Chordates

Question 1

The five general chordate features are:
a) ______________ slits
b) ____________ ____________ __________ chord
c) _____________chord
d) ____________ post_________ tail
e) _____________ musculature

Answer 1

Pharyngeal slits
Dorsal Hallow Nerve Chord
Notochord
Muscular post anal tail
Segmented Musculature

Question 2

The oldest group and having the original features are the lancelets in the ______________chordata.

Answer 2

Cephalochordata

Question 3

The pharyngeal slits are used for _________________.

Answer 3

Filter Feeding

Question 4

Both the adults and larvae have ____ (some/all) the chordate features.

Answer 4

All

Question 5

The tunicates are in the ____________chordata.
a) As adults they have lost _none / most / all _ of the chordate features, as adaptations to their
_________ lifestyle.
b) Larvae have _______ (some/all) the chordate features

Answer 5

Urochordata
Most
Sedentary
Some

Question 6

The Cyclotomates are the first groups to have _____________.
a) This was possible due to a duplication of the _______ gene cluster.

Answer 6

Vertabrae
Hox

Question 7

The gnathostomes are the first chordates to have ___________.
a) This was possible due to a duplication of the _______ gene cluster.
b) The jaws came about by modifications to ___________ arches.
c) They are were the first with __________ appendages.
d) The Chondrichthyes include _________, __________ and skates (ratfish).
e) For respiration sharks have ________ and need to keep their mouths _______ as the swim to
bring water in.
f) Sharks are ___________ than water and __________ if they stop swimming.
g) The sharks were the first to have a true __________________( reproduction and more

Answer 7

Jaws
Hox
Gill
Paired
Sharks, rays
Gills, moving
Denser, sink
Placenta

Question 8

The Actinistia or Ray-finned fish are the first chordates to have a swim ___________ , helpful for
both ___________ control and respiration.
a) They have ________ (#) gill opening, covered with an operculum, that can push water over the
gills.

Answer 8

Bladder, Buoyancy
Four

Question 9

b) Lobe finned fish and lung fish are transitional groups towards the ___________.

Answer 9

Tetrapods

Question 10

The amphibian clade are the first chordates to have four __________ with _________ called
tetrapods.
a) They live the mature stage of their life on _____________.
b) Unlike fish, amphibians have a true _________ allowing them to move their head side to side.
c) As adults they lose their ________ and use lungs or their skin for gas’s exchange

Answer 10

Limbs with digits
Land
neck
Gills

Question 11

The reptile /mammal clade are the first chordates to have ___________ eggs. These allow for
reproduction on __________ without ___________.

Answer 11

Amniotic eggs
Land without water dependence

Question 12

Reptiles
a) Belong in the ___________ having two openings in the back of the skull.
b) Skin is covered in waterproof ____________.
c) Have more efficient ________ allowing for less water loss getting rid of __________ and
surviving in drier habitats

Answer 12

Sauropsida
Scales
Kidneys, Uric Acid

Question 13

Aves (birds) are the most __________ vertebrate clade to evolve.
i) Birds descended from ______________.
ii) They are ___________ blooded.
iii) Their scales have evolved into ___________ for insulation and sexual selection and flight.
iv) Adaptations for flight:
(1) They have _________ bones
(2) Their arms (now wings) have lost their _________
(3) The head has lost their ________ and teeth, replaced with a beak.
(4) They have a highly efficient __________ system.

Answer 13

Recent
Theropod
Warm
Feathers
Hallow
Claws
Teeth
Respiratory

Question 14

Mammals
a) Mammal Characteristics:
i) Are ________ having a single opening in the back of the skull.
ii) They are ___________ blooded, and use ___________ as insulation.
iii) They use __________ for cooling to maintain body temperatures.
iv) They nurse their offspring using __________.
v) They have _______parental care and more _________ behaviors.
vi) They have external ___________ outside their ear canals.
vii) They have specialized diets that can be determined by looking their _________.
(1) Front to back the 4 types of teeth are: __________, __________, ____________, and

Answer 14

Endothermic
Warm, Hair
Sweating
Mammary Glands
Extensive, Complex
Pinnae
Teeth
Incisors, canines, premolars, and molars

Question 15

The three major clades of mammals are ____theria; _________theia, and _______theria.

Answer 15

Eutheria, Prototheia, and Metatheria

Question 16

i) Monotremes (also called ________theria)
(1) Lay ____________.
(2) Nurse by producing milk __________________________________.
(3) Example: _____________________________.
(4) They are found in ___________________(Countries)

Answer 16

Prototheria
Eggs
Through mammary glands
Platypus and echidnas
Australia and new guinea

Question 17

Marsupials (also called ________theria)
(1) Give birth to ______________________ young that must crawl up into the
____________.
(2) The nurse by _________________________________________.
(3) They stay with the mother in the ________________ until able to survive outside.
(4) Example: ____________________________

Answer 17

Metatheria
Relatively undeveloped, pouch
Suckling milk
Pouch
Kangaroos, koalas, opposums

Question 18

________theria or the “placental” mammals
(1) They are fed in the uterus for a longer period time via an ______________________.
(2) Give birth to ______________________.
(3) They nurse by ____________________________________.
(4) They lack of native placental mammals on _______________ came about as
____________ broke apart, isolating from their ability to disperse onto that continent.

Answer 18

Eutheria
Umbillicalcord
Well developed young
Sucking milk
Australia
Australia