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2. HLTH 109 > Development: trunk > Flashcards

Development: trunk Flashcards

1
Q

what week of development: gastrulation

A

third week

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2
Q

gastrulation: features

A
  • embryo axial orientation
  • bilaminar-> trilaminar disc:
  • ectoderm
  • mesoderm
  • endoderm
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3
Q

primitive streak should disappear by what week?

A
  • end of 4th week

- if not, benign tumour- sacrococcygeal teratoma

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4
Q

notochord: function

A
  • basis of development of axial skeleton
  • indicator for future sites of vertebral bodies
  • induce thickening of ectoderm and formation of neural plate
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5
Q

development of neural tube:

A
  • neural plate and neural crest - neural groove - neural tube with neural crest merged - crest becomes spiral ganglion
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6
Q

somites: formed by

A
  • mesoderm and neural tube form columns of paraxial mesoderm

- segment into cube structures

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7
Q

somites differentiates into:

A
  • myotome
  • dermatome
  • sclerotome
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8
Q

myotomes: contribute to

A
  • development of skeletal muscles of neck, trunk and limbs
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9
Q

dermatomes: contribute to

A

connective tissue

- dermis of the skin

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10
Q

sclerotomes: contribute to

A
  • vertebrae and ribs
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11
Q

development of vertebral column: 4th week

A
  • each mesenchymal (sclerotome) segment (somite) differentiates into cephalic (less condensed) and caudal part (more condensed cells)
  • notochord in middle (nucleus pulposus)
  • sclerotome forms annulus fibrosus
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12
Q

synovial joint development: what week?

A
  • 6th week

- by 8th week resemble adult joints

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13
Q

synovial joint development: how

A
  • interzonal mesenchyme differentiate to form capsule and ligaments (peripheral)
  • form joint capsule (centrally)
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14
Q

how does spinous and transverse processes develop?

A
  • extensions of chondrification centres in vertebral arches
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15
Q

ossification of vertebra: begins

A
  • during embryonic period, primary ossification centres
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16
Q

ossification of vertebra: at birth

A
  • 3 bony parts connected by cartilage

- for growth of spinal cord

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17
Q

ossification of vertebra: secondary ossification centre

A
  • after puberty

- unite at around 25yrs

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18
Q

muscle differentiation: pathway

A
  • myoblasts migrate to muscle location
  • fuse to form myotubules - begin to express contractile proteins - formation of sarcomeres leads to maturation in myofibrils
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19
Q

development of muscles: myotome somite divides into

A
  • dorsal (epiaxial) division

- ventral (hypaxial) division

20
Q

development of muscles: genes

A
  • MyoD
  • Myf5
  • initiate and regulate muscle development
21
Q

development of vertebral column: genes

A
  • Pax-1

- regulates development

22
Q

what muscles arise: epaxial division

A
  • extensors of neck/ vertebral column

intrinsic

  • superficial (splenius)
  • intermediate (erector spinae)
  • deep (transversospinalis)

sacral/ coccygeal region:
- myotomes form sacrococcygeal lig

23
Q

what muscles arise: hypaxial division- cervical region

A
  • scalenes
  • longus capitis
  • longus colli
24
Q

what muscles arise: hypaxial division- thoracic region

A
  • intercostals
  • transversus thoracis
  • subcostals
  • diaphragm
25
Q

what muscles arise: hypaxial division- abdomino-pelvic region

A
  • internal/ ext obliques
  • transversus abdominus
  • psoas
  • quadratus lumborum
  • obturator ext/ int
26
Q

what nerves supply: epaxial division

A
  • posterior rami of spinal nerves
27
Q

what nerves arise: hypaxial division

A
  • anterior rami of spinal nerves
28
Q

vertebra T10 corresponds to which spinal cord segments:

A

L1, L2

29
Q

vertebra T11 corresponds to which spinal cord segments:

A

L3, L4

30
Q

vertebra L1 corresponds to which spinal cord segments:

A

sacral and coccygeal cord segments

31
Q

list 3 main developmental abnormalities:

A
  • variation in no. of vertebrae
  • variation in normal architecture of vertebra
  • tumours of embryological remnants
32
Q

eg. brevicollis

A
  • short neck
  • low hairline
  • restricted head movements
  • from undeveloped vertebral body/ defect in vertebral segmentation
33
Q

eg. accessory rib

A
  • in lumbar/ cervical region
  • if cervical, could present some neurovascular symptoms (numbness of upper limb)
  • extra rib
34
Q

anomalies of ribs: eg.

A
  • pliable ribs
  • pectus excavatum (sunk in ribcage)
  • pectus carinatum (pigeon chest)
35
Q

eg. sacralisation of L5:

A
  • L5 incorporated into sacrum

- back pain

36
Q

eg. lumbarisation of S1

A
  • S1 separated,

- not many symptoms

37
Q

eg. hemivertebra

A
  • failure of one chondrification centre
  • failure of half vertebra undeveloped
  • hemivertebra (wedge)
  • butterfly (2 hemivertebra)
  • changes posture, scoliosis
38
Q

eg. block vertebra:

A
  • failure of segmentation of two or more vertebrae
39
Q

distortion: scoliosis eg.

A
  • spinous process deviated to one side
  • rib pushed posteriorly, thoracic cage narrowed
  • other rib laterally and anteriorly
40
Q

eg. kyphosis

A
  • anteriorly
  • failure of formation of v. body,
  • failure of segmentation
  • spinal osteoporosis (elderly)
41
Q

eg. schmorl’s node

A
  • protrusion of cartilage of IV disc

- through vertebral body endplate into adjacent vertebra

42
Q

eg. spina bifida oculta

A
  • vertebral arches must fuse completely
  • lamina of L5/ S1 fail to develop and fuse normally
  • everything normal
  • extra hair
  • asympotomatic
43
Q

eg. spina bifida cystica

A
  • 1+ vertebral arches fail to develop
  • protrude out of lumbar region

meningocele:
- herniation of meninges (only space, but everything ok)

meningomyelocele:
- herniation of meninges and spinal cord

44
Q

eg. spina bifida cystica symptoms

A
  • severe meningomyelocele
  • paralysis of limbs
  • loss of bladder control
  • loss of bowel control
  • recurrent CNS infections
45
Q

can you prevent spina bifida?

A

prenatal screening:

  • ultrasound
  • aminocentesis
  • blood test

prevent:
- folic acid supplements

46
Q

eg. teratoma

A
  • benign tumour
  • from primitive streak
  • develops from independent cells from any of 3 embryonic germ layers
  • any type of tissue (bone, hair, skin, muscle)
47
Q

eg. chordoma

A
  • from persistent notochord
  • slow growing malignant tumour
  • common at base skull
  • difficult to remove-> infiltrates bone
  • once detected, too late
  • can develop in lumbosacral region

2. HLTH 109 (29 decks)

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