Bones of back

Question 1

vertebral column curvature:

Answer 1

• 2 primary
• 2 secondary

primary: concave
- thoracic
- sacral

secondary: convex
- cervical
- lumbar

Question 2

kyphosis:

Answer 2

• primary curves

- differences in height btw ant/post parts of vertebrae

Question 3

lordosis:

Answer 3

• secondary curves

- differences in thickness btw ant/post parts of IV discs

Question 4

eg. scoliosis

Answer 4

• more likely in young females
• lateral disfiguration of vertebral column
• exercise to strengthen muscles

Question 5

eg. kyphosis

Answer 5

excessive thoracic kyphosis

• elderly
• hunch back

Question 6

eg. lordosis

Answer 6

excessive lumbar lordosis

• pregnant women
• pushes centre of gravity anteriorly

Question 7

thoracic cage: general features

Answer 7

• bones + cartilaginous features
• 12 pairs ribs
• costal cartilage
• sternum
• 12 thoracic vertebrae

Question 8

ribs: features

Answer 8

• curved, flat light bones, highly resilient
• true (1-7) direct attachment to costal cartilage
• false (8-10) cartilage attached to rib superior
• floating (11-12) no connections

Question 9

atypical ribs: 1st rib

Answer 9

• shortest
• widest almost horizontal
• single facet on head
• scalene tubercle

Question 10

other atypical ribs:

Answer 10

• 2
• 10-12 (one facet on head)
• 11-12 (no neck/ tubercles)

Question 11

eg. cervical rib problem

Answer 11

• could compress subclavian artery

Question 12

sternum: features

Answer 12

manubrium

• suprasternal notch
• clavicular notch
• sternal angle

body

• transverse ridges
• articular facets

xiphoid process
- varies per person