ADH and oxytocin Flashcards
What is the cause of primary (central) diabetes insipidus?
a) Kidney failure
b) Tumors, post-traumatic injury, or infection
c) Genetic mutation
d) Obesity
Answer: b) Tumors, post-traumatic injury, or infection
In nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, what is the kidney’s response to circulating AVP (antidiuretic hormone)?
a) The kidneys over-respond to normal levels of AVP
b) The kidneys respond inadequately to normal or elevated levels of AVP
c) The kidneys increase sodium retention
d) The kidneys respond to only elevated levels of AVP
Answer: b) The kidneys respond inadequately to normal or elevated levels of AVP
In nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, why does ADH/V2 not produce cAMP?
a) ADH is not secreted properly
b) The kidneys have a defect in the V2 receptors
c) cAMP is inhibited by another hormone
d) There is an excessive amount of AVP in circulation
Answer: b) The kidneys have a defect in the V2 receptors
What type of hormone is oxytocin?
a) Steroid hormone
b) Peptide hormone and neuropeptide
c) Amino acid-derived hormone
d) Lipid hormone
Answer: b) Peptide hormone and neuropeptide
Where is oxytocin normally produced?
a) Thyroid gland
b) Anterior pituitary
c) Hypothalamus
d) Adrenal gland
Answer: c) Hypothalamus
What effect does oxytocin have on the mammary glands?
a) It decreases milk production
b) It increases the contractility of myoepithelial cells, causing milk let-down
c) It increases the size of the mammary glands
d) It inhibits milk production
Answer: b) It increases the contractility of myoepithelial cells, causing milk let-down
What is the normal pressure range generated by oxytocin’s action in the mammary glands during milk let-down?
a) 5-10 mmHg
b) 10-20 mmHg
c) 20-30 mmHg
d) 30-40 mmHg
Answer: b) 10-20 mmHg
How is oxytocin secretion triggered during breastfeeding?
a) By touch stimulation of the skin
b) Sensory input from nipple nerve endings is transmitted to the hypothalamus
c) By a decrease in milk volume
d) By a chemical stimulus in the blood
Answer: b) Sensory input from nipple nerve endings is transmitted to the hypothalamus
What is the half-life of oxytocin in the bloodstream?
a) 1-2 minutes
b) 3-5 minutes
c) 10-15 minutes
d) 20-30 minutes
Answer: b) 3-5 minutes
What is the normal stimulus for oxytocin release in the context of milk ejection?
a) Infants crying
b) Food intake
c) Infant suckling at the breast
d) Hormonal changes during menstruation
Answer: c) Infant suckling at the breast
What is the neuroendocrine reflex related to oxytocin secretion and milk ejection?
a) The sight or sound of a baby stimulates the hypothalamus to release oxytocin
b) Increased blood pressure stimulates oxytocin release
c) Decreased blood glucose stimulates milk production
d) The baby crying inhibits oxytocin release
Answer: a) The sight or sound of a baby stimulates the hypothalamus to release oxytocin
What higher brain centers can also stimulate oxytocin secretion?
a) Visual and auditory stimuli
b) Touch and temperature stimuli
c) Pain and stress stimuli
d) Muscle contraction stimuli
Answer: a) Visual and auditory stimuli
What kind of receptor does oxytocin bind to in its target cells?
a) Ion channel receptor
b) G-protein coupled receptor
c) Steroid hormone receptor
d) Tyrosine kinase receptor
Answer: b) G-protein coupled receptor
Which of the following is a primary effect of oxytocin?
a) Increase in blood sugar levels
b) Stimulation of milk ejection
c) Decrease in blood pressure
d) Decrease in uterine contraction
Answer: b) Stimulation of milk ejection
What intracellular effect occurs after oxytocin binds to its receptor?
a) Increase in cAMP levels
b) Increase in IP3 and DAG levels, leading to increased Ca++ intracellularly
c) Inhibition of protein synthesis
d) Decrease in intracellular sodium concentration
Answer: b) Increase in IP3 and DAG levels, leading to increased Ca++ intracellularly
Which of the following activities can boost oxytocin levels?
a) Physical exercise
b) Touch, cuddling, massage, and making love
c) Drinking water
d) Eating high-protein foods
Answer: b) Touch, cuddling, massage, and making love
One of the effects of oxytocin is the stimulation of uterine smooth muscle contraction. This occurs during which event?
a) Pregnancy
b) Menstruation
c) Childbirth
d) Lactation
Answer: c) Childbirth
Which behavior is NOT associated with oxytocin stimulation?
a) Maternal bonding
b) Social interaction and trust-building
c) Increased fear and anxiety
d) Decreased pain sensation
Answer: c) Increased fear and anxiety
One of the effects of oxytocin is the stimulation of uterine smooth muscle contraction. This occurs during which event?
a) Pregnancy
b) Menstruation
c) Childbirth
d) Lactation
Answer: c) Childbirth
Oxytocin can induce which of the following physiological effects?
a) Increased cortisol levels
b) Increased heart rate
c) Lower blood pressure and heart rate
d) Increased sympathetic nervous system activity
Answer: c) Lower blood pressure and heart rate
Which behavior is NOT associated with oxytocin stimulation?
a) Maternal bonding
b) Social interaction and trust-building
c) Increased fear and anxiety
d) Decreased pain sensation
Answer: c) Increased fear and anxiety
Oxytocin has anti-inflammatory effects and may help in which of the following?
a) Boosting immune function
b) Promoting relaxation and reducing stress
c) Reducing appetite
d) Increasing energy expenditure
Answer: b) Promoting relaxation and reducing stress
Which condition has been linked to low oxytocin levels?
a) Diabetes mellitus
b) Autism and autistic spectrum disorders
c) Chronic hypertension
d) Parkinson’s disease
Answer: b) Autism and autistic spectrum disorders
Oxytocin’s role in decreasing fear and enhancing trust can help promote which of the following?
a) Aggression
b) Anxiety
c) Social bonding and well-being
d) Memory consolidation
Answer: c) Social bonding and well-being
What is the most important stimulus for the release of oxytocin from the hypothalamus?
a) Emotional stress
b) Physical stimulation of the nipples or teats
c) High blood pressure
d) Decrease in progesterone levels
Answer: b) Physical stimulation of the nipples or teats
How quickly are the signals from nipple or teat stimulation relayed to the brain?
a) Within a few minutes
b) Within a few hours
c) Within a few milliseconds
d) Within a few seconds
Answer: c) Within a few milliseconds
Which of the following is an inhibitor of oxytocin release?
a) Physical touch
b) Acute stress
c) High estrogen levels
d) Nursing or suckling
Answer: b) Acute stress
What role do circulating levels of sex steroids play in oxytocin release?
a) They inhibit oxytocin production
b) They modulate both the production of oxytocin and the response to it
c) They block the release of oxytocin
d) They have no effect on oxytocin release
Answer: b) They modulate both the production of oxytocin and the response to it
What triggers the burst of oxytocin release at birth?
a) Rising progesterone levels
b) Cervical and vaginal stimulation by the fetus
c) High levels of oxytocin receptors
d) Emotional bonding between mother and child
Answer: b) Cervical and vaginal stimulation by the fetus
How do steroid hormones affect uterine oxytocin receptors during pregnancy?
a) They inhibit the synthesis of receptors
b) They promote the synthesis of oxytocin receptors in the uterus
c) They decrease the number of receptors in the uterus
d) They prevent the release of oxytocin during labor
Answer: b) They promote the synthesis of oxytocin receptors in the uterus
Which neuropeptides are key mediators of complex social behaviors such as attachment and aggression?
a) Dopamine and serotonin
b) Oxytocin (OXT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP)
c) Cortisol and adrenaline
d) Melatonin and histamine
Answer: b) Oxytocin (OXT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP)
What role does oxytocin (OT) play in human behavior?
a) It promotes aggression and anxiety
b) It is involved in parental, romantic, and filial attachment
c) It decreases the ability to form social bonds
d) It causes social isolation
Answer: b) It is involved in parental, romantic, and filial attachment
Which of the following behaviors is primarily associated with arginine vasopressin (AVP)?
a) Aggression and pair-bond formation
b) Decreased maternal behavior
c) Enhanced relaxation and calmness
d) Memory formation
Answer: a) Aggression and pair-bond formation
In human studies, what are the behavioral, neural, and endocrine effects of oxytocin and arginine vasopressin similar to?
a) The effects found in animal studies
b) The effects of stress hormones
c) The effects of high cortisol levels
d) The effects of dopamine release
Answer: a) The effects found in animal studies
