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Microbiology > General microbiology > Flashcards

General microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Louis Pasteur contributions

A

Pasteurization
Liquid media
Father of microbiology
F ermentation principle
A utoclave
THE ory of abiogenesis disapproved and gave germ cell THEory
CAR vaccines– Cholera, Anthrax, Rabies

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2
Q

Robert Koch contributions

A

Father of modern microbiology
‘KOCH’
Koch bacillus, Koch postulates
Cholera organism
Solid Culture media
Aniline dye Color
Hanging drop motility

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3
Q

Koch postulates

A
  1. Organism always asso with disease
  2. Isolate in culture media
  3. Cause disease if inoculated
  4. Reisolate from new infected
  5. Ab can be produced d/t this antigen
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4
Q

Organisms that don’t follow Koch’s postulates

A

LPG
mycobacterium Leprae (can’t be cultured, only grown in Armadillo)
treponema Pallidum
Gonococcus

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5
Q

Contributions of Paul Ehrlich

A

Ehrlichia
Nobel prize for toxin- antitoxin standardization
Father of chemotherapy
Acid fast stain

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6
Q

Father of antiseptic surgery

A

Joseph Lister

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7
Q

Father of light microscopy

A

Anton von Leeuwenhoek

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8
Q

Father of electron microscopy

A

Ernst Ruska

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9
Q

Contribution of Edward Jenner

A

First vaccine– small pox

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10
Q

Contribution of Kary B Mullis

A

PCR

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11
Q

L form/ cell wall deficient forms were discovered by

A

Kleinberger

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12
Q

Alexander Fleming contribution

A

Penicillin

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13
Q

Barbara McClintock

A

Transposons/ Jumping genes

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14
Q

Nobel prize for HCV given to

A

Alter, Rice, Houghton

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15
Q

Nobel Prize for CRISPR- Cas9

A

Charpentier, Doudna

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16
Q

Differential stains examples

A

Gram
Acid fast
Albert

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17
Q

Order of steps in gram stain

A

Crystal violet
Iodine
Alcohol
Safranin

‘Come In And Stain’

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18
Q

What is the primary and secondary stain in gram stain?

A

Primary: Crystal violet
Secondary: Safranin

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19
Q

What is the role of iodine and alcohol in gram stain?

A

Iodine- mordant/ fixer
Alcohol- decolorizer

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20
Q

Most crucial step in gram stain

A

Decolorization

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21
Q

Poorly gram staining organisms

A

‘MRCS”
Mycoplasma
Rickettsia
Chlamydia
Spirochetes

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22
Q

Order of steps in acid fast stain

A

‘class has asked mnemonic’
Carbol fuschin
Heat
Acid
Methylene blue

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23
Q

Percentage of H2SO4 needed in-
1. M Tb
2. M leprae, coccidian parasites
3. Nocardia, legionella
4. Spores, head of sperm

A
  1. 20%
  2. 5% (Fite Foraco stain)
  3. 1%
  4. 0.25-0.5%
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24
Q

Acid fast organisms

A

My Nose IS Cold and HoT
Mycobacterium
Nocardia, Legionella
Isospora, Cyclospora
Spores, sperms
Cryptosporidium
Hooklet of Hydatid, Taenia saginata egg

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25
Q

Coccidian parasites examples

A

Cryptosporidium
Isospora
Cyclospora

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26
Q

What is cold ZN stain?

A

aka Kinyoun stain/ Gabbet stain
Used for Coccidian parasites

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27
Q

C. diphtheria granules seen. Name?

A

Babes Ernst granules
Volutin granules
Bipolar granules
Metachromatic granules

28
Q

Types and constituents of Albert stain

A

Albert 1 stain: Toluidine blue, Malachite green, Glacial acetic acid
Albert 2 stain: Iodine

29
Q

Stains for volutin granules

A

Ponder’s stain
Loeffler’s methylene blue (best)
Albert stain
Neisser’s stain

‘PLAN’

30
Q

Stain for cryptococcus

A

Negative stain– India ink, Nigrosin stain

31
Q

How to visualize flagella, spirochetes?

A

Dark field microscope (best)
Stains- silver stains (Fontana, Levaditi)

32
Q

Stain for spores

A

ZN stain
Schaeffer and fulton stain (malachite green, safranin)

33
Q

Stain for flagella

A

Leifson and ryu’s stain

34
Q

Objective lens powers

A

Scanner 4x
Low power 10x
High power 40x
Oil immersion 100x

35
Q

Eyepiece lens power

36
Q

Maximum magnification on light microscope

A

1000x
Obj lens 100x x eye piece 10x

37
Q

Interference contrast microscope is used for

A

revealing cell organelles
Measurement of chemical constituents such as lipids, proteins, nucleic acids of cells

38
Q

Principle of fluorescence microscope

A

shorter wavelength is converted to longer wavelength

39
Q

Fluorescence microscope
1. Light used?
2. Filters present
3. Mirror used

A
  1. UV light
  2. Excitation and emission filter
  3. Dichroic mirror
40
Q

Dyes used in fluorescence microscopy of
1. TB
2. Malaria
3. Fungus
4. Flow cytometry

A
  1. Auramine, Rhodamine
  2. Acridine orange
  3. Calcoflour white
  4. Fluoro Iso Thio Cyanate
41
Q

Where is Rhodanine dye used?

A

Cu staining

42
Q

What exhibits autofluorescence?

A

Cyclospora, Isospora
NADPH
Formalin

43
Q

Phase contrast microscope is used to

A

see structures with different refractive indices

44
Q

Part of phase contrast microscope

A

Annular diaphragm in front of condenser at the bottom
Annular phase plate at the top

45
Q

Source of light used in electron microscope

A

No light is used
Beam of electron is used

46
Q

Medium used in electron microscope

47
Q

What is used for fixation in electron microscope vs light microscope?

A

Electron: 2-2.5% glutaraldehyde
Light: 10% neutral buffered formalin

48
Q

What is used for embedding in electron vs light microscope?

A

electron- resin
light- paraffin wax

49
Q

What slide is used in electron vs light microscope?

A

electron: copper metal slide
light; glass

50
Q

Types of electron microscope

A

Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
Transmission electron microscope (TEM)

51
Q

Principle of scanning vs transmission electron microscope

A

scanning: scattered electrons
transmitted: transmitted electrons

52
Q

Images obtained in scanning vs transmission electron microscope

A

scanning: 3D
transmission: 2D

53
Q

Which type of electron microscope is better at viewing more sample in less time?

54
Q

Which type of electron microscope is used to view internal details?

A

Transmitted electron microscope

55
Q

Which microbe has both slime layer and capsule?

A

Streptococcus salivaris

56
Q

Examples of capsulated organisms

A

Pretty NIce CApsule

strept Pneumoniae
K. pneumoniae
yersinia Pestis
clostridium Perfringens
vibrio Parahemolyticus
bordatella Pertussis
Neisseria meningococcus
h. Influenzae
Cryptococcus
staph Aureus
bacillus Anthracis

57
Q

All capsules are made of _____ except _____

A

polysaccharides
B. anthracis- polypeptide
Y. pestis- F1 peptide

58
Q

What are the key differences between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial cell walls?

A

Gram positive- Peptidoglycan layer is thick, teichoic acid present, Outer membrane is absent, LPS is absent and it retains Crystal violet

Gram negative- Peptidoglycan layer is thin, teichoic acid is absent, LPS is present, Outer membrane is present, Loses crystal violet, stains pink d/t safranin

59
Q

What is the function of teichoic acid in Gram-positive bacteria?

A

Provides rigidity
Contributes to antigenicity
Helps in attachment to host surfaces

60
Q

What is the composition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in Gram-negative bacteria?

A

Lipid A (Endotoxin, responsible for fever & shock)
Core polysaccharide
O antigen (Serotyping, antigenic variation)

61
Q

Why do Gram-negative bacteria not retain Crystal Violet stain?

A

Thin peptidoglycan layer cannot retain the stain after alcohol decolorization
The outer membrane disrupts dye retention

62
Q

What are examples of bacteria without a cell wall?

A

Mycoplasma spp. (Contains sterols in membrane for stability)
Ureaplasma spp.

63
Q

What is unique about the Mycobacteria cell wall?

A

Contains mycolic acid
Acid-fast due to high lipid content
Stained by Ziehl-Neelsen stain

64
Q

Which bacteria have a partially absent peptidoglycan layer?

A

Chlamydia spp. (Lacks muramic acid)

65
Q

What is the effect of penicillin on bacterial cell walls?

A

Inhibits transpeptidase (PBP) → Blocks peptidoglycan cross-linking
More effective against Gram-positive bacteria due to thick peptidoglycan

Microbiology (19 decks)

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