Gastroenterology💩 Flashcards
Most common causative organism of travellers diarrhoea
E. Coli
Score used to assess severity of chronic liver disease for liver transplant consideration
MELD score
What is the MELD score used for
To assess severity of chronic liver disease to prioritise for liver transplant
What tests are normal in biliary colic?
Normal LFTs and inflammatory markers
Antibody associated to PBC
AMA
HNPCC increases risk of what other malignancies (3)
Endometrial, ovarian, gastric
1st line treatment for Crohn’s exacerbation
Prednisolone
Class 1 obesity BMI range
30-34.9
Grading tool for cirrhosis severity
Child-Pugh score
What does incarceration of a hernia mean
When it is irreducible without compromising blood supply
Pathogen in acute cholangitis
E. Coli
What does aldosterone do to sodium
Increases sodium reabsorption
Crucial vitamin supplements for alcoholic liver disease
B vitamins
Investigation to do AFTER confirming cortisol levels in Cushing’s
ACTH level
Why do we do ACTH level after a cortisol test for Cushing’s
Differentiate between ACTH-dependant and ACTH-independent
2 signs which point towards B12 deficiency
Glossitis (red swollen tongue)
Subtle neurological signs
Hypocalcaemia causes what ECG change
Long QT
First line management Grave’s disease
Carbimazole
What symptom differentiates external vs internal haemorrhoids
External are painful
Most significant risk factor for oesophageal SCC
Tobacco smoking
Most common cause of B12 deficiency
Pernicious anaemia
Type of anaemia that causes B12 deficiency
Pernicious
Physiology of pernicious anaemia
Autoimmune, destroys gastric parietal cells, leading to lack of intrinsic factor
Cholestatic liver function markers
Elevated bilirubin, ALP and GGT
PSC finding on MRCP
Multiple bile duct strictures with ‘beaded’ appearance
Best management for symptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism
Parathyroidectomy
First line investigation acute pancreatitis
Serum lipase
Best test to diagnose hiatus hernia
Barium swallow
What metabolic imbalance is caused by Cushing’s
Hypokalaemic metabolic acidosis
Route of transmission for Hep A
Faecal-oral
Treatment for level 2 haemorrhoids
Rubber band ligation
First line treatment for itching in PBC
Cholestyramine
Drug to maintain remission in Crohn’s
Azathioprine
Diagnostic test for diverticulitis
CT abdo and pelvis with contrast
Surgical option for rectal tumour >8cm from anal margin
Anterior resection
What skin disease is associated to coeliac?
Dermatitis herpetiformis
What is a good blood indicator of ischaemia
Lactate
First line treatment for dermatitis herpetiformis
Dapsone - stops itching
Antibiotic for cholera
Doxycycline
Antibiotic prophylaxis before endoscopy in GI bleeds
Ceftriaxone
Goblet cells in Chrohn’s disease are…
Increased
Antibodies elevated in B12 deficiency
Intrinsic factor antibodies
1st line treatment for mild/moderate ulcerative colitis flare
Rectal mesalazine
What does positive Anti-HBsAg imply
Acute Hep B
What does Anti-HBs imply
Hep B immunity
Management of severe ulcerative colitis flare
IV hydrocortisone
What metabolic change can PPIs cause
Hyponatraemia
Test for H.pylori post-eradication
Urea breath test
What is the best test to monitor acute liver failure
Prothrombin time
How to differentiate between type 1 and 2 hepatorenal syndrome
Type 1 happens rapidly
Antibodies associated with PBC
AMA
Serum IgM raised
First line management PBC
Ursodeoxycholic acid
PPIs can cause ____natraemia
Hyponatraemia
First line antibiotic for normal C.diff infection
Oral vancomycin
Antibiotics for life-threatening C.diff infection
Oral vancomycin & IV metronidazole
Iron study results for haemochromatosis - transferrin, ferritin, TIBC
High transferrin
High ferritin
TIBC low
% weight loss over ? time to diagnose malnutrition
> 10% over 6 months
Most common organism in SBP - spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
E.coli
What happens to cells in Barrett’s oesophagus?
Squamous cell epithelium is replaced by columnar
Inflammatory condition associated to ulcerative colitis
PSC
Treatment of recurrent C.diff infection within 12 weeks of previous symptom resolution
Fidaxomicin
When do we use fidaxomicin for C.diff?
Within 12 weeks of prev. Symptom resolution
The M rule for PBC
IgM
AMA M2 subtype
Middle aged females
What portion of bowel is most commonly affected by Crohn’s
Ileum
Management of severe alcoholic hepatitis
Prednisolone
Wilson’s disease management
Penicilliamine
What cancer is a complication of PSC?
Cholangiocarcinoma
What type of diet should people with Ascites have
Low sodium
AST:ALT ratio in alcoholic hepatitis
2:1
What would SAAG >11 suggest
Cause of ascites is due to raised portal pressure
What would SAAG < 11 suggest
Ascites NOT due to portal hypertension
E.g. TB, pancreatitis, nephrotic syndrome
Triad for Wernicke’s encephalopathy
Confusion
Opthalmoplegia
Ataxia
What deficiency is in Wernicke’s encephalopathy
Thiamine - B1
When (in hours) does delirium tremens occur
48-72 hours from alcohol withdrawal
Electrolyte imbalance in diarrhoea - anion gap, ? / ?
Normal anion gap
Metabolic acidosis
