Cognitive Development

Question 1

cognitive development

Answer 1

how we learn,reason,understand langugue

how do we know?

Question 2

Jean Piaget

Answer 2

1896-1980

-constructivist > children construct their own understanding of the world

insted of children being shaped by the world around us, he belived that children are shaped/actively understand the world

Question 3

schemas

Answer 3

understanding organized by schemas(ways of thinking about things in our world)

schemas change through:
1. assimilation
2.Accommodation

Question 4

1.assimilation

Answer 4

new information,viwed through existing schemas

Question 5

2. Accomodation

Answer 5

schemas are adapted according to new experiences

Question 6

sensorimotor stage(0-2 years)

Answer 6

Accomplishments:
-learn about the world through touching,sucking,looking,reaching,etc

-adaptig to the enviroment

Gasps:
-representing the world mentally?

Question 7

preoperational stage (2-7 years)

Answer 7

Acopmplishments:

-symbolic representations
-learn to pretend,to symbolize something else
ex:banana becomes a phone

Gasp:

-Not yet capable of operations>mental representations of logical rules

• Conservation
  -egocentrism:

Question 8

Conservation

Answer 8

Conservation: understanding that pshysical properties do not change despite changes in form or apperance

*centration *> focus on one aspect

ex:water in a glass

Question 9

egocentrism

Answer 9

only being able to see things their perspective

Question 10

concrete stage (7-12 years)

Answer 10

accomplishments:
-able to use mental logic to reason about concrete things

-conservation
decentration
ability to focus on multiple dimension
-Egocentrism

 Gasp:
 - reasoning about abstract,hypothetical concepts

Question 11

Formal operational stage

Answer 11

accomplishment:
-able to use mental logic to reason about abstract,hypothetical things

-logically examine evidence and test hypothasis

Question 12

Piaget’s legacy

Answer 12

-the study of cogniteve development

inspired others to investigate children’s cognition,to explore the mechanisms of cognitive change.

-idea of ‘‘natural limits’’ at a given age

-children as contributing actively to their development

-applications to education

Question 13

criticisms:

Answer 13

-overphasized clear-cut stages> actually lots of variability in children’s responses at a given age

-underestimates the influence of others, of culture is not as universal to other cultures

-underestimates infants and children

Question 14

VYGOTSKY’S
SOCIOCULTURAL
THEORY

Answer 14

1896-1934
- gradual,continual shifts in knowledge
- children as social learners
learning from capable menbers of your cultural

Question 15

zone of proximal development:

Answer 15

the range of tasks too dificult to do on your own,but which are possible with the help of a skilled other

Question 16

scaffolding

Answer 16

in which ‘‘teachers’‘(example) adjust the level of support they offer to fit the learner’s needs

-giving help,but not more than is needed

-different scaffolding approcroaches across cultures

Question 17

languague as a Scaffolding approch

Answer 17

-the most important tool for cognitive deveolpment

-gives learners acess to other’s kowledge

-allows learners to think about the world(role of private speech )

Question 18

legacy

Answer 18

-emphasis on culture

-role of teaching

-impact in educational seettings

Question 19

critisms

Answer 19

-overphasis on languague
-undervalues role of biology

Question 20

similarieties between paigent and vygotsky

Answer 20

-focuses on the child
-the child is active in learning/developing

Question 21

differences

Answer 21

-piaget: learning from self-discovery
-vygotsky: learning through social colaboration
————————————
-piaget: discountinious change
-vygotsky:continuous change
————————————
-piaget:universal processes of development
-vygotsky:development as cultural situated
——————————
-vygotsky:languague as key to learning
-piaget:languague and thought as largerly unreleted

Question 22

• Consider the applications of both Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s theories to
  education

Answer 22

piaget belived that in education the child can perhaps should do it by it-self learning from trial and errors,by interacting with the environment

while vygotsky believed that in education/schools children is gonnado better if the focus of the education rellies on collaboration between teacher actually helping the students or children helping other children learn things that one might know while the other dosn’t

Question 23

sacrfolding differences across cultures

Answer 23

indiaand guatemala:gazing and touching
usa and turkey:verbal
guatemala:gesturing