FSOT Master 9 Flashcards
Treaty of San Francisco?
The Treaty of Peace with Japan between the Allied Powers and Japan, was officially signed by 48 nations on September 8, 1951 in San Francisco, California. The treaty served to officially end World War II, to formally end Japan’s position as an imperial power and allocate compensation to Allied civilians and former prisoners of war who had suffered Japanese war crimes. The Treaty made extensive use of the UN Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to enunciate the Allies’ goals.
Treaty of Tientsin?
Treaty signed in Tianjin in June 1858, ending the first part of the Second Opium War (1856-1860). France, UK, Russia, and the United States were party. These treaties opened eleven more Chinese ports (see Treaty of Nanjing) to the foreigners, permitted foreign legations in Beijing, allow Christian missionary activity, and legalised the import of opium. They were ratified by the Emperor of China in the Beijing Convention in 1860, after the end of the war.
Treaty of Versailles
The treaty imposed on Germany by France, Great Britain, the United States, and other Allied Powers after World War I. It demanded that Germany dismantle its military and give up some lands to Poland. It was resented by many Germans. (p. 763)
Treaty Ports
Cities opened to foreign residents as a result of the forced treaties between the Qing Empire and foreign signatories. In the treaty ports, foreigners enjoyed extraterritoriality. (p. 685)
Triangle of Trade
common pattern linking Africa, The Americas, and Europe
tributary system
A system in which, from the time of the Han Empire, countries in East and Southeast Asia not under the direct control of empires based in China nevertheless enrolled as tributary states, acknowledging the superiority of the emperors in China. (279)
tribute system
A system in which defeated peoples were forced to pay a tax in the form of goods and labor. This forced transfer of food, cloth, and other goods subsidized the development of large cities. An important component of the Aztec and Inca economies. (p. 307)
Triple Alliance and Triple Entente
- Germany, Austria, Hungary, Italy
2. GB, France, Russia
trireme
Greek and Phoenician warship of the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.E. It was sleek and light, powered by 170 oars arranged in three vertical tiers. Manned by skilled sailors, it was capable of short bursts of speed and complex maneuvers. (p. 132)
Trojan War
fought between Greece and Troy, the Greeks sailed to Troy to recover Helen of Troy
tropics
Equatorial region between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. It is characterized by generally warm or hot temperatures year-round, though much variation exists due to altitude and other factors. (370)
Troy
Site in northwest Anatolia, overlooking the Hellespont strait, where archaeologists have excavated a series of Bronze Age cities. One of these may have been destroyed by Greeks ca. 1200 B.C.E., as reported in Homer’s epic poems. (p. 76)
Truman Doctrine
1947; Us would provide economic aid to countries that said they were threatened by communist expansion
tsar
From Latin caesar, this Russian title for a monarch was first used in reference to a Russian ruler by Ivan III (r. 1462-1505). (pp. 340, 551)
tsar
From Latin caesar, this Russian title for a monarch was first used in reference to a Russian ruler by Ivan III (r. 1462-1505). (pp. 340, 551)
Tulip Period
Last years of the reign of Ottoman sultan Ahmed III, during which European styles and attitudes became briefly popular in Istanbul. (p. 530)
Tupac Amaru II
Member of Inca aristocracy who led a rebellion against Spanish authorities in Peru in 1780-1781. He was captured and executed with his wife and other members of his family. (p. 493)
Two main architectural styles of this era:
1)Romanesque 2)Gothic
Two main branches of Islam:
1)Sunni 2)Shiites
Two main oponnents during the Punic Wars?
1)Rome 2)Carthage
Two main rivers in Mesopotamia
1) Tigris River 2)Euphrates River
Uigurs
A group of Turkic-speakers who controlled their own centralized empire from 744 to 840 in Mongolia and Central Asia. (p. 284)
ulama
Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies. (p. 238)
Umayyad Caliphate
First hereditary dynasty of Muslim caliphs (661 to 750). From their capital at Damascus, the Umayyads ruled an empire that extended from Spain to India. Overthrown by the Abbasid Caliphate. (p. 232)
umma
The community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of seventh-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community. (p. 231)
UN Earth Summit?
In 1992, a meeting of 172 nations in Rio de Janeiro. It was unprecedented for a United Nations conference, in terms of both its size and the scope of its concerns. The issues addressed included: systematic scrutiny of patterns of production — particularly the production of toxic components, such as lead in gasoline, or poisonous waste, alternative sources of energy to replace the use of fossil fuels which are linked to global climate change, new reliance on public transportation systems in order to reduce vehicle emissions, congestion in cities and the health problems caused by polluted air and smog, the growing scarcity of water, An important achievement was an agreement on the Climate Change Convention which in turn led to the Kyoto Protocol.
Under Maria Theresa, Austria’s greatest enemy was..?
Prussia
Under Stalin’s command economy, all economic decisions were made by
government officials alone
Under the post war constitution of Japan, who was the head of government?
a prime minister selected by the diet
United Nations
International organization founded in 1945 to promote world peace and cooperation. It replaced the League of Nations. (p. 833)
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
A 1946 United Nations covenant binding signatory nations to the observance of specified rights. (p. 892)
universities
Degree-granting institutions of higher learning. Those that appeared in Latin West from about 1200 onward became the model of all modern universities. (p. 407)
Upanishads
Made in 800-400BCE refers to the the practice of disciples gathering fro religious discussion.
Urban II
The pope that launched the crusades in 1095. Called for Christian kings to take back the holy land, Jerusalem.
Urdu
A Persian-influenced literary form of Hindi written in Arabic characters and used as a literary language since the 1300s. (p. 388)
utopian socialism
Philosophy introduced by the Frenchman Charles Fourier in the early nineteenth century. Utopian socialists hoped to create humane alternatives to industrial capitalism by building self-sustaining communities whose inhabitants would work cooperatively (616
Vandals
Peop[le of northern Europe who plundered Rome in the 5th century.
variolation
The technique of enhancing immunity by exposing patients to dried mucous taken from those already infected. (p. 559)
varna/jati
Two categories of social identity of great importance in Indian history. Varna are the four major social divisions: the Brahmin priest class, the Kshatriya warrior/administrator class, the Vaishya merchant/farmer class, and the Shudra laborer class. (177)
Vasco da Gama
Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route. (p. 428)
Vasco Nunez de Balboa
Spanish explorer who discovered the Pacific and claimed it for Spain.
vassal
In medieval Europe, a sworn supporter of a king or lord committed to rendering specified military service to that king or lord. (p. 256)
Vatican II
1960s liberalization and modernization of church.
Vedas
Early Indian sacred ‘knowledge’-the literal meaning of the term-long preserved and communicated orally by Brahmin priests and eventually written down. (175)
VENONA project?
A long-running and highly secret collaboration between United States intelligence agencies and the United Kingdom’s MI5 and GCHQ that involved the cryptanalysis of messages sent by several Soviet intelligence agencies, starting in the 1940s.
Viche regime?
It was a dictatorship government in france, after the armistice with Hitler and the dissolution of the Third Republic, mainly from 1940-1942. It wanted to return france to a conservative ideal. It helped the Nazis oppress french citizens, and even fought against the allies in north africa. It was headed by Maréchal Philippe Pétain. In 1942, germany invaded the southern half of france, which had been free, as a result of the allied invasion of north africa. At this point, the vichy regime was basically just a figurehead.
Victorian Age
Reign of Queen Victoria of Great Britain (1837-1901). The term is also used to describe late-nineteenth-century society, with its rigid moral standards and sharply differentiated roles for men and women and for middle-class and working-class people (711)
Vidkun Quisling
Norwegian collaborator during WWII. Made had of government under German control.
Viet Cong
communist guerilla movement in vietnam
Vietminh
COMMUNIST DOMINATED VIETNAMESE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT, OPERATE OUT OF CHINA IN WWII, GUERILLA TACTICS
Vietnam War
Conflict pitting North Vietnam and South Vietnamese communist guerrillas against the South Vietnamese government, aided after 1961 by the United States. (p. 838)
Viking
Sea going Scandinavian raiders who devastated coastal areas of Europe. From the 8th to the 11trh century. Cross Atlantic to Iceland to Greenland to North American.
Vikings
Outstanding seafarers who had shallow draft boats and raided Enland, France, and Russia.
Villa Pancho
Mexican revolutionary leader. He attacked New Mexico, which almost caused war.
Virgil
most famous Latin poet
Vishnu
A Hindu god that had its own devotional cult. The preserver of the world.
Vladimir Lenin
Leader of the Bolshevik (later Communist) Party. He lived in exile in Switzerland until 1917, then returned to Russia to lead the Bolsheviks to victory during the Russian Revolution and the civil war that followed. (p. 761)
Volga River
European continent’s longest, and the principal waterway of western Russia and the historic cradle of the Russian state. Its basin, sprawling across about two-fifths of the European part of Russia, contains almost half of the entire population of the Russian Republic, and has immense economic, cultural, and historic importance.
Wari
Andean civilization culturally linked to Tiwanaku, perhaps beginning as colony of Tiwanaku. (p. 314)
Wars of the Roses?
The Wars of the Roses (1455–1485) is the name generally given to the intermittent civil war fought over the throne of England between adherents of the House of Lancaster and the House of York. The name Wars of the Roses was not used at the time, but has its origins in the badges chosen by the two royal houses, the Red Rose of Lancaster, whose retainers tended to favour red coats or red roses as their symbol, and the White Rose of York, whose men often sported white coats, or white rose insignia. The Wars were fought largely by the landed aristocracy and armies of feudal retainers. The House of Lancaster found most of its support in the south and west of the country, while support for the House of York came mainly from the north and east. The Wars of the Roses, with their heavy casualties among the nobility, would usher in a period of great social upheaval in feudal England and ironically lead to the fall of the Plantagenet dynasty. The period would see the decline of English influence on the Continent, a weakening of the feudal power of the nobles and by default a strengthening of the merchant classes, and the growth of a strong, centralized monarchy under the Tudors. It arguably heralded the end of the medieval period in England and the movement towards the Renaissance.
Warsaw Pact
The 1955 treaty binding the Soviet Union and countries of eastern Europe in an alliance against the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. (p. 836)
Was diplomacy after WWI more or less open / democratic?
More.
water wheel
A mechanism that harnesses the energy in flowing water to grind grain or to power machinery. It was used in many parts of the world but was especially common in Europe from 1200 to 1900. (p. 398)
Weimar Republic
Democracy after WWI, Fredrick Erber. Hindenburg, Germany
Western Front
A line of trenches and fortifications in World War I that stretched without a break from Switzerland to the North Sea. Scene of most of the fighting between Germany, on the one hand, and France and Britain, on the other. (p. 757)
What action on November 11, 1918 brought an end to WWI?
an armistice was signed
What actions led to teh formation of new nations out of the Central Powers?
provisions of peace treaties signed with teh Central Powers
What African countries were never colonized?
Ethiopia and Liberia.
What are The Gospels?
Part of the new testament, 4 books recording jesus’ life and teachings, often in his own words.
What book is Mohammed responsible for?
The Quran.
What came first, Alexander the Great, The Roman Empire, The Greek Empire, Plato?
THe Greek Empire, then Plato, then Alexander, Then The Romans.
What caused low food supplies in Africa during European colonization?
Europeans insisted on the growth of cash crops, such as cotton
What caused the japanese emperor to have reduced power after the war?
Allies’ insistence
What city became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy after the conquest of the papal states?
Rome
What combination led to the German defeat in the Battle of Stalingrad?
Russian troops and the Russian winter
What contributed to the weakness of the Weimar Republic? (3)
uncontrollable inflation, a lack of democratic tradition, a large number of political parties
What country did Buddhism originate in? What are it’s beliefs?
India by Buddha. Meditation, individual enlightenment.
What country did Confucianismism originate in? What are it’s beliefs?
China by Confucius. Social harmony, importance of families.
What country did Hinduism originate in? What are it’s beliefs?
India. Reincarnation and levels of spirituality and society.
What country did Taoism originate in? What are it’s beliefs?
China by Lao-Tzu. Harmony with Nature.
What country suffered the most lost territory as a result of the unification of Italy?
Austria
What crucial lesson was learned in the Battle of Britain
That Hitler’s advances could be blocked
What did Frederick the great believe a ruler should be?
father to his people
What did Klemens von Metternich Not want to accomplish at the Congress of Vienna?
Create beginnings of European democracy
What did Napoleon not accomplish?
An expansion of freedom of speech
What did Sergey Witte do to finance Russian industries?
launched a program of higher taxes and foreign investments
What did the Allies’ strategy of island hopping in the pacific involve?
attacks on only islands that were not well defended
What did the Central Powers gain over Russia at the battle near Tannenberg? (3)
Germany drove the Russians into full retreat, G regained East Prussia, G seized numerous guns and horses
WHat did the Glorious Revolution bring to England’s throne?
William of Orange
What did the pogroms that occurred in the late 19th century Russia do?
violently persecute Jews
What did the policy of unrestricted submarine warfare refer to?
Germany’s policy to sink any ship in Britain’s water without warning
What did the Roman empire contribute to the world?
Roads, bridges, aqueducts, and a codified legal system. It lasted 800 years.
What did the war become once the participating countries began devoting all of their resources to the war effort?
total war
What does fascism stress?
nationalism
What does the use of kamikaze pilots show about Japanese culture?
they valued national honor more than individual life
What does the word Plebiscite mean?
vote of the people
What effect did the Dawes Plan have on the economy of Postwar Germany?
it saved Germany from an inflationary crisis and stabilized the economy
What empire controlled the highest percentage of world population in human history?
The Roman Empire.
What empire controlled the most territory in human history?
The British Empire was, at one time, the foremost global power, and the most extensive empire in the history of the world. It was a product of the European Age of Discovery that began with the global maritime explorations of Portugal and Spain in the late 15th century. By 1921 the British Empire held sway over a population of about 470–570 million people; roughly a quarter of the world’s population. It covered about 14.3 million square miles (more than 37 million km²), about a quarter of the world’s total land are
What ere the goals of the five year plans? (3)
rapid industrial growth, stronger national defense, modernization of the Soviet economy
What event best illustrates geopolitics?
Crimean War
What event caused ITaly to refuse to support its ally Germany?
German invasion of Belgium
What event in Sarajevo ignited the Great War?
the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie
What event led to the War of the Spanish Succession?
Charles II made Louis XIV’s grandson his heir, added to the Bourbon power
What event marked the beginning of the Great Depression?
The stock market crash of 1929
What event occurred on the day described as “a day which will live in infamy”?
Attack on Pearl Harbor
What event signified the formal end of the Byzantine Empire?
The Ottomons attacked the city of Constantinople (shocked the Christian world)
What event was strongly influenced by economic problems?
The declaration of war by France on Prussia
What fear added to the appeal of fascism in Italy and Germany?
a Communist revolution
What gamble did Germany make before the United States entered the war?
that their blockade would defeat Britain before US troops arrived
What happened as a result of the Sepoy Mutiny?
the british gov. took direct command of India
What impact did Russia’s involvement in WWI have on the Russian gov?
it revealed the weaknesses of czarist rule and military leadership
What impact did the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk have on Germany?
it allowed Germany to focus all their efforts on the Western front
What impact did the war have on the economy of Europe?
it drained the treasuries of Europe
What increased during the Great depression? (3)
bank closings, unemployment, business failures
What is a totalitarian state?
a state in which the government controls every aspect of public and private life
What is an accurate description for Goethe, Chopin, Coleridge, and Constable?
Romantic
What is an accurate description of the tax system in France in the years preceding the French Revolution
members of the 3rd estate paid all taxes
What is identified with romanticism?
gothic novel
What is the most probable link between militarism and imperialism?
as a country gains colonies, its military grows to protect them
What is the oldest branch of christianity?
Catholicism.
What is the policy of glorifying power and keeping an army prepared for war?
militarism
What is the policy of glorifying power and keeping an army prepared for war?
militarism
What is the proper matching of realism vs romanticism to Daguerre Charles Dickens and Ludwig van Beethoven?
Louis Daguerre – realism, Charles Dickens – realism, Ludwig van Beethoven- romanticism
What issue arose after the king called for the Estates General to meet?
how many votes each estate gets
What key factor led to th eformation of the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entete?
Bismark’s fear of France’s army and Britain’s fear of Germany’s empire
What killed more people: the black plague or colonization of america?
Colonization of America.
What led to the economic downfall of Spain? (3)
expensive war, Jew and Muslim expulsion, english raids on Spanish ships
What novel is considered realism?
Little Dorrit
What person would most likely have been a radical in the 1800’s?
poor student reading about democracy
What political trends helped lead to the formation of the Second Reich?
Ruthless leadership
What prompted Great Britain and France to declare war on Germany?
German invasion of Poland
What reflects the chronological order of events in English history?
english civil war, restoration, glorious revolution
What region was referred to as the “powder keg” of Europe?
the Balkan Peninsula
What set the stage for Vietnamese resistance against the French?
Peasants had less rice to eat bc the French exported most of it
What started the decline of the Ottoman Empire?
The failed 1689 battle of Vienna.
What statement summarizes the Schlieffan plan that Germany created to prepare for a 2 front war?
Attack France first, then Russia
What strategy did czar Alexander I use to defeat Napoleon?
scorched earth policy
What trait did Napoleon Not possess?
Humility
What was an immediate economic cause of the french revolution?
High government spending with low tax collection from the nobles.
what was common to both fascism and communism? (3)
a one-party system, a disregard for individual rights, supremacy of the state
What was France’s Vietnam?
The Algerian war, starting in 1954. Harsh crackdown on Algerian militants lead to independance for Algeria in 1962.
What was Hitler’s prime reason for wanting to take Poland?
He wanted the Polish Corridor and the port city of Danzig
What was most likely NOT influenced by nationalism during the 1800’s?
Groups of accepting a long establish form of government.
What was NOT a social change during the French Revolution?
Religious fever gripped the nation strengthening the catholic church.
What was one important effect resulting from the political changes made at the Congress of Vienna?
Nationalistic feelings grew in countries under foreign rule
What was one part of Roosevelt’s New Deal program to fight the Depression?
The stock market and banking system created their own reform council, gov. agencies took over businesses and farms, large publick works projects helped to provide jobs
What was significant about the Battle of Midway?
Turned the tide of the war against the Japanese
What was significant in the Allied victory as the First Battle of the Marne?
it resulted in Germany’s having to fight on two fronts
What was stressed by socialist realism? (3)
value of hard work, glory of soviet life, achievements of Stalin
What was teh American public’s opinion about joining the League of Nations?
it believed that the US should stay out of European affairs
What was the Allies plan for victory over the Nazis?
The allies would fight Germany on two fronts to weaken it
What was the concept of wergeld?
the amount of compensation defined in money for loss of a persons life
What was the dominant language of the Roman Empire?
Greek
What was the farthest west that the Ottoman Empire reached?
In 1529, it lay siege to Vienna. It was unsucessful, and never went farther west.
What was the first empire after the death of the Charlemagne?
The Holy Roman Empire, started by Otto the Great.
What was the first european empire after the fall of the Romans?
Charlemagne, who ruled a very weak, decentralized empire, with no taxes. After his death, the empire was split under the treaty of Verdun, and eventually dissolved.
What was the goal of Hitler’s final solution
It was genocide of people the Nazis considered inferior
What was the Great Turkish War?
The Great Turkish War was a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and European powers at the time (joined into a Holy League) during the second half of the 17th century. It marked the end of the Ottoman incursion into Europe. 1683–1699. The Ottomans ceded most of Hungary, Transylvania and Slavonia to Austria while Podolia passed to Poland. Most of Dalmatia passed to Venice, along with the Morea (the Peloponnesus peninsula).
What was the immediate results of the French Revolution in 1789?
French middle class had increased power
What was the main purpose of the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885?
to prevent fighting of European nations over the division of Africa
What was the main reson for the Crimean War?
Russia wanted land on the Black Sea to gain access to the Mediterranean
What was the major cause of the collapse of the stock market?
Stocks sold for more than they were worth
What was the major reason the US declared war on germany in 1917?
WWI was disrupting US trade with France and Britain.
What was the pen name of a woman writer?
George sand
What was the purpose of the Soviet state’s Five-year Plans?
economic development
What was the significance of the Atlantic Charter both during and after the war?
it upheld rights of free trade and choice of government, and it became the plan for postwar peace
What was the significance of the English Bill of Rights?
made clear limits of royal power
What was the title given to teh ruler of the new unified German empire?
Kaiser
What was the US response to Japanese aggression in Southeast Asia in mid-1941
cut oil supplies to Japan
What was trench warfare intended to accomplish?
to protect soldiers from enemy gun fire on the front lines
What was true about nationalism?
one’s greatest loyalty is not to the king but to the nation of people and the people who ahve common culture
What was Wilson’s stated reason the US declared war on germany in 1917?
The resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare in the atlantic.
What were the 3 holiest cities of Islam?
1)Mecca 2)Medina 3)Jerusalem
What were the Fourteen Points?
a plan for postwar world
What were three major components of romanticism?
Love of natures beauty, value of common people, glorification of heroes and heroic actions
What what the Thirty Years’ war a conflict over?
Religion, Territories, and Power among European ruling families
What would an absolute monarch most likely say?
“I am the State”
What would Metternich most likely not agree with?
A ruler should never violate the constitution of his or her country
What year did Bangladesh become independant?
1971, resulting in the third india - pakistan war.
What year did India and Pakistan become nuclear powers?
1998, nearly resulting in a war in 1999.
What year did Mexico separate from Spain?
- It’s war to win its freedom ended in 1821.
What year was pakistan partitioned?
1947, immediately fought war with india overt kashmir.
What year was Sputnik Launched?
1957
What year was the UN founded?
1945 in San Francisco.
When did Christianity get it’s big break?
In 313, Roman emporer constantine I adopted it as his and the empire’s religion, resulting of its spread westward from palestine.
When did Islam begin?
In the 7th century, stated by Muhammed in Mecca.
When did the 100 years war take place?
Towards the end of the middle ages between France and England.
When did the Berlin Wall exist?
1961 to 1989.
When did the Black Plague affect europe?
The mid to late 14th century, killing 1/4 of europe.
When did the Nuremburg Trials take place?
1945-1946. They were the first international war crimes trials.
When did the second war between india and pakistan begin?
1965
When was the red cross founded?
1863
When was the renaissance?
Approx. 1300 to 1600. It was preceded by the Middle (or Dark) ages and preceded the Modern age.
Where was Hadrian’s wall located?
Britian
where were atomic bombs dropped?
hiroshima and nagasaki
WHich 2 countires worked together to build the Suez canal?
Egypt and France
Which countires are part of French Indo China?
Cambodia Laos and Vietnam
NOT singapore
Which German political party sought to overturn the Treaty of Versailles and combat communism?
Nazi
Which leaders used modernization to keep their countries independent?
Muhammad Ali and King mongkut
