Pancreatic and GASTROINTESTINAL HORMONES Flashcards by Unknown Unknown

Where is glucagon secreted from?
A. Pancreatic beta cells
B. Pancreatic delta cells
C. Pancreatic alpha cells
D. Liver

✅ Answer: C. Pancreatic alpha cells

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What is the chemical nature of glucagon?
A. Steroid
B. Polypeptide
C. Glycoprotein
D. Carbohydrate

✅ Answer: B. Polypeptide

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What type of effect does glucagon have on carbohydrate metabolism?
A. Hypoglycemic
B. Anabolic
C. Hyperglycemic
D. None

✅ Answer: C. Hyperglycemic

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Which of the following inhibits glucagon secretion?
A. Amino acids
B. Glucose
C. Protein-rich diet
D. Insulin

✅ Answer: B. Glucose

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Which of the following stimulates both insulin and glucagon secretion?
A. High glucose
B. Fatty acids
C. Protein-rich diet
D. Ketone bodies

✅ Answer: C. Protein-rich diet

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What is glucagon’s effect on glycogenesis?
A. Stimulates it
B. Inhibits it
C. Converts it into lipogenesis
D. No effect

✅ Answer: B. Inhibits it

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Glucagon stimulates which process in the liver?
A. Glycogen synthesis
B. Glycogenesis
C. Gluconeogenesis
D. Lipogenesis

✅ Answer: C. Gluconeogenesis

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What is the effect of glucagon on lipid metabolism?
A. Lipogenic
B. Lipolytic
C. Anti-ketogenic
D. Lipostatic

✅ Answer: B. Lipolytic

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Glucagon’s ketogenic effect results from:
A. Decreased fatty acids
B. Increased fatty acid synthesis
C. Suppression of acetyl-CoA usage in cholesterol synthesis
D. Inhibition of gluconeogenesis

✅ Answer: C. Suppression of acetyl-CoA usage in cholesterol synthesis

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What connects the A and B chains in proinsulin?
A. S-chain
B. Alpha peptide
C. C-peptide
D. Gamma chain

✅ Answer: C. C-peptide

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Who discovered insulin?
A. Marie Curie
B. Frederick Banting and Charles Best
C. Edward Jenner
D. Robert Koch

✅ Answer: B. Frederick Banting and Charles Best

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Insulin consists of how many polypeptide chains?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4

✅ Answer: B. 2

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What helps differentiate between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
A. Glucagon test
B. C-peptide assay
C. Cortisol test
D. GIT hormone test

✅ Answer: B. C-peptide assay

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What is released along with insulin from proinsulin?
A. Glucagon
B. C-peptide
C. Cortisol
D. Estrogen

✅ Answer: B. C-peptide

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Which of the following stimulates insulin secretion?
A. Low glucose
B. High fatty acids
C. Arginine
D. Cold temperature

✅ Answer: C. Arginine

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Which hormone enhances glucose-induced insulin secretion?
A. Epinephrine
B. Glucagon
C. Cortisol
D. Insulin

✅ Answer: B. Glucagon

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Which hormones increase insulin secretion?
A. GH and cortisol
B. TSH and LH
C. ACTH and prolactin
D. Estrogen and progesterone

✅ Answer: A. GH and cortisol

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Parasympathetic stimulation causes:
A. Glucagon release
B. Insulin secretion
C. Adrenaline release
D. Cortisol inhibition

✅ Answer: B. Insulin secretion

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What is GLUT2 responsible for?
A. Glucagon release
B. Fat metabolism
C. Glucose transport in beta-cells
D. Amino acid uptake

✅ Answer: C. Glucose transport in beta-cells

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Which drug class increases insulin secretion?
A. Statins
B. Beta-blockers
C. Sulphonylureas
D. NSAIDs

✅ Answer: C. Sulphonylureas

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What follows membrane depolarization in beta cells?
A. K+ efflux
B. Ca2+ channel closing
C. Ca2+ channel opening
D. ATP depletion

✅ Answer: C. Ca2+ channel opening

What causes KATP channel closure in beta-cells?
A. High MgADP
B. High ATP
C. High potassium
D. Low glucose

✅ Answer: B. High ATP

Which ion is crucial for insulin granule release?
A. Na+
B. Cl−
C. Ca2+
D. K+

✅ Answer: C. Ca2+

When glucose is low, the membrane potential becomes:
A. Depolarized
B. Hyperpolarized
C. Constant
D. Positive

✅ Answer: B. Hyperpolarized

What is the insulin receptor classified as? A. G-protein receptor B. Ion channel C. Tyrosine kinase receptor D. Cytoplasmic receptor

✅ Answer: C. Tyrosine kinase receptor

Which subunit of the insulin receptor binds insulin? A. Alpha B. Beta C. Gamma D. Delta

✅ Answer: A. Alpha

What does the beta subunit of the insulin receptor do? A. Binds glucose B. Initiates gene transcription C. Exhibits tyrosine kinase activity D. Stores insulin

✅ Answer: C. Exhibits tyrosine kinase activity

What is autophosphorylation in insulin signaling? A. External protein binding B. Phosphorylation of tyrosine residues on beta subunit C. Release of C-peptide D. Closing of calcium channels

✅ Answer: B. Phosphorylation of tyrosine residues on beta subunit

What follows insulin receptor activation? A. Glucose secretion B. IRS-1 phosphorylation C. Glucagon synthesis D. Lipid uptake

✅ Answer: B. IRS-1 phosphorylation

Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion requires: A. Increased MgADP B. Hyperpolarization C. High intracellular ATP D. Alpha cell activation

✅ Answer: C. High intracellular ATP

What happens to KATP channels when ATP levels are high? A. Open B. Close C. Stay unchanged D. Get degraded

✅ Answer: B. Close

Calcium channels in beta cells open when: A. ATP is low B. MgADP is high C. Membrane is depolarized D. Insulin is degraded

✅ Answer: C. Membrane is depolarized

What effect does glucagon have on acetyl-CoA use? A. Increases cholesterol synthesis B. Suppresses its use in fatty acid synthesis C. Activates lipogenesis D. None

✅ Answer: B. Suppresses its use in fatty acid synthesis

What does a rise in ketone bodies indicate in glucagon activity? A. Lipogenesis B. Ketogenic effect C. Cholesterol storage D. Protein degradation

✅ Answer: B. Ketogenic effect

Which lab produced the first insulin for human use? A. Harvard Labs B. Mayo Clinic C. Connaught Labs D. Pasteur Institute

✅ Answer: C. Connaught Labs

What is the primary metabolic effect of insulin on blood glucose? A) Raises blood sugar B) Lowers blood sugar C) Maintains blood sugar D) No effect

✅ Answer: B) Lowers blood sugar

Which process is increased by insulin in the liver? A) Glycogenolysis B) Gluconeogenesis C) Glycolysis D) Lipolysis

✅ Answer: C) Glycolysis

Insulin increases: A) Gluconeogenesis B) Glycogen synthesis C) Glycogen breakdown D) Ketone production

✅ Answer: B) Glycogen synthesis

Which of the following processes is suppressed by insulin? A) Glucose uptake B) Glycolysis C) Glycogenolysis D) Protein synthesis

✅ Answer: C) Glycogenolysis

Which hormone is the only one that decreases blood glucose? A) Glucagon B) Cortisol C) Growth Hormone D) Insulin

✅ Answer: D) Insulin

What is the effect of insulin on lipogenesis? A) Inhibits B) Stimulates C) No effect D) Converts to glucose

✅ Answer: B) Stimulates

Insulin’s action on proteins involves: A) Protein breakdown B) Protein oxidation C) Protein synthesis D) Protein methylation

✅ Answer: C) Protein synthesis

Which cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide (PP)? A) Alpha cells B) Beta cells C) Delta cells D) PP (F) cells

✅ Answer: D) PP (F) cells

Where is pancreatic polypeptide primarily secreted from? A) Tail of pancreas B) Liver C) Head of pancreas D) Jejunum

✅ Answer: C) Head of pancreas

What stimulates pancreatic polypeptide secretion? A) Carbohydrates B) Fiber C) Protein and fat intake D) Water

✅ Answer: C) Protein and fat intake

One function of pancreatic polypeptide is to: A) Inhibit satiety B) Stimulate hunger C) Induce satiety D) Decrease insulin

✅ Answer: C) Induce satiety

High PP levels are associated with: A) Hypoglycemia B) Anorexia C) Pancreatic tumors D) Dehydration

✅ Answer: C) Pancreatic tumors

Gastrin is secreted by: A) D cells B) Chief cells C) G cells D) M cells

✅ Answer: C) G cells

Which inhibits gastrin secretion? A) High pH B) Fatty acids C) Somatostatin D) Bicarbonate

✅ Answer: C) Somatostatin

Gastrin secretion is increased by: A) Low pH B) High acid C) Gastric distention D) Insulin

✅ Answer: C) Gastric distention