Gender 2

Question 1

GENDER/SEX DIFFERENCES:
PLAY

Answer 1

• Toys :
  
  • girls more likely to play with dolls,kitchen sets, dress-up
  • boys more likely to play with action figures, construction toys, video games
• Style of play:
  
  • boys more physically active, competitive;
  • girls more cooperative
• Fantasy play:
  
  • boys more likely to involve heroes, combat
  • girls more likely to involve household roles, romance
• Size of play group:
  
  • girls more likely to play in pairs/threesome
  • boys in larger groups

Question 2

GENDER/SEX DIFFERENCES:
EMOTIONS

Answer 2

• Girls appear better at expressing,
  decoding, and managing emotions
• Girls > express more happiness,
  fear, and sadness
• Boys >express more anger
• Mental health
  • Girls more likely to experience
    depression, low self-esteem

Question 3

GENDER/SEX DIFFERENCES:Goals

Answer 3

• Boys > more likely to emphasize
  power and dominance
• Girls > more likely to emphasize
  intimacy and support

Question 4

GENDER/SEX DIFFERENCES:Aggression

Answer 4

• Boys > more likely to engage in
  direct aggression
  -punch another boy
• Girls > slightly more likely to
  engage in indirect aggression
  -gossiping,sprending rumours,exclude

Question 5

INFLUENCES ON GENDER DEVELOPMENT

Answer 5

• Biological influences
• Social and cultural influences
• Cognitive influences

Question 6

Biological Influences

Answer 6

• Evolutionary psychology theories:
  
  • Gender diferences exist because they would have been adaptive for survival
  • ex:girls are caring because it ensures survival of the baby
• roles of hormones
  -differences in androgen(testorenos) and estrogen hormones lead to gender differences
  • Congentinal adrenal hyperplasia:
    genetic female with highlevels of androgen. formation of male genitila > more likely to show tradiotinally ‘‘male’’ behaviour
• Differences in brain structure and function
  -small differences in adults
  -but not in children. could it socialization that casues this?

Question 7

Social Influences

Answer 7

• Social Learning and social cognitive theories
  - observational learning/modelling
  - reinforcement

Question 8

Cultural influences

Answer 8

• parents expectations and behaviour
• influences of peers:
  * age 3 acting negatively towards someone who goes out of sterotypical norms
• media representations
• teachers expectation and behaviours
• cultural laws
• change across time period

Question 9

Cognitive influences

Answer 9

• Kohlberg’s cognitive developmental theory
  
  • changes in thinking about gender> changes in adherence to gender-typed behaviour-expectations
  • gender stability>incresed regidity
  • gender constantecy > incresed rigidity and flexability?
• Gender schema theory
  
  • mental represenatiton of gender >experiences,expectations,sterotypes
  • as soon as children can identify gender use this to guide there behaviour and understanding of the world

Question 10

kids remenber better if things are compatable with our schemas

Question 11

GENDER IDENTITY

Answer 11

Sense of self as gendered; internal/psychological experience

• Transgender: in which gender identity/expression differs from assigned sex/gender

* Cisgender: in which gender identity matches assigned sex/gender

* Genderqueer: in which an individual rejects the binary categorization of gender- more then one gender
*** Agender/gender-neutral: **in which an individual does not identify as man/woman/any gender-no gender

Question 12

studying Transgender youth can help:

Answer 12

• Help to understand development of all children
• Help to understand different contributors to gender
  development > biological influences, socialization
  from others, self-socialization

Question 13

TransYouth project:

Answer 13

• Examining socially-transitioned trans
  children
  • Gender identity: explicit & implicit (IAT)

Question 14

results

Answer 14

• they clicked faster to the gender identity they identify as (trangeder girl > clicked faster in girl-me then man-me)
• control group:cis gender

Question 15

Gender-typed preferences

Answer 15

results:preferences match with gender identity not sex assigned at birth

Question 16

Gender understanding

Answer 16

results:
-trans will have more (less gender stability) flexible understanding of gender (u can turn into a girl/boys

-to the future they have the same gender stability (im a girl now and ill always be a girl-girl transgender)

trans children and their siblings
> slightly more likely to view
gender as less stable across time(stability)

-trans children and their siblings
> slightly more likely to view
gender as stable across situations(apperances)- (consistency)

-

Question 17

TRANSGENDER CHILDREN

Answer 17

• In many (most!) measures, gender
  development appears similar in
  trans and cisgender youth of the
  same gender identity
  * Implicit gender identity, gender
  preference, gender-typed
  behaviour, gender stereotyping…

*so biology cannot explain everything gender development
.

Question 18

TRANSGENDER CHILDREN:
MENTAL HEALTH

Answer 18

worst mental health : probably due to bullying,social stigma

social transitioned transgender:seems to have better metal health outcomes(more income,support system maybe those things affect the results)

Suggests that socially-transitioned
trans youth may have better mental
health outcomes than trans youth
generally (who may not have socially
transitioned)..