

A

3rd pharyngeal pouch
3rd year involutes
3rd part of inferior mediastinum

68
Q

Thymoma

A

Myasthenia gravis
SVC syndrome
Hassall corpuscles - medulla

69
Q

Most common cause of osteomyelitis in sickle cell anaemia

A

Salmonella

70
Q

Vaccinations needed post-splenectomy

A

S. Pneumonia
N. Meningitidis
H. Influenzae

71
Q

Susceptible viruses post-splenectomy

72
Q

Post-splenectomy bloods

A

Thrombocythaemia
Howell-Jolly bodies
Absence of bite cells
Presence of target cells

73
Q

Stain for iron

A

Prussian blue

74
Q

Pappenheimer bodies

A

Sideroblastic anaemia

75
Q

Type I hypersensitivity

A

Allerges/asthma/anaphylaxis
IgE on mast cells
Increased tryptase

76
Q

Type II hypersensitivity

A

IgG
Transfusion reaction
Grave’s
Myasthenia gravis
Goodpastures

77
Q

Type III hypersensitivity

A

Deposition of Ag/Ab complex
SLE
PAN
PGN

78
Q

Type IV hypersensitivity

A

Cell-mediated - T cell
TB, thyroiditis, transplant rejection, contact dermatitis, coeliac

79
Q

Most important HLA

80
Q

Which kidney is preferable for donation?

A

L due to longest vein

81
Q

Which vein is transplanted kidney anastomosed to?

A

External iliac

82
Q

Where are HLA genes found?

A

Chromosome 6

83
Q

Type of hypersensitivity G vs H

84
Q

Cell type involved in graft vs host

85
Q

Most common viral infection following organ transplant in weeks

86
Q

Most common viral infection following organ transplant in months

87
Q

Anaphylaxis to blood transfusion

88
Q

Acute haemolytic transfusion reaction

A

Type II
Painful - haemolytic

89
Q

Electrolyte abnormality following blood transfusion

A

High K
High citrate
Low Ca
Low mg

90
Q

ABG following massive blood transfusion

A

Metabolic acidosis

MRCS (25 decks)

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