Functions of the Kidneys Glomerular filtration, renal blood flow and their control

Question 1

Which of the following is not a function of the kidneys?
A. Regulation of body temperature
B. Regulation of arterial pressure
C. Excretion of metabolic waste products
D. Gluconeogenesis

Answer 1

Answer: A

Question 2

The kidneys contribute to acid-base balance by:
A. Absorbing glucose
B. Secreting enzymes
C. Regulating hydrogen ion concentration
D. Storing bile

Answer 2

Answer: C

Question 3

Which hormone is secreted by the kidneys to stimulate red blood cell production?
A. Insulin
B. Renin
C. Erythropoietin
D. Cortisol

Answer 3

Answer: C

Question 4

The kidneys convert Vitamin D into its active form known as:
A. Cholecalciferol
B. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
C. Ergocalciferol
D. Retinol

Answer 4

Answer: B

Question 5

Which process is carried out by the kidneys during fasting to maintain blood glucose levels?
A. Lipogenesis
B. Gluconeogenesis
C. Glycogenolysis
D. Ketogenesis

Answer 5

Answer: B

Question 5

Renin, secreted by the kidneys, is involved in the regulation of:
A. Bone growth
B. Red blood cell count
C. Blood pressure
D. Glucose metabolism

Answer 5

Answer: C

Question 6

Where are the kidneys located?
A. Inside the peritoneal cavity
B. On the anterior abdominal wall
C. Outside the peritoneal cavity, on the posterior wall of the abdomen
D. Behind the diaphragm

Answer 6

Answer: C

Question 7

Which of the following is the correct size of a typical adult kidney?
A. 5 cm long, 2 cm wide
B. 12 cm long, 6 cm wide, 3 cm thick
C. 20 cm long, 10 cm wide
D. 7 cm long, 3 cm wide

Answer 7

Answer: B

Question 8

What is the approximate weight of a typical adult kidney?
A. 75 g
B. 100 g
C. 150 g
D. 200 g

Answer 8

Answer: C

Question 9

What enters and exits the kidney through the hilus?
A. Only the ureter
B. Only blood vessels
C. Renal artery, renal nerves, renal veins, and ureter
D. Only lymphatic vessels

Answer 9

Answer: C

Question 10

Which of the following is not part of the urinary tract?
A. Kidney
B. Urethra
C. Urinary bladder
D. Ureters

Answer 10

Answer: A

Question 10

Urination is also known as:
A. Defecation
B. Filtration
C. Micturition
D. Secretion

Answer 10

Answer: C

Question 11

Which structure stores urine before elimination?
A. Kidney
B. Ureter
C. Urinary bladder
D. Nephron

Answer 11

Answer: C

Question 11

Urine is expelled from the body through which structure?
A. Ureter
B. Renal artery
C. Glomerulus
D. Urethra

Answer 11

Answer: D

Question 12

What percentage of the cardiac output is received by the kidneys?
A. 5%
B. 10%
C. 20%
D. 50%

Answer 12

Answer: C

Question 13

Blood flow to the kidneys is approximately:
A. 500 ml/min
B. 800 ml/min
C. 1100 ml/min
D. 1500 ml/min

Answer 13

Answer: C

Question 14

The glomerular capillaries have a hydrostatic pressure of approximately:
A. 13 mm Hg
B. 25 mm Hg
C. 40 mm Hg
D. 60 mm Hg

Answer 14

Answer: D

Question 14

Why is there a low hydrostatic pressure in peritubular capillaries?
A. To aid in fluid filtration
B. To prevent fluid absorption
C. To allow rapid reabsorption of fluid
D. To stop blood flow

Answer 14

Answer: C

Question 15

The two capillary beds in the renal circulation are:
A. Pulmonary and systemic
B. Hepatic and splenic
C. Glomerular and peritubular
D. Coronary and renal

Answer 15

Answer: C

Question 16

Which vessels separate the two capillary beds in the kidney?
A. Afferent arterioles
B. Efferent arterioles
C. Venules
D. Capillaries

Answer 16

Answer: B

Question 17

The functional unit of the kidney is the:
A. Alveolus
B. Glomerulus
C. Nephron
D. Renal capsule

Answer 17

Answer: C

Question 18

Each kidney contains approximately how many nephrons?
A. 100,000
B. 1 million
C. 10 million
D. 5,000

Answer 18

Answer: B

Question 19

What are the two main components of a nephron?
A. Ureter and urethra
B. Bladder and glomerulus
C. Glomerulus and tubule
D. Cortex and medulla

Answer 19

Answer: C

Question 20

What structure surrounds the glomerular capillaries?
A. Loop of Henle
B. Ureter
C. Bowman’s capsule
D. Collecting duct

Answer 20

Answer: C

Question 21

Which of the following is not part of the nephron tubule? A. Loop of Henle B. Proximal tubule C. Ureter D. Distal tubule

Answer 21

Answer: C

Question 22

What are the two limbs of the Loop of Henle? A. Horizontal and vertical B. Ascending and descending C. Upper and lower D. Cortical and medullary

Answer 22

Answer: B

Question 23

Which segment of the Loop of Henle has both thin and thick portions? A. Descending limb only B. Ascending limb only C. Distal tubule D. Proximal tubule

Answer 23

Answer: B

Question 24

Which part of the nephron comes directly after the Loop of Henle? A. Proximal tubule B. Collecting duct C. Distal tubule D. Bowman’s capsule

Answer 24

Answer: C

Question 25

Which of the following is not part of the collecting system? A. Connecting tubule B. Cortical collecting duct C. Medullary collecting duct D. Proximal tubule

Answer 25

Answer: D

Question 26

Where does the final modification of urine primarily occur? A. Glomerulus B. Proximal tubule C. Collecting ducts D. Bowman’s capsule

Answer 26

Answer: C

Question 27

What percentage of nephrons are cortical? A. 20% B. 50% C. 80% D. 100%

Answer 27

Answer: C

Question 28

Where are the glomeruli of juxtamedullary nephrons located? A. Outer cortex B. Deep cortex C. Medulla D. Pelvis

Answer 28

Answer: B

Question 29

Which type of nephron has long loops of Henle? A. Cortical B. Juxtamedullary C. Glomerular D. Distal

Answer 29

Answer: B

Question 30

What type of capillary system is associated with cortical nephrons? A. Vasa recta B. Peritubular capillaries C. Glomerular capillaries D. Portal veins

Answer 30

Answer: B

Question 31

What is the function of the vasa recta? A. Filtering blood B. Concentrating urine C. Secreting hormones D. Producing glucose

Answer 31

Answer: B

Question 32

What is the first step of urine formation? A. Tubular secretion B. Tubular reabsorption C. Glomerular filtration D. Active transport

Answer 32

Answer: C

Question 33

What is the formula for urinary excretion rate? A. Secretion – Filtration + Reabsorption B. Filtration – Reabsorption + Secretion C. Filtration × Reabsorption D. Secretion + Filtration × Reabsorption

Answer 33

Answer: B

Question 34

What is the typical value of glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? A. 60 ml/min B. 100 ml/min C. 125 ml/min D. 250 ml/min

Answer 34

Answer: C

Question 35

What determines GFR? A. Plasma protein concentration only B. Hydrostatic and oncotic pressures C. Red blood cell count D. Filtrate temperature

Answer 35

Answer: B

Question 36

What percentage of renal plasma flow becomes glomerular filtrate? A. 5% B. 10% C. 20% D. 50%

Answer 36

Answer: C

Question 37

What best describes the glomerular filtrate? A. High in protein and red blood cells B. Similar to plasma but protein-free C. Only water D. Identical to urine

Answer 37

Answer: B

Question 38

Which substances are not freely filtered due to being bound to plasma proteins? A. Urea and glucose B. Sodium and potassium C. Calcium and fatty acids D. Chloride and bicarbonate

Answer 38

Answer: C

Question 39

Where does glomerular filtration take place? A. Bowman’s capsule B. Distal tubule C. Glomerular capillaries D. Loop of Henle

Answer 39

Answer: C

Question 40

Where does the filtrate go immediately after leaving the glomerulus? A. Distal tubule B. Proximal tubule C. Bowman’s capsule D. Collecting duct

Answer 40

Answer: C

Question 41

Which process returns substances from the tubule back into the blood? A. Filtration B. Secretion C. Reabsorption D. Evaporation

Answer 41

Answer: C

Question 42

What occurs when substances are transferred from peritubular capillaries into the tubules? A. Filtration B. Secretion C. Reabsorption D. Ultrafiltration

Answer 42

Answer: B

Question 43

How many layers make up the glomerular capillary membrane? A. One B. Two C. Three D. Four

Answer 43

Answer: C

Question 44

Which of the following is NOT a part of the glomerular filtration barrier? A. Endothelium B. Basement membrane C. Podocytes D. Tunica media

Answer 44

Answer: D

Question 45

What is the function of the basement membrane in the glomerular filtration barrier? A. To allow protein filtration B. To absorb glucose C. To repel plasma proteins D. To generate osmotic pressure

Answer 45

Answer: C

Question 45

What structures in podocytes prevent the passage of large molecules? A. Fenestrations B. Tight junctions C. Slit pores D. Cilia

Answer 45

Answer: C