Endocrine Organs(Pituitary-Pineal Glands)

Question 1

What is the primary function of the endocrine system?
a) To regulate activities through neurotransmitters
b) To produce hormones that regulate body functions
c) To secrete enzymes for digestion
d) To transport oxygen in the blood

Answer 1

Answer: b) To produce hormones that regulate body functions

Question 2

Which system has a quick, localized effect using neurotransmitters?
a) Endocrine system
b) Nervous system
c) Circulatory system
d) Digestive system

Answer 2

Answer: b) Nervous system

Question 2

How do endocrine glands transport their secretions?
a) Through excretory ducts
b) Through the lymphatic system
c) Through the extracellular matrix and vascular system
d) Through nerve impulses

Answer 2

Answer: c) Through the extracellular matrix and vascular system

Question 3

How does the endocrine system communicate?
a) Through exocrine secretions
b) Through neurotransmitters
c) Through hormones
d) Through electric signals

Answer 3

Answer: c) Through hormones

Question 4

Which of the following glands has a pure endocrine function?
a) Liver
b) Pituitary gland
c) Kidney
d) Digestive tract

Answer 4

Answer: b) Pituitary gland

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the endocrine system?
a) Slow effect
b) Generalized response
c) Uses hormones for communication
d) Immediate response

Answer 5

Answer: d) Immediate response

Question 6

Which of these organs contains scattered endocrine cells within it?
a) Thyroid
b) Parathyroid
c) Liver
d) Adrenal gland

Answer 6

Answer: c) Liver

Question 7

What is the function of the Islets of Langerhans?
a) Secrete digestive enzymes
b) Produce endocrine secretions
c) Store calcium
d) Transport oxygen

Answer 7

Answer: b) Produce endocrine secretions

Question 7

Which endocrine tissue is located in the testes and produces hormones?
a) Islets of Langerhans
b) Corpus luteum
c) Leydig cells
d) Juxtaglomerular cells

Answer 7

Answer: c) Leydig cells

Question 8

Which endocrine tissues are found within the kidney?
a) Pituitary cells
b) Juxtaglomerular cells
c) Thyroid follicles
d) Parathyroid cells

Answer 8

Answer: b) Juxtaglomerular cells

Question 9

Which endocrine structure is part of the digestive-respiratory system?
a) Adrenal gland
b) Islets of Langerhans
c) DNES (Diffuse Neuroendocrine System) cells
d) Corpus luteum

Answer 9

Answer: c) DNES (Diffuse Neuroendocrine System) cells

Question 10

Which germ layer gives rise to the pituitary gland?
a) Mesoderm
b) Endoderm
c) Ectoderm
d) None of the above

Answer 10

Answer: c) Ectoderm

Question 11

How do endocrine secretions reach their target organs?
a) Through specialized exocrine ducts
b) Through blood and extracellular matrix
c) Through the lymphatic system
d) Through neurons

Answer 11

Answer: b) Through blood and extracellular matrix

Question 12

The islets of Langerhans develop from which germ layer?
a) Ectoderm
b) Mesoderm
c) Endoderm
d) None of the above

Answer 12

Answer: c) Endoderm

Question 12

Which endocrine structures originate from the mesoderm?
a) Adrenal medulla and pituitary gland
b) Thyroid and parathyroid
c) Corpus luteum and adrenal cortex
d) Islets of Langerhans and parafollicular C cells

Answer 12

Answer: c) Corpus luteum and adrenal cortex

Question 13

Paracrine communication involves:
a) Hormones affecting the whole body
b) Chemical mediators affecting local cells
c) A cell signaling itself
d) Nerve impulses transmitting signals

Answer 13

Answer: b) Chemical mediators affecting local cells

Question 13

Which type of cell signaling involves a cell secreting a molecule that binds to its own receptors?
a) Endocrine
b) Paracrine
c) Autocrine
d) Synaptic

Answer 13

Answer: c) Autocrine

Question 14

Which of the following is a peptide hormone?
a) Cortisol
b) Insulin
c) Norepinephrine
d) Testosterone

Answer 14

Answer: b) Insulin

Question 14

What is the origin of norepinephrine and epinephrine?
a) Peptides
b) Steroids
c) Amino acids
d) Carbohydrates

Answer 14

Answer: c) Amino acids

Question 15

Which hormone is NOT a steroid?
a) Testosterone
b) Aldosterone
c) Growth hormone (GH)
d) Cortisol

Answer 15

Answer: c) Growth hormone (GH)

Question 16

Which structure has a well-developed smooth ER and accumulates lipid droplets for hormone production?
a) Protein-secreting cells
b) Steroid-secreting cells
c) Neurons
d) Parafollicular C cells

Answer 16

Answer: b) Steroid-secreting cells

Question 16

Where does secretory accumulation occur in protein-secreting cells?
a) Smooth ER
b) Follicle lumen
c) Supranuclear region
d) Mitochondria

Answer 16

Answer: c) Supranuclear region

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT an example of a steroid hormone?
a) Testosterone
b) Cortisol
c) Epinephrine
d) Aldosterone

Answer 17

Answer: c) Epinephrine

Question 18

Which endocrine structure is derived from the ectoderm?
a) Adrenal cortex
b) Islets of Langerhans
c) Parafollicular C cells
d) Parathyroid glands

Answer 18

Answer: c) Parafollicular C cells

Question 19

What is the function of the well-developed smooth ER in steroid-secreting cells? a) Protein synthesis b) Lipid and steroid hormone production c) DNA replication d) Neurotransmitter release

Answer 19

Answer: b) Lipid and steroid hormone production

Question 20

Which organelle is prominent in steroid-secreting cells? a) Golgi apparatus b) Lysosomes c) Rough ER d) Nucleus

Answer 20

Answer: a) Golgi apparatus

Question 20

Which germ layer does the thyroid epithelium originate from? a) Ectoderm b) Mesoderm c) Endoderm d) None of the above

Answer 20

Answer: c) Endoderm

Question 21

Which hormones are cholesterol-derived? a) Insulin and glucagon b) Testosterone and cortisol c) Epinephrine and norepinephrine d) Growth hormone and ACTH

Answer 21

Answer: b) Testosterone and cortisol

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT an endocrine organ? a) Pituitary gland b) Thyroid gland c) Spleen d) Pineal gland

Answer 22

Answer: c) Spleen

Question 23

The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland originates from which embryonic structure? a) Rathke’s pouch b) Neural crest cells c) Mesoderm d) Spinal cord

Answer 23

Answer: a) Rathke’s pouch

Question 24

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is derived from: a) Rathke’s pouch b) The neuroectoderm of the diencephalon c) The mesoderm d) The neural crest cells

Answer 24

Answer: b) The neuroectoderm of the diencephalon

Question 24

Which endocrine organ contains the Islets of Langerhans? a) Thyroid gland b) Pancreas c) Adrenal gland d) Pineal gland

Answer 24

Answer: b) Pancreas

Question 25

Which part of the anterior pituitary forms a collar or sheath around the infundibulum? a) Pars distalis b) Pars intermedia c) Pars tuberalis d) Pars nervosa

Answer 25

Answer: c) Pars tuberalis

Question 26

What structure gives rise to the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland? a) Rathke’s pouch b) Infundibulum c) Neural crest cells d) Mesoderm

Answer 26

Answer: b) Infundibulum

Question 27

Which part of the pituitary contains neurosecretory axons and their endings? a) Pars distalis b) Pars intermedia c) Pars nervosa d) Pars tuberalis

Answer 27

Answer: c) Pars nervosa

Question 28

Which endocrine gland is located at the base of the brain and is connected to the hypothalamus? a) Thyroid gland b) Adrenal gland c) Pituitary gland d) Pancreas

Answer 28

Answer: c) Pituitary gland

Question 29

Which pituitary structure is a remnant of the posterior wall of Rathke’s pouch? a) Pars nervosa b) Pars intermedia c) Pars distalis d) Infundibulum

Answer 29

Answer: b) Pars intermedia

Question 29

Which part of the anterior pituitary makes up the majority of its mass? a) Pars nervosa b) Pars distalis c) Pars tuberalis d) Infundibulum

Answer 29

Answer: b) Pars distalis

Question 30

Which part of the pituitary gland contains the hypothalamohypophyseal tracts? a) Pars distalis b) Pars intermedia c) Infundibulum d) Pars tuberalis

Answer 30

Answer: c) Infundibulum

Question 30

The adrenal gland is also called: a) Hypophysis b) Suprarenal gland c) Rathke’s gland d) Pineal body

Answer 30

Answer: b) Suprarenal gland

Question 30

What type of tissue surrounds the adjacent adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis? a) Mesodermal epithelium b) Connective tissue of mesenchyme origin c) Neural crest cells d) Smooth muscle fibers

Answer 30

Answer: b) Connective tissue of mesenchyme origin

Question 31

Which endocrine organ is responsible for producing melatonin? a) Pituitary gland b) Thyroid gland c) Pineal gland d) Pancreas

Answer 31

Answer: c) Pineal gland

Question 31

What is the function of the hypothalamohypophyseal portal system? a) It transports oxygen to the brain b) It provides a direct link between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland c) It drains cerebrospinal fluid from the ventricles d) It supplies blood to the spinal cord

Answer 31

Answer: b) It provides a direct link between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland

Question 31

Which arteries supply the pars tuberalis, median eminence, and infundibulum? a) Inferior hypophyseal arteries b) Superior hypophyseal arteries c) Carotid arteries d) Hypophyseal portal veins

Answer 31

Answer: b) Superior hypophyseal arteries

Question 32

The inferior hypophyseal arteries primarily supply which part of the pituitary gland? a) Pars distalis b) Pars tuberalis c) Pars nervosa d) Median eminence

Answer 32

Answer: c) Pars nervosa

Question 33

The secondary capillary plexus is composed of which type of capillaries? a) Continuous capillaries b) Fenestrated sinusoidal capillaries c) Lymphatic capillaries d) Closed capillaries

Answer 33

Answer: b) Fenestrated sinusoidal capillaries

Question 33

The primary capillary plexus drains into which vessels? a) Carotid arteries b) Inferior hypophyseal arteries c) Hypophyseal portal veins d) Jugular veins

Answer 33

Answer: c) Hypophyseal portal veins

Question 33

What type of capillaries make up the primary capillary plexus? a) Continuous capillaries b) Fenestrated capillaries c) Sinusoidal capillaries d) Lymphatic capillaries

Answer 33

Answer: b) Fenestrated capillaries

Question 34

Where do the hypophyseal portal veins run? a) Along the pars nervosa b) Along the pars tuberalis c) Along the cerebellum d) Along the spinal cord

Answer 34

Answer: b) Along the pars tuberalis

Question 35

What is the primary role of the hypothalamohypophyseal portal system? a) To carry hypothalamic neuroendocrine secretions to the pars distalis b) To supply nutrients to the brainstem c) To regulate blood pressure in the pituitary gland d) To transport cerebrospinal fluid to the pituitary gland

Answer 35

Answer: a) To carry hypothalamic neuroendocrine secretions to the pars distalis