family Flashcards
family
- promotes survival(food,shelter,health)
- provide support:emotional,financial
- socialization: the process through which children acquire the values,standards,knowledge,and behaviours seen as appropiate for their role in their culture
family influneces on a child
- parent relations
- sibling relation
- parent 1-child relation
- parent 2-child relations
aspects of pareneting
* warmth/support/ acceptance/responsivness:
physical or emotional
-
control/demandigness
- behavioural control
- psychological control
* Discipline
* reinforcement and punishment
* physical punishment(spanking) negative outcomes in children. ex:agression/anti-social behaviour,mental health problems through adulthood
* power assertionex;dont get to eat dinner.lnegative outcomes
Discipline(that leads negative outcomes)
- reinforcement and punishment
ex: physical punishment(spanking) negative outcomes in childrenleads to : agression/anti-social behaviour,mental health problems through adulthood- power assertion
ex: dont get to eat dinner.lnegative outcomes
- power assertion
Discipline that leads to good outcomes
- Indective dicipline
teaches and explain to the child what they did wrong, why is it wrong and the consequences of it/how it impacts others
ex: you should’t hit larissa because it will hurt her and she will be upset, just like you would’t want to be hurt by someone else.
parenting styles
- authoritarian: high control,low warmth
- authoritative(love):high control,high warmth
- permissive:low control,high warmth
- uninvolved parents: low control,low warmth
it can shift overtime,it can shift between child
parenting styles outcomes
- authoritative parenting seems to have the best outcomess
- univolved/negigect parenting seems to have the worst outcomes
in north america
parents relation between parents
how it influences the child
- conflict leads to poorer outcomes
- children who have good qualitive parenting but has a lot of conflict between parents do better than children who have bad qualitive parenting that dont have a lot of conflict between parents(parenting is more important then conflict)
divorce
- associated with incresed problems in children:behavioural,social,academic
why?
* parent conflict
* stress(for the child and for the parent)
* diminished parenting
* economic challanges
* social changes:move to a new place with new pwople
* abscence of a parent
* relocating
* a lot of changes happens all in one
divorce vs conflict
- in parents who fight all the time is better for the children for them to get divorce( less psychological distress,more happiness)
- in parents who dont have a lot of conflict and get divorced, those kids are doing less well (more distress,less happiness)
divorce as a process
- pre-divorce differences: is already shown in kids before the actual divorce
- short-term effects: are the worst
- long-term effects: go away or reduced,more likely to get divorced themselves
- divorce as a process not as a moment,not like a one time thing
Same sex/gender parents
- no difference in adjustment,personallity,achivement,sexual orientation
- children from queer families report feeling different and subjected to social slights > but feel positively about their families
- but,reserch criticized for being focused on small,non-representative samples
parenting quality>outcomes
regardless of gender
Sibling Relationships
- shapped by parents and parent-child relationships
- very distict social relationship:
- typically neither vertical or horizontal power structures
- maked by borth warmth/support and conflict
- non-voluntary
- maked by borth warmth/support and conflict
- typically neither vertical or horizontal power structures
variety in relationships
age,age gap,gender,biological vs adopted vs stepsiblings vs half-sblings
gender:
* same gender pairs in teenage years tend to be close but in later teenage years drops of a bit
* mix gender pairs:not very close in early adolecent but later on they become more close]
conflict:
* a lot of conflict in childhood and early adolescence,but latter on it drops off
siblings relationships:Caregiver Relationship
- one sibling serves as a quasi-parent for the other
- usually in a older girl siblings and a younger sibling
Sibling relationship: Buddy Relationships
- both siblings like each other,and try to be like eachother
Casual/uninvolved Relationships
- siblings have little to do with each other
critical/conflict/rival relationship
- one sibling tries to dominate the other;teasing,fighting
outcomes
the more herminous the sibling relationship more ideal outcomes
Functions of sibling relationship
- practice communication and social skills
- buffer for peer rejection,parent conflict,stressful experiences
- try out new behaviour
- can be opportunity for learning about another gender: body parts and gender norms
- promote individuality
- conflict : destructive or constructive?
because they cant leave
conflict between siblings
moderate of conflict is good because you lern in conflict menagment skilld
high levels of conflicts have less then ideal outcomes
Birth order reserch:
different home enviroment/treatment causes different personallity traitsoutcomes
reserch on birth order differences is actually mixed and results appears to be tiny
only children
- siblings are not necessary for halthy development!
- only children tend to have higher self-esteem,do better in school( probaby due to having more parent attention and pressure)
Difference in peer relationship:
-
in america,only children may be linked with less acceptance
* in china,no difference( - maybe because they have closer relationship with causens or because of the one child law where everybody also are only siblings
in canada 7% grow up living with a gradparents
Grandparents
- evolutionary : useful for survival-they(gradparent) can take care of the baby, it can increse child surviaval
- can boost emotional well-being
- can serve as buffers in children growing up in risky context(specially in sigle parent household)
different roles
*** influential gradparents: **have authory over you,have contact with
- supportive grandparets: they take care of you,emotional support,not authority
- passive gradparent:not a lot of contect with,not a lot of authority
*** authritygrandparent **who do not have a lot of contaxt but with a lot of authority
detached granparents
culture and parenting
- in all cultures,use of warmth/support and control
- in all cultures,warth/support appears beneficial for development
- but how they are expressed is different across culture(ex:hugs,tellig them u love them,gestures)
culture and prenting:reserch-chinease
chinease parents:tend to withold praise,believed to lead to self-satisfied children(less warmth).belief in deeply-involved parents,respect for family/authority(more control)
mixed finding on outcomes with these parenting approches(control):
- some studies show no negative effects og high-control parenting in chinease families
- more recent studies showing similar negative effects of high-control in chinease and american families
why so much mixed findings?
- difference mening of control
- changes over time
- difference across regions in chiana
- differences across age
culture and prenting:reserch-latino
latino parents more warmth but also more control
some values more important in there culture then in canada
CULTURE & PARENTING
- '’Normativeness”
- Not all parents within a culture
think and behave the same! - If parents’ practices are
congruent with others in their
cultural context > adaptive for
children?
- Not all parents within a culture
- children that percive parenting they face normative have better outcomes
CULTURE & PARENTING
- Parenting is culturally situated
* What is valued as “good” parenting differs- The relationship between parenting practices and outcomes may
differ - And– even within cultures, there may be a lot of variability
- The relationship between parenting practices and outcomes may
CULTURE & SIBLINGS
- Sibling relationships are also
culturally situated! - Cultural variations:
* Which is seen as primary bond:
parent-child or sibling
* Amount of time spent together
* Caregiving roles
Most research on siblings within
European-American families!
CULTURE & EXTENDED FAMILY
- Large cultural and ethnic
differences in proportion of
children living with extended
families! - Example: Black families more
likely to live with larger
extended family- Seems to be beneficial! > help
with effective child-rearing,
reduce costs, transmission of
culture
- Seems to be beneficial! > help
