Fungi-Kingdom

Question 1

Fungal Characteristics:

Answer 1

Eukaryotic Multicellular Kingdom
 Feed by Absorptive Nutrition
 Tubular cell shape, called Hyphae
 Septate or aseptate hyphae
 Chitin cell walls
 Store sugar alcohols
 Phyla determined by sexual reproduction
 Reproduce by making spores
 Sexual & Asexual

Question 2

hyphae types

Answer 2

Septate have incomplete cell wall divisions
with pores
Aseptate fungi are Coenocytic
multinucleate with free flowing cytoplasm

Question 3

Chytridiomycota- Phylum

Answer 3

o Swimming zoospores
o Has multicellular diploid stage
o Aseptate hyphae

Question 4

Mucoromycota - Phylum

Answer 4

Never get very large, mostly superficial hyphae with conidia. Many grow as molds.
Aseptate

Question 5

Glomeromycetes (in Mucoromycota)

Answer 5

o Endotrophic - penetrates inside cortex and plant cells
o Arbuscles (“shrubs” in Latin): branching haustoria inside root cortex cell
o Vesicles: large dark staining swellings in between cortical cells.

Question 6

Know Allomyces life-cycle and be able to identify:

Answer 6

 diploid, sporophyte phase (only one type of sporangia)
 haploid gametophyte phase (two sporangia, in pairs

Question 7

Know Rhizopus life cycle and be able to identify stages:

Answer 7

 Asexual: aseptate hyphae, make asexual sporangia
(endogenous mitospores) or conidia (exogenous mitospores)
 Sexual: (n+n) to (2n) to (n) all take place in in Zygosporangia.

Question 8

Sporangia (with mitospores) and ploidy levels

Answer 8

Trillions of spores released from a single fruiting body-
from a sporangia. Haploid

Question 9

suspensors and ploidy levels

Answer 9

suspensor is a structure associated with the formation of the zygosporangium

Question 10

zygosporangia and ploidy levels

Answer 10

Dikaryotic (n + n)

Question 11

gametangia and ploidy levels

Answer 11

Haploid

Question 12

Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (VAM).

Answer 12

symbiotic association between certain fungi and the roots of most land plants.

Question 13

Zygospores

Answer 13

These spores are produced through the sexual reproduction of fungi, particularly in zygomycetes. They result from the fusion of specialized sexual structures called gametangia.

Question 14

Sporangiospores

Answer 14

These are asexual spores produced within a sporangium, a specialized sac-like structure found in fungi like bread molds (e.g., Rhizopus).

Question 15

Conidia

Answer 15

Conidia are asexual spores produced at the tips of specialized hyphae called conidiophores. They are commonly found in many filamentous fungi, including Aspergillus and Penicillium.

Question 16

Basidiospores

Answer 16

These are sexual spores produced in the basidia of basidiomycete fungi, which include mushrooms, toadstools, and bracket fungi.

Question 17

Ascospores

Answer 17

Ascospores are sexual spores produced in the ascus, a specialized sac-like structure found in ascomycete fungi, including yeasts, truffles, and morels.

Question 18

endogenous vs. exogenous

Answer 18

Endogenous refers to factors, structures, or processes that originate from within the fungal organism itself. For example, endogenous characteristics of fungi can include genetic traits, metabolic pathways, spore formation, and internal cellular processes.

Exogenous refers to factors, substances, or influences that come from outside the fungal organism and affect its growth or behavior. Exogenous factors for fungi can include environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, pH, nutrient availab

Question 19

Mitospores vs. Meiospores

Answer 19

Mitospores (Asexual Spores):
are produced through the process of mitosis.
They are genetically identical to the parent fungus and do not result from the recombination of genetic material (as in sexual reproduction).
Mitospores are typically involved in the rapid multiplication and dispersal of fungal organisms.
Examples of mitospores include conidia in ascomycetes, sporangiospores in zygomycetes, and conidiospores in various fungal species.

Meiospores (sexual spores)
are produced through the process of meiosis.
They are the result of the recombination of genetic material from two different parent fungi during sexual reproduction.
Meiospores are typically involved in the formation of new fungal individuals that have genetic diversity, which can be advantageous for adaptation to changing environments.
Examples of meiospores include ascospores in ascomycetes and basidiospores in basidiomycetes.