human growth hormone Flashcards
- What is another name for Growth Hormone (GH)?
A) Insulin
B) Somatostatin
C) Somatotropin
D) Cortisol
Answer: C) Somatotropin
Which of the following is NOT an effect of Growth Hormone?
A) Increase in protein production
B) Decrease in glucose usage
C) Increase in fatty acid release from adipose tissue
D) Decrease in bone density
Answer: D) Decrease in bone density
How many amino acids does GH contain?
A) 100
B) 191
C) 250
D) 50
Answer: B) 191
What is the primary function of Growth Hormone?
A) Stimulating red blood cell production
B) Promoting tissue growth
C) Regulating blood pressure
D) Enhancing digestion
Answer: B) Promoting tissue growth
Growth Hormone is the most important hormone for:
A) Metabolism of minerals
B) Development of the nervous system
C) Normal growth to adult stature
D) Regulation of blood pressure
Answer: C) Normal growth to adult stature
Which metabolic effect is associated with Growth Hormone?
A) Decrease in protein synthesis
B) Increase in glucose usage
C) Increase in fatty acid release from adipose tissue
D) Reduction in muscle mass
Answer: C) Increase in fatty acid release from adipose tissue
When does an enormous burst of Growth Hormone secretion occur?
A) During infancy
B) During childhood
C) At puberty
D) In old age
Answer: C) At puberty
The regulation of GH secretion involves what type of control?
A) Positive feedback
B) Direct inhibition only
C) Feed-back control
D) No regulation
Answer: C) Feed-back control
What is the half-life of Growth Hormone (GH)?
A) 1-5 minutes
B) 6-20 minutes
C) 30-60 minutes
D) 2-4 hours
Answer: B) 6-20 minutes
Growth hormone is transported in the plasma by:
A) Red blood cells
B) Plasma carrier proteins
C) White blood cells
D) Free-floating in plasma
Answer: B) Plasma carrier proteins
Which hormone inhibits Growth Hormone secretion?
A) Insulin
B) Cortisol
C) Somatostatin
D) Thyroxine
Answer: C) Somatostatin
How does Growth Hormone secretion change from birth to puberty?
A) Increases steadily from birth into early childhood
B) Decreases steadily from birth into early childhood
C) Remains constant from birth to puberty
D) Starts high at birth, then declines rapidly
Answer: A) Increases steadily from birth into early childhood
When does Growth Hormone secretion peak during sleep?
A) Just before waking up
B) During REM sleep
C) During the first few hours of deep sleep
D) Right after falling asleep
Answer: C) During the first few hours of deep sleep
What is another name for Somatomedin?
A) Insulin-like Growth Factors (IGF)
B) Cortisol
C) Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH)
D) Somatostatin
Answer: A) Insulin-like Growth Factors (IGF)
Where is IGF mainly produced?
A) Brain
B) Liver
C) Bone marrow
D) Kidneys
Answer: B) Liver
What is the primary function of IGF-II?
A) Stimulates neuron development
B) Stimulates placental and prenatal fetal growth
C) Enhances muscle contraction
D) Inhibits immune function
Answer: B) Stimulates placental and prenatal fetal growth
Which of the following is NOT a function of Growth Hormone or IGF?
A) Activating cartilage metabolism
B) Stimulating DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis
C) Increasing blood sugar levels
D) Stimulating neuron development postnatally
Answer: C) Increasing blood sugar levels
What is the name of the ends of a growing long bone?
A) Diaphysis
B) Osteoblasts
C) Epiphyses
D) Chondrocytes
Answer: C) Epiphyses
What is the function of the epiphyseal growth plate?
A) It forms the outer covering of the bone
B) It allows bone to grow in width only
C) It is a site of actively proliferating cartilage that enables bone lengthening
D) It prevents bone remodeling
Answer: C) It is a site of actively proliferating cartilage that enables bone lengthening
Which cells are responsible for forming new bone at the epiphyseal growth plate?
A) Osteoclasts
B) Osteoblasts
C) Chondrocytes
D) Fibroblasts
Answer: B) Osteoblasts
What is bone remodeling?
A) The process of cartilage turning into bone
B) The formation of new bones in childhood
C) The replacement of old bone tissue with new bone tissue
D) The expansion of the bone marrow cavity
Answer: C) The replacement of old bone tissue with new bone tissue
Which cells lay down new cartilage in the epiphyseal growth plate?
A) Osteocytes
B) Osteoblasts
C) Chondrocytes
D) Macrophages
Answer: C) Chondrocytes
What happens to the epiphyseal growth plate at puberty?
A) It becomes thicker
B) It is converted to bone due to hormonal influences
C) It continues growing indefinitely
D) It dissolves and disappears completely
Answer: B) It is converted to bone due to hormonal influences
What is the term for the process where the epiphyseal growth plate turns into bone, stopping further linear growth?
A) Bone elongation
B) Epiphyseal closure
C) Bone deposition
D) Osteoclast activation
Answer: B) Epiphyseal closure
How does Growth Hormone (GH) contribute to bone growth?
A) By stimulating osteoclasts and inhibiting chondrocytes
B) By stimulating both osteoblasts and chondrocytes
C) By increasing calcium absorption only
D) By preventing bone remodeling
Answer: B) By stimulating both osteoblasts and chondrocytes
When does normal bone growth occur?
A) Before the epiphyseal plate disappears
B) After the epiphyseal plate disappears
C) Only in adults
D) Only in fetal development
Answer: A) Before the epiphyseal plate disappears
In adults, what is the main function of bone remodeling?
A) Increasing bone length
B) Preventing bone growth
C) Maintaining bone mass
D) Stopping bone formation
Answer: C) Maintaining bone mass
In a healthy adult skeleton, what is the relationship between bone deposition and absorption?
A) Deposition is much greater than absorption
B) Absorption is much greater than deposition
C) Deposition and absorption are normally in equilibrium
D) Absorption completely stops after puberty
Answer: C) Deposition and absorption are normally in equilibrium
Which bone cells are responsible for depositing new bone?
A) Osteoclasts
B) Chondrocytes
C) Osteoblasts
D) Fibroblasts
Answer: C) Osteoblasts
How does Growth Hormone (GH) affect osteoblasts?
A) It inhibits their activity
B) It strongly stimulates them
C) It converts them into osteoclasts
D) It has no effect on them
Answer: B) It strongly stimulates them
Which bones continue to become thicker throughout life under the influence of GH?
A) Only long bones
B) Only compact bones
C) Membranous bones
D) Only bones with active growth plates
Answer: C) Membranous bones
Which of the following is NOT an effect of GH on skeletal growth?
A) Increased protein deposition by chondrocytes and osteogenic cells
B) Increased reproduction of chondrocytes and osteogenic cells
C) Conversion of chondrocytes into osteogenic cells
D) Direct conversion of osteoclasts into osteoblasts
Answer: D) Direct conversion of osteoclasts into osteoblasts
How does GH affect total bone mass and mineral density?
A) It decreases both
B) It has no effect
C) It increases both
D) It only increases mineral density, not bone mass
Answer: C) It increases both
Which of the following is an effect of GH on protein metabolism?
A) Enhancement of amino acid transport into cells
B) Decreased nuclear transcription of DNA
C) Inhibition of RNA translation
D) Increased protein breakdown
Answer: A) Enhancement of amino acid transport into cells
How does GH promote protein synthesis?
A) By increasing DNA transcription to form RNA
B) By decreasing RNA translation
C) By preventing amino acid absorption
D) By inhibiting ribosomal activity
Answer: A) By increasing DNA transcription to form RNA
What happens to protein catabolism under the influence of GH?
A) It increases
B) It decreases
C) It remains unchanged
D) It stops completely
Answer: B) It decreases
How does Growth Hormone (GH) affect lipid metabolism?
A) Decreases the mobilization of fatty acids
B) Increases the mobilization of fatty acids from adipose tissue
C) Decreases the level of free fatty acids in the blood
D) Prevents the use of fatty acids for energy
Answer: B) Increases the mobilization of fatty acids from adipose tissue
How does GH affect carbohydrate metabolism?
A) Increases glucose uptake in tissues
B) Decreases glucose uptake in tissues like skeletal muscle and fat
C) Decreases glucose production by the liver
D) Decreases insulin secretion
Answer: B) Decreases glucose uptake in tissues like skeletal muscle and fat
What is one of the effects of GH on fatty acid metabolism?
A) It reduces ketone bodies in the blood
B) It prevents fatty acid mobilization
C) It increases the use of fatty acids for energy
D) It stops fat metabolism
Answer: C) It increases the use of fatty acids for energy
What effect does GH have on glucose production?
A) Increases glucose production by the liver
B) Decreases glucose production by the liver
C) Stops glucose production
D) Converts glucose into fat
Answer: A) Increases glucose production by the liver
What happens to insulin secretion under the influence of GH?
A) It decreases
B) It remains unchanged
C) It increases
D) It stops completely
Answer: C) It increases
What is the diabetogenic effect of GH?
A) It decreases blood sugar levels
B) It increases blood sugar levels, leading to hyperglycemia
C) It lowers insulin secretion
D) It prevents glucose production
Answer: B) It increases blood sugar levels, leading to hyperglycemia
What is the scientific consensus on GH as an anti-aging treatment?
A) Research strongly supports its anti-aging effects
B) Research has shown mixed results
C) There is no scientific support for its anti-aging effects
D) It is widely prescribed for healthy elderly individuals
Answer: C) There is no scientific support for its anti-aging effects
How does GH affect tissue growth?
A) Causes hypertrophy and hyperplasia in all tissues
B) Decreases cell size and number
C) Prevents organ growth
D) Stops calcium absorption
Answer: A) Causes hypertrophy and hyperplasia in all tissues
How does GH influence calcium metabolism?
A) Increases calcium absorption from the intestines
B) Decreases calcium absorption
C) Stops calcium transport
D) Lowers blood calcium levels
Answer: A) Increases calcium absorption from the intestines
What characterizes gigantism?
A) GH release increases after the epiphyseal plate closes
B) GH release increases before the closure of the epiphyseal plate
C) Shortened bone length
D) Hypoglycemia
Answer: B) GH release increases before the closure of the epiphyseal plate
What is a primary characteristic of acromegaly?
A) Bones become thinner
B) Bones become thicker
C) Height increases significantly
D) Bones stop growing completely
Answer: B) Bones become thicker
Which body parts are most affected by acromegaly?
A) Arms and legs
B) Nose, lower jaw, cranium, fingers, and hands
C) Eyes and ears
D) Lungs and stomach
Answer: B) Nose, lower jaw, cranium, fingers, and hands
What spinal condition is commonly associated with acromegaly?
A) Scoliosis
B) Lordosis
C) Kyphosis
D) Osteoporosis
Answer: C) Kyphosis
Why does acromegaly not result in increased height?
A) Growth hormone has no effect on height
B) The epiphyseal plates have already closed in adulthood
C) The bones become shorter instead
D) Acromegaly only affects soft tissues
Answer: B) The epiphyseal plates have already closed in adulthood
