Gait

Question 1

functional divisions of foot bones: and eg

Answer 1

rearfoot:

• talus
• calcaneus

mid foot:

• cuboid
• navicular
• cuneiforms

forefoot:

• metatarsals
• phalanges

Question 2

additional divisions:

Answer 2

lateral column:

• calcaneus
• cuboid
• lateral 2 metatarsals

medial column:

• talus
• navicular
• cuneiforms
• medial 3 metatarsals

Question 3

pronation in foot: (3)

Answer 3

• abduction
• eversion
• dorsiflexion

Question 4

supination in foot: (3)

Answer 4

• adduction
• inversion
• plantar flexion

Question 5

muscle contraction definition: equal

Answer 5

isometric

Question 6

muscle contraction definition: together, with

Answer 6

concentric

Question 7

muscle contraction: out or away from

Answer 7

eccentric

Question 8

define gait:

Answer 8

manner of walking

Question 9

define gait cycle:

Answer 9

begins w heel strike and ends when same heel strikes again

- divided into 2 phases

Question 10

list two phases of gait cycle:

Answer 10

• swing phase

- stance phase

Question 11

swing phase:

Answer 11

• begins at toe off and ends with heel strike

- open chain about 40% of cycle

Question 12

stance phase:

Answer 12

• begins at heel strike and ends w toe off
• close chain
• 60% of cycle
• subdivided into 3 periods

Question 13

list periods of stance phase:

Answer 13

• contact period
• midstance period
• propulsive period

Question 14

stance phase: contact period

Answer 14

begins w heel strike and ends w foot flat

Question 15

stance phase: midstance period

Answer 15

begins w foot flat and ends w heel lift

Question 16

stance phase: propulsive period

Answer 16

begins w heel lift and end w toe off

Question 17

contact period: positions of the leg

Answer 17

heel strikes the ground

• hip flexed 30˚ internally rotated
• knee near full ext
• ankle slightly dorsiflexed
• subtalar slightly supinated

Question 18

contact period: contd details

Answer 18

• immediately following contact, pelvis and lower extremity continue internal rotation
• ankle plantarflexes with eccentric (out/ away) contraction of ankle dorsiflexors
• subtalar joint pronates-> internal rotation at knee (soft foot)
• knee unlocks and flexes, quads act

SHOCK ABSORBING

Question 19

contact period: end of contact period

Answer 19

• hip and knee remain flexed, internally rotated
• ankle plantarflexed 5˚
• subtalar pronated (4-12˚)

full forefoot load

Question 20

midstance period: initial positions

Answer 20

• hip external rotation and ext
• knee external rotation and ext
• ankle dorsiflexion
• subtalar supination

foot becomes rigid while weight bearing

Question 21

midstance period: contd

Answer 21

• weight bearing leg externally rotated by swing phase leg
• in turn, subtalar joint supinated to neutral position
• during dorsiflexion, lateral column locks (aided by peroneus longus)

rigid foot: heel lift

Question 22

midstance period: end of midstance period

Answer 22

• hip 10˚ ext
• knee ext
• ankle 10˚ dorsiflexion
• subtalar neutral

Question 23

propulsive period: initial

Answer 23

• heel lift: 3 events coordinated

forward displacement of torso (COG):

• minimises ground contact at heel
• dorsiflexion locks cuboid on calcaneus

soleus contraction:
- limits ankle dorsiflexion - lifts heel

gastroc contraction:

• flexes knees and plantar flexes ankle
• ground clearance for swing phase

Question 24

propulsive period: end of propulsive period

Answer 24

• at toe off foot MUSE remain rigid
• subtalar/ midtarsal joints are supinated
• windlass effect
• lateral column locked (per. longus)

Question 25

pronation pain syndromes:

Answer 25

• heel spurs
• shin splints/ stress fractures
• medial knee pain

Question 26

swing phase: features

Answer 26

• non-weight bearing

foot must clear the ground:

• hip and knee flex
• ankle dorsiflexion

foot prepared to dampen ground force

• pretense muscles of ant com
• pronatable subtalar joint