thyroid glands Flashcards
What is the primary function of the endocrine system?
a) To regulate activities through neurotransmitters
b) To produce hormones that regulate body functions
c) To secrete enzymes for digestion
d) To transport oxygen in the blood
Answer: b) To produce hormones that regulate body functions
Which system has a quick, localized effect using neurotransmitters?
a) Endocrine system
b) Nervous system
c) Circulatory system
d) Digestive system
Answer: b) Nervous system
How do endocrine glands transport their secretions?
a) Through excretory ducts
b) Through the lymphatic system
c) Through the extracellular matrix and vascular system
d) Through nerve impulses
Answer: c) Through the extracellular matrix and vascular system
How does the endocrine system communicate?
a) Through exocrine secretions
b) Through neurotransmitters
c) Through hormones
d) Through electric signals
Answer: c) Through hormones
Which of the following glands has a pure endocrine function?
a) Liver
b) Pituitary gland
c) Kidney
d) Digestive tract
Answer: b) Pituitary gland
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the endocrine system?
a) Slow effect
b) Generalized response
c) Uses hormones for communication
d) Immediate response
Answer: d) Immediate response
Which of these organs contains scattered endocrine cells within it?
a) Thyroid
b) Parathyroid
c) Liver
d) Adrenal gland
Answer: c) Liver
What is the function of the Islets of Langerhans?
a) Secrete digestive enzymes
b) Produce endocrine secretions
c) Store calcium
d) Transport oxygen
Answer: b) Produce endocrine secretions
Which endocrine tissue is located in the testes and produces hormones?
a) Islets of Langerhans
b) Corpus luteum
c) Leydig cells
d) Juxtaglomerular cells
Answer: c) Leydig cells
Which endocrine tissues are found within the kidney?
a) Pituitary cells
b) Juxtaglomerular cells
c) Thyroid follicles
d) Parathyroid cells
Answer: b) Juxtaglomerular cells
Which endocrine structure is part of the digestive-respiratory system?
a) Adrenal gland
b) Islets of Langerhans
c) DNES (Diffuse Neuroendocrine System) cells
d) Corpus luteum
Answer: c) DNES (Diffuse Neuroendocrine System) cells
Which germ layer gives rise to the pituitary gland?
a) Mesoderm
b) Endoderm
c) Ectoderm
d) None of the above
Answer: c) Ectoderm
How do endocrine secretions reach their target organs?
a) Through specialized exocrine ducts
b) Through blood and extracellular matrix
c) Through the lymphatic system
d) Through neurons
Answer: b) Through blood and extracellular matrix
The islets of Langerhans develop from which germ layer?
a) Ectoderm
b) Mesoderm
c) Endoderm
d) None of the above
Answer: c) Endoderm
Which endocrine structures originate from the mesoderm?
a) Adrenal medulla and pituitary gland
b) Thyroid and parathyroid
c) Corpus luteum and adrenal cortex
d) Islets of Langerhans and parafollicular C cells
Answer: c) Corpus luteum and adrenal cortex
Paracrine communication involves:
a) Hormones affecting the whole body
b) Chemical mediators affecting local cells
c) A cell signaling itself
d) Nerve impulses transmitting signals
Answer: b) Chemical mediators affecting local cells
Which type of cell signaling involves a cell secreting a molecule that binds to its own receptors?
a) Endocrine
b) Paracrine
c) Autocrine
d) Synaptic
Answer: c) Autocrine
Which of the following is a peptide hormone?
a) Cortisol
b) Insulin
c) Norepinephrine
d) Testosterone
Answer: b) Insulin
What is the origin of norepinephrine and epinephrine?
a) Peptides
b) Steroids
c) Amino acids
d) Carbohydrates
Answer: c) Amino acids
Which hormone is NOT a steroid?
a) Testosterone
b) Aldosterone
c) Growth hormone (GH)
d) Cortisol
Answer: c) Growth hormone (GH)
Which structure has a well-developed smooth ER and accumulates lipid droplets for hormone production?
a) Protein-secreting cells
b) Steroid-secreting cells
c) Neurons
d) Parafollicular C cells
Answer: b) Steroid-secreting cells
Where does secretory accumulation occur in protein-secreting cells?
a) Smooth ER
b) Follicle lumen
c) Supranuclear region
d) Mitochondria
Answer: c) Supranuclear region
Which of the following is NOT an example of a steroid hormone?
a) Testosterone
b) Cortisol
c) Epinephrine
d) Aldosterone
Answer: c) Epinephrine
Which endocrine structure is derived from the ectoderm?
a) Adrenal cortex
b) Islets of Langerhans
c) Parafollicular C cells
d) Parathyroid glands
Answer: c) Parafollicular C cells
What is the function of the well-developed smooth ER in steroid-secreting cells?
a) Protein synthesis
b) Lipid and steroid hormone production
c) DNA replication
d) Neurotransmitter release
Answer: b) Lipid and steroid hormone production
Which organelle is prominent in steroid-secreting cells?
a) Golgi apparatus
b) Lysosomes
c) Rough ER
d) Nucleus
Answer: a) Golgi apparatus
Which germ layer does the thyroid epithelium originate from?
a) Ectoderm
b) Mesoderm
c) Endoderm
d) None of the above
Answer: c) Endoderm
Which hormones are cholesterol-derived?
a) Insulin and glucagon
b) Testosterone and cortisol
c) Epinephrine and norepinephrine
d) Growth hormone and ACTH
Answer: b) Testosterone and cortisol
Which of the following is NOT an endocrine organ?
a) Pituitary gland
b) Thyroid gland
c) Spleen
d) Pineal gland
Answer: c) Spleen
The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland originates from which embryonic structure?
a) Rathke’s pouch
b) Neural crest cells
c) Mesoderm
d) Spinal cord
Answer: a) Rathke’s pouch
The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is derived from:
a) Rathke’s pouch
b) The neuroectoderm of the diencephalon
c) The mesoderm
d) The neural crest cells
Answer: b) The neuroectoderm of the diencephalon
Which endocrine organ contains the Islets of Langerhans?
a) Thyroid gland
b) Pancreas
c) Adrenal gland
d) Pineal gland
Answer: b) Pancreas
Which part of the anterior pituitary forms a collar or sheath around the infundibulum?
a) Pars distalis
b) Pars intermedia
c) Pars tuberalis
d) Pars nervosa
Answer: c) Pars tuberalis
What structure gives rise to the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
a) Rathke’s pouch
b) Infundibulum
c) Neural crest cells
d) Mesoderm
Answer: b) Infundibulum
Which part of the pituitary contains neurosecretory axons and their endings?
a) Pars distalis
b) Pars intermedia
c) Pars nervosa
d) Pars tuberalis
Answer: c) Pars nervosa
Which endocrine gland is located at the base of the brain and is connected to the hypothalamus?
a) Thyroid gland
b) Adrenal gland
c) Pituitary gland
d) Pancreas
Answer: c) Pituitary gland
Which pituitary structure is a remnant of the posterior wall of Rathke’s pouch?
a) Pars nervosa
b) Pars intermedia
c) Pars distalis
d) Infundibulum
Answer: b) Pars intermedia
Which part of the anterior pituitary makes up the majority of its mass?
a) Pars nervosa
b) Pars distalis
c) Pars tuberalis
d) Infundibulum
Answer: b) Pars distalis
Which part of the pituitary gland contains the hypothalamohypophyseal tracts?
a) Pars distalis
b) Pars intermedia
c) Infundibulum
d) Pars tuberalis
Answer: c) Infundibulum
The adrenal gland is also called:
a) Hypophysis
b) Suprarenal gland
c) Rathke’s gland
d) Pineal body
Answer: b) Suprarenal gland
What type of tissue surrounds the adjacent adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis?
a) Mesodermal epithelium
b) Connective tissue of mesenchyme origin
c) Neural crest cells
d) Smooth muscle fibers
Answer: b) Connective tissue of mesenchyme origin
Which endocrine organ is responsible for producing melatonin?
a) Pituitary gland
b) Thyroid gland
c) Pineal gland
d) Pancreas
Answer: c) Pineal gland
What is the function of the hypothalamohypophyseal portal system?
a) It transports oxygen to the brain
b) It provides a direct link between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland
c) It drains cerebrospinal fluid from the ventricles
d) It supplies blood to the spinal cord
Answer: b) It provides a direct link between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland
Which arteries supply the pars tuberalis, median eminence, and infundibulum?
a) Inferior hypophyseal arteries
b) Superior hypophyseal arteries
c) Carotid arteries
d) Hypophyseal portal veins
Answer: b) Superior hypophyseal arteries
The inferior hypophyseal arteries primarily supply which part of the pituitary gland?
a) Pars distalis
b) Pars tuberalis
c) Pars nervosa
d) Median eminence
What is the function of the hypothalamohypophyseal portal system?
a) It transports oxygen to the brain
b) It provides a direct link between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland
c) It drains cerebrospinal fluid from the ventricles
d) It supplies blood to the spinal cord
Answer: b) It provides a direct link between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland
Answer: c) Pars nervosa
The secondary capillary plexus is composed of which type of capillaries?
a) Continuous capillaries
b) Fenestrated sinusoidal capillaries
c) Lymphatic capillaries
d) Closed capillaries
Answer: b) Fenestrated sinusoidal capillaries
The primary capillary plexus drains into which vessels?
a) Carotid arteries
b) Inferior hypophyseal arteries
c) Hypophyseal portal veins
d) Jugular veins
Answer: c) Hypophyseal portal veins
What type of capillaries make up the primary capillary plexus?
a) Continuous capillaries
b) Fenestrated capillaries
c) Sinusoidal capillaries
d) Lymphatic capillaries
Answer: b) Fenestrated capillaries
Where do the hypophyseal portal veins run?
a) Along the pars nervosa
b) Along the pars tuberalis
c) Along the cerebellum
d) Along the spinal cord
Answer: b) Along the pars tuberalis
What is the primary role of the hypothalamohypophyseal portal system?
a) To carry hypothalamic neuroendocrine secretions to the pars distalis
b) To supply nutrients to the brainstem
c) To regulate blood pressure in the pituitary gland
d) To transport cerebrospinal fluid to the pituitary gland
Answer: a) To carry hypothalamic neuroendocrine secretions to the pars distalis
