FSOT Master 2 Flashcards
12th Amendment
Brought about by the Jefferson/Burr tie, stated that presidential and vice-presidential nominees would run on the same party ticket. Before that time, all of the candidates ran against each other, with the winner becoming president and second-place becoming vice-president.
13th Amendment
1865 - Freed all slaves, abolished slavery
13th, 14th, 15th Amendments
13th - Ended slavery
14th - Gave blacks civil rights
15th - Black suffrage
14th Amendment
1866 – Ratified in 1866. It fixed provision of the Civil Rights Bill: full citizenship to all native-born or naturalized Americans, including former slaves and immigrants.
15th Amendment
1870 – No one could be denied the right to vote on account of race, color, or having been a slave. It was to prevent states from amending their constitutions to deny black suffrage.
16th Amendment
Enacted income tax.
17th Amendment
Direct election of US Senators
1893 Depression
Profits dwindled, businesses went bankrupt and slid into debt. Caused loss of business confidence. 20% of the workforce unemployed. Let to the Pullman strike.
18th Amendment
Banned the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol. It was ratified on January 16, 1919 and repealed by the 21st Amendment in 1933. In the over 200 years of the U.S. Constitution, the 18th Amendment remains the only Amendment to ever have been repealed.
1992 - what went wrong (GB1)
(GB1) American economy favored powerful not middle class, natioanal debt, employment fell, forced into low paying jobs, losing benefits of pensiosn and health, black and hispanic = hit hardest
19th Amendment
Granted women the right to vote (finally). (1920)
20th Amendment
Written by George Norris and also called the “Lame Duck Amendment,” it changed the inauguration date from March 4 to January 20 for president and vice president, and to January 3 for senators and representatives. It also said Congress must assemble at least once a year.
20th Amendment
(FDR) , change of dates for start of presidential/congressional terms
21st Amendment
(FDR) , 1933, repeal of prohibition
22nd Amendment
limits the number of terms a president may be elected to serve
23rd Amendment
(JFK), gave residents of Washington DC the right to vote
26th Amendment
(RN) , lowered the voting age to 18
27th Amendment*
(RN) , regulates pay raises for members of Congress
3/5 Compromise
The South wanted slaves to count of citizens in order to increase the population, and therefore increasing the number of Southerners in the House of Representatives. The North argued that slaves were property and couldn’t be counted. In the end, slaved came to be counted as 3/5 of a person.
54/40 of fight
An aggressive slogan adopted in the Oregon boundary dispute, a dispute over where the border between Canada and Oregon should be drawn. This was also Polk’s slogan – the Democrats wanted the U.S. border drawn at the 54 40 latitude. Polk settled for the 49 latitude in 1846.
A. Mitchell Palmer
He was chosen to round up immigrants that were questionably communists, and he ended up rounding up about 6000 people.`
A. Philip Randolph
President of the Brotherhood of Car Porters and a Black labor leader, in 1941 he arranged a march on Washington to end racial discrimination.
Aaron Burr
Was VP for Jefferson. Later killed Hamilton in a duel. Later still involved in a conspiracy to sever the western states.
ABC Powers
(WW) 1914 Argentina,Brazil,Chile offered to negotiate dispute between US and Mexico
Abolutionism
The belief that slavery should be abolished immediately without compensation. Important factor leading to the Civil War
Abortion
(WJC) although 20th anniversay of Roe v. Wade said constitutional right to abortion against abortion by signing memoranda
Abraham Lincoln
Initially Senator from Illinois, rose to prominence through Lincoln Douglas Debates, led Union during Civil War, issued Emanciptation Proclamation, Gettysburg Address and Homestead Act. Killed after the war.
Acquisition of Florida from Spain
(JMon) Jackson gets Spain, praised by Adams and Monroe, not by Senate or House
Adam’s “midnight judges”
A group of judges that was appointed by John Adams the night before he left office. He appointed them to go to the federal courts to have a long term federalist influence, because judges serve for life instead of limited terms
Adamson Act
(WW) , 1916; established an 8-hour work day for all employees on trains in interstate commerce, with extra pay for overtime
Adams-Onis Treaty
The negotiated sale of Spain’s territories in eastern and western Florida to the U. S. for $5 million.
Adkins v. Children’s Hospital
Reversed Muller v. Oregon, declared laws to protect women workers were unconstitutional. (1923)
Adlai Stevenson
Ambassador to UN during Cuban Missile Crisis.
Adlai Stevenson
ran against Eisenhower, , The Democratic candidate who ran against Eisenhower in 1952. His intellectual speeches earned him and his supporters the term “eggheads”. Lost to Eisenhower.
Admiral Nimitz
Commander of US fleet during WWII.
Aftermanth of Persian War
(WJC) UN wanted to inspect Iraq for weapons, so imposed economic santions, France, China and Russia oppose (since they had contracts with Iraq), then eventually UK and US considered ending sanctions, and Saddam ordered UN out of Iraq
Aftermath of the Vietnam War
(RN), 1973, when Nixon replaced American forces in Vietnam with South Vietnam, withdrawal caused hostilities between North and South in which as a result, all of Vietnam became Socialist Republic of Vietnam. (1976)
Agricultural Adjustment Act
(FDR) 1933 and 1938 , Helped farmers meet mortgages. Unconstitutional because the government was paying the farmers to waste 1/3 of there products. Created by Congress in 1933 as part of the New Deal this agency attempted to restrict agricultural production by paying farmers subsidies to take land out of production.
Aid To Somalia
(GB1) civil war, UN peacekeeping mission, US forces limited humanitarian, Bush Adminstration rejected disarm warrin factiosn and pressed for negotiations, later turned over control to UN, results, back to fighting
Al Capone
Mob leader in 1920s. Sent to prison for income tax evasion.
Al Jolson
Starred in the first “talkie” movie with sounds called “The Jazz Singer.”
Alabama (Geneva Tribunal)
*1869-1872, Seward negotiates with England on recovering damages from Civil War, Treaty of Washington 1871, solved dispute over fisheries, boundaries, and Alabama
Alamo
Where a group of Americans made a heroic stand against a much larger Mexican force. Their massacre became a rallying cry for eventual Texan independence.
Alaska National Interest Lands
(JEC) total area of national park doubled
Alaska purchased from Russia?
1867
Albany Congress/Plan of Union
A conference in the summer of 1754. It advocated a union of the British colonies for their security and defense against French. Held by the British Board of Trade to help cement the loyalty of the Iroquois League. After receiving presents, provisions and promises of Redress of grievances. 150 representatives if tribes withdrew without committing themselves to the British cause.
Albany Plan
Benjamin Franklin submitted the Albany Plan during the Fr. and Ind. War on 1754 gathering of colonial delegates in Albany, New York. The plan called for the colonies to unify in the face of French and Native American threats. The delegates approved the plan, but the colonies rejected it for fear of losing too much power. The Crown did not support the plan either, as it was wary of too much cooperation between the colonies.
Alexander Hamilton
Helped write the Federalist Papers
- A leading Federalist, he supported industry and strong central government. He created the National Bank and managed to pay off the U.S.’s early debts through tariffs and the excise tax on whiskey.
- His programs were designed to pay off the U.S.’s war debts and stabilize the economy; he believed that the United States should become a leading international commercial power. His programs included the creation of the National Bank, the establishment of the U.S.’s credit rate, increased tariffs, and an excise tax on whiskey. Also, he insisted that the federal government assume debts incurred by the states during the war.
Alexis de tocqueville
French historian whose book Democracy in Amerca was the first impartial study of institutions in the new nation.
Alf Landon
Ran against FDR in the 1936 election. He was weak on the radio and weaker in personal compaigning, and while he criticized FDR’s spending, he also favored enough of FDR’s New Deal to be ridiculed by the Democrats as an unsure idiot.
Alfred Thayer Mahan
In 1890, he wrote The Influence of Sea Power upon History. He was a proponent of building a large navy. He said that a new, modern navy was necessary to protect the international trade America depended on and that control of the sea as the key to world.
- Created a race among the great powers (English, Germans, and Japanese) for unclaimed land.
Algeciras Conference
(TR) alliance (germany, austria, and italy),1906- settled the First Moroccan Crisis- started with Germany wanting an international conference on the Moroccan question of who gets what- Germany left with nothing and was further isolated- result of conference was that Britain, France, Russia, and the US began to see Germany as a potential threat that might seek to dominate all Europe- Germany began to see sinister plots to “encircle” Germany and prevent their development as a world power
Alger Hiss
State Department official convicted of being a secret agent for the Soviet Union, based largely on the accusation of a communist. Congressman Nixon became known nationwide due to his involvement with the investigation.
Alice Paul
A suffragette who believed that giving women the right to vote would eliminate the corruption in politics.
Alien & Sedition Acts
Laws aimed at restricting the public activities of political radicals who sympathized with the French Revolution and criticized Adam’s Federalist policies. They provoked the Virgina and Kentucky Resolutions by Madison and Jefferson asserting State’s rights.
Alien Registration Act?
AKA - Smith Act of 1940 made it a criminal offense for anyone to conspire to overthrow the government. It also required all non-citizen adult residents to register with the government. The Act is best known for its use against political organizations and figures, mostly on the left. A series of United States Supreme Court decisions in 1957 threw out numerous convictions under the Smith Act as unconstitutional.
Alliance for Progress
(JFK) 1961,, a program in which the United States tried to help Latin American countries overcome poverty and other problems, money used to aid big business and the military
Amelia Earhart
First women piolot to cross tha Atlantic Ocean.
American Anti-Slavery Society
Formed in 1844, a major abolitionist movement in the North.
American Colonization Society
Formed in 1817, it purchased a tract of land in Liberia and returned free Blacks to Africa.
American Expeditionary Forces
(WW), The Us forces led by General John Pershing who fought with the allies in Europe during WW1
American Federation of Government Employees?
An American labor union representing over 600,000 employees of the federal government. (State and municipal employees are represented by other unions, most notably the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME) and the Service Employees International Union (SEIU). It is a member of the AFL-CIO. Its current president is John Gage (labor leader).
American Federation of Labor
(GC2) , Samuel Gompers, a union for skilled laborers that fought for worker rights in a non-violent way. It provided skilled laborers with a union that was unified, large, and strong.
American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME) ?
Founded in 1932, is currently the second- or third-largest labor union in the United States and one of the fastest-growing, representing over 1.4 million employees, primarily in local government and in the health care industry. Employees at the federal level are represented by other unions, such as the American Federation of Government Employees, with which AFSCME was once affiliated.
American Party
Political organization that was created after the election of 1852 by the Know-Nothings, was organized to oppose the great wave of immigrants who entered the United States after 1846
American Protective Association
A Nativist group of the 1890s which opposed all immigration to the U.S.
American Railway Union
Founded by Eugene V. Debs.
American System*
1824 (JMon), Henry Clay, response to Tariff of 1824, program proposed by Henry Clay and others to foster national economic growth and interdependence among the geographical sections. It included a protective tariff, a national bank, and internal improvements.
American Temperance Union
(AJ) , 1836, It united temperance groups and distributed tracts warning against strong drink
Amnesty Act
Pardoned many of the rebels and allowed them to reenter public acts. (1872)
Amtrak*
(RN), first major attempt to re establish adequate railroad passenger service
Andrew Carnegie
Built a steel mill empire; US STEEL. Philantropist
Andrew Jackson
1829-1837, (King Andrew, Old Hickory) Democrat, issue = 2nd Bank of America (Jackson and Clay), Whig Party emerged
Andrew Jackson and Florida
Jackson took military control of Spanish Florida, which encouraged the treaty with Spain 1819.
Andrew Johnson
Became president when Lincoln was assassinated. Later impeached for illegally dismissin a government official.
Annapolis Convention
Originally planning to discuss the promotion of interstate commerce, delegates from five states met at Annapolis in September 1786 and ended up suggesting a convention to amend the Articles of Confederation
Anne Hutchinson
Anne Hutchinson was a dissenter in the Massachusetts Bay Colony who caused a schism in the Puritan community. Eventually, Hutchinson’s faction lost out in a power struggle for the governorship. She was expelled from the colony in 1673 and traveled southward with a number of her followers, establishing the settlement of Portsmouth, Rhode Island
Annie Oakley
A performer in wild west shows around the turn of the century.
Antebellum
Term used for objects originating before the Civil War
Anthracite Coal Strike
Large strike by coal miners led by Miner’s Union president George F. Baer
Anti Poverty Act
(LBJ) 1964, his act of war on poverty
Antietam*
(AL), 1862, the first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with almost 23,000 casualties. After this “win” for the North, Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation
Anti-Federalists
Anti-Federalists rose up as the opponents of the Constitution during the period of ratification. They opposed the Constitution’s powerful centralized government, arguing that the Constitution gave too much political, economic, and military control. They instead advocated a decentralized governmental structure that granted most power to the states
Anti-Imperialist League
A league containing anti-imperialist groups; it was never strong due to differences on domestic issues. Isolationists. They fought against the McKinley administration’s expansionist moves.
Anti-Masonic Party
Party that spoke against the famous secret society of the Masons, but was also considered to be very anti-Jackson. Followers often sought moral and religious reform.
Anti-Saloon League
National organization set up in 1895 to work for prohibition. Later joined with the WCTU to publicize the effects of drinking.
Apaches
Native Americans in SW
Apollo 11
First human landing on moon.
Appomattox
(AL) 1864, , This was the last battle of the Civil War that ended in a Union victory.It ended the war. Grant defeats Lee
Appomattox Court House
Where General Lee surrendered to General Grant ending the Civil War
Arab Israeli Peace Talks
(GB1) Israel and Arab Nations peace talks, in 1993 Oslo, Norway, PLO (arafat) promise peace with Israel (rabin), israel offer west bank on condition that Arafat commitment to losing side in Gulf war, extremists opposed peace, el-Sadat assassinated, Rabin killed
Archduke Ferdinand
His assassination sparked numerous alliances that led to WWI.
Aroostook War
Maine lumberjacks camped along the Aroostook River in Maine in 1839 tried to oust Canadian rivals. Militia were called in from both sides until the Webster Ashburn Treaty was signed. Took place in disputed territory.
Article X
Part of the Treaty of Versaille that created the League of Nations
Articles of Confederation
Adopted in 1777 during the Revolutionary War, the Articles established the United States of America. The Articles granted limited powers to the central government, reserving most powers for the states. The result was a poorly defined national state that couldn’t govern the country’s finances or maintain stability. The Constitution replaced them in 1789
Association
A document produced by the Continental Congress in 1775 that called for a complete boycott of British goods.
Assumption
Hamilton’s idea that the federal government would assume all state debts.
Assumption of State Debts
(GW) Plan by Hamilton meant to tie the states more securely to fed gov; states pay debt, created huge national debt, assumption bill. logrolling - one support another
Atlanta Compromise
Major speech on race-relations given by Booker T. Washington addressing black labor opportunities, and the peril of whites ignoring black injustice
Atlantic Charter
product of a secret by FDR and Churchill; discussed post war aims and goals; advocated self determination of peoples
Bacon’s Rebellion
In 1676, Nathaniel Bacon, a Virginia planter, led a group of 300 settlers in a war against the local Native Americans. When Virginia’s royal governor questioned Bacon’s actions, Bacon and his men looted and burned Jamestown. Bacon’s Rebellion manifested the increasing hostility between the poor and wealthy in the Chesapeake region.
Baker v. Carr
(LBJ) 1962 Baker v. Carr, case decided in 1962 by the U.S. Supreme Court. Tennessee had failed to reapportion the state legislature for 60 years despite population growth and redistribution. Charles Baker, a voter, brought suit against the state (Joe Carr was a state official in charge of elections) in federal district court, claiming that the dilution of his vote as a result of the state’s failure to reapportion violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution. The court dismissed the complaint on the grounds that it could not decide a political question. Baker appealed to the Supreme Court, which ruled that a case raising a political issue would be heard. This landmark decision opened the way for numerous suits on legislative apportionment.
Bakke decision
Major decision in which the court upheld the general principle of Affirmative Action.
Balle of Bull Run
The first battle of the Civil War, which the North lost.
Ballinger/Pinchot Affair
Taft lost popularity when he supported Ballinger, who bended the government’s environmental policies.
Banking Acts
(FDR) 1933, 1935 , AKA (Steagall Act) June 16. Separated commercial from investment banksing (recently overturned), established FDIC*** (Federal Deposit Insurance Corp) which guarantees deposits.
Barbary pirates
Plundering pirates off the Mediterranean coast of Africa; President Thomas Jefferson’s refusal to pay them tribute to protect American ships sparked an undeclared naval war with North African nations
Barry Goldwater
Leading spokesman for American conservatism. Lost to Johnson in 1964.
Bataan Death March
American troops were treated with vicious cruelty in the 80-mile Bataan Death March to prisoner-of-war camps.
Battle of Britain
(FDR) 1940, German air forces invaded Britain but the British Royal Air Force drove them out with the help of the new invention radar that let them know where the German planes were
Battle of Bunker Hill
The first great battle of the Revolutionary War.
Battle of Chancellorsville
Major battle in Civil War. South won. Stonewall Jackson accidentally shot and killed by his own men after the battle.
Battle of Gettysburg
Greatest battle of Civil War fought in PA. Considered to be the turning point in the War in favor of the North.
Battle of Lexington and Concord
First battle in the Revolutionary War. Paul Revere’s ride and Emerson’s poem ‘shot heard around the world.’
Battle of Midway*
(FDR) , U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. It marked a turning point in World War II.
Battle of New Orleans
(JM), Jackson defends city against British frontal attack, becomes national hero
Battle of Quebec
1759 - James Wolfe lead and army to meet French troops near the Plains of Abraham. Both he and the French commander, Marquis de Montcalm, died. The French were ultimately defeated and the city of Quebec surrendered.
- It was considered to be one of the most significant engagements in British and American history, and when Montreal fell in 1760, that was the last time French flags would fly on American soil.
Battle of Saratoga
Major battle in revolutionary war, lead to victory by Benedict Arnold (before he became traitor). Considered to be the turning point in the war, leading to France backing the Americans.
Battle of the Little Bighorn?
(1876): Also called Custer’s Last Stand, it was the most famous incident of the Indian Wars. Cheyenne and Sioux indians killed Custer and all of his men.
Battle of Yorktown
Last battle of Revolutionary War. Cornwallis surrendered to Washington here.
Battles during War of 1812*
Battle of Lake Erie (Oliver Perry), Battle of Tippecanoe (Harrison and Tecumseh), Fort McHenry (Francis Scott Key), Battle of New Orlean (Jackson)
Battles of Lexington and Concord
The battles of Lexington and Concord initiated the Revolutionary War between the American colonists and the British. British governor Thomas Gage sent troops to Concord to stop the colonists who were loading arms. The next day, on April 19, 1775, the first shots were fired in Lexington, starting the war. The battles resulted in a British retreat to Boston
Bay of Pigs
Kennedy approved and CIA sponsored invasion of Cuba by Cuban exiles. Invasion failed, resulting in major humilation for Kennedy.
Bear Flag Republic?
A republic that lasted for 25 days, started in Sonoma, CA in 1846 when Americans took over the town from the Mexicans. Once the Mexican-American War had begun, they joined America.
Benedict Arnold
An American general who betrayed the US to the British in the Revolutionary war
Benjamin Franklin
Founding father, signer of the declaration of independence, Ambassador to France and Britain, early researcher of electricity,
Benjamin Harrison
Gilded Age president. Congress under him known as the “Billion Dollar Congress” for showering veterans with pensions, passing the McKinley Tariff Act and
Benjamin Harrison’ Party*
VP - Morton, SS - Blaine
Berlin Wall
(HT), a wall separating East AKA People’s Republic of Germany (controlled by Russia) and West Berlin AKA German Federal Republic (controlled by Britain, France, and America) built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West
Bernard Baruch
Millionaire, he headed the War Industries Board after 1918.
Bessemer Process
Bessemer invented a process for removing air pockets from iron, and thus allowed steel to be made. This made skyscrapers possible, advances in shipbuilding, construction, etc.
Betsy Ross
Believed to have sown the first American flag in the form of the Stars and Stripes.
Betty Friedan
Wrote The Feminine Mystique, a book that proved fundamental to the women’s movement of the 1960s. Founder of National Organization for Women.
Big stick diplomacy
International negotiations backed by the threat of force. From Theodore Roosevelt.
Big ten
A group of pominent midwestern universities known for high academic standards and keen atheletic competition.
Bill Clinton
President 1992-2000, reconciled conservative and liberal wings of democratic party. Impeached due to sexual misconduct. Booming economy.
Bill Of Rights
Although the Anti-Federalists failed to block the ratification of the Constitution, they did ensure that the Bill of Rights would be created to protect individuals from government interference and possible tyranny. The Bill of Rights, drafted by a group led by James Madison, consisted of the first ten amendments to the Constitution, which guaranteed the civil rights of American citizens.
Billy the kid
Gunslinger in New Mexico.
Black Codes
Restrictions on the freedom of former slaves, passed by Southern governments.
Black Muslims
A radical movement for black power under the leadership of Malcolm X.
Black Panthers
Militant black power organization of the 1960s founded by Huey Newton.
Black power
Called for independent development of political and social institutions for black people.
Black Tuesday
October 29, 1929-The day that the stock market crashed.
Bland Allison Act*****
(RBH) 1878 , 1878 law passed over the veto of President Rutherford B. Hayes requiring the U.S. treasury to buy a certain amount of silver and put it into circulation as silver dollars. The goal was to subsidize the silver industry in the Mountain states and inflate prices, no less than $2 million and no more than $4 million
Bleeding Kansas?
Sometimes referred to as Bloody Kansas or the Border War, was a sequence of violent events involving abolitionists (anti-slavery) and pro-slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory and the western frontier towns of the U.S. state of Missouri between roughly 1854 and 1856. It led up to the civil war.
blitzkrieg*
(FDR) , “Lighting war”, typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland n 1939
Blue law
a type of law restricting activities or sales of goods on Sunday, which had its roots in accommodating Christian Sunday worship, although it persists to this day more as a matter of tradition. The term blue law may have been first used by Reverend Samuel Peters in his book General History of Connecticut, which was first published in 1781, to refer to various laws first enacted by Puritan colonies in the 17th century which prohibited the selling of certain types of merchandise and retail or business activity of any kind on certain days of the week (usually Sunday).
Bonnie and Clyde
Outlaws on a two year spree of murder and bank robbery in
Booker T. Washington
Influential black educator and leader. Said black could be social separated with whites, but together on other issues.
Border States
States bordering the North: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri. They were slave states, but did no secede.
Boss Tweed
Most famous political boss - HQed in NYC
Boston Massacre
British soldiers killed protestors of British rule. This increased the colonists inclination toward revolution.
Boston Tea Party
A “revolt” on the Tea Act passed by Parliament; Sons of Liberty dressed up like Indians raided English ships in Boston Harbor. They dumped thousands of pounds of tea into the harbor. Led to Coercive Acts. (1773)
Bounties
(AL) , payments to encourage volunteers (North not South)
Boxer Rebellion
(WMc) , A 1900 Uprising in China aimed at ending foreign influence in the country.
Braceros
Mexican workers that were brought to America to work when so many men and women were gone from home during World War II that there weren’t enough workers.
Brady Bill
(WJC) 1993; handgun violence prevention act; legislation that established a five-day waiting period for handgun purchases
Brain trust
A group of intellectuals and planners who act as advisors, especially to a government.
Bretton Woods and the IMF
The common name for the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference held in New Hampshire, 44 nations at war with the Axis powers met to create a world bank to stabilize international currency, increase investment in under-developed areas, and speed the economic recovery of Europe.
Bretton Woods Conference
1944, (FDR) , The common name for the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference held in New Hampshire, 44 nations at war with the Axis powers met to create a world bank to stabilize international currency, increase investment in under-developed areas, and speed the economic recovery of Europe.
Brigham Young
Leader of Mormons
British burn Washington DC
British entered capital and set fire to many public buildings such as the Capital and the White House
British Orders in Council
A law passed by the English while fighting the French in 1793. The British closed off all port vessels that France went through so they couldn’t get supplies, but American ships were seized also and Americans were impressed into the British navy, leading to the War of 1812.
British Proclamation of 1763
English law enacted after French and Indian War which forbade the colonists from settling beyond the Appalachian Mountains. It helped spark the American revolution.
Brook Farm
A Massachusetts commune that wanted to created a perfect union between intellect and manual labor. It failed because nobody really wanted to work.
Brooklyn Bridge
Added to the seductive glamour of gleaming cities.
Brooks-Sumner incident
SC Congressman Brooks (pro-slavery) took a cane to MA Senator Sumner (abolitionist) after he insulted SC and slavery.
Browder v. Gayle
(1956) Ended segregation in the public transportation system after the Montgomery Bus Boycott
Brown vs. Board of Education
1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.
Budget Priorities
(WJC) cut federal deficit, edu. for the poor (operation head start), inc. energy taxes, increase income taxes on upper classes, min. wage raised, did not act on health care, Kennedy Kassebaum bill (change jobs doesn’t lose med. insurance, cannot be denied based on preexisting condition), did little to hasten economic and provide better jobs.
Buffalo Bill
Soldier against Native Americans, later founded the celebrated ‘Wild West Show.’
Buffalo Soldiers
Members of one of the African American regiments within the U.S. Army after the Civil War, serving primarily in the Indian wars of the late 1860s.
Bull Moose Party
Teddy Roosevelt’s party in the election of 1812
Bunker Hill
At the beginning of the Revolutionary War, the British troops were based in Boston. The British army had begun to fortify the Dorchester Heights near Boston, and so the Continental Army fortified Breed’s Hill, north of Boston, to counter the British plan. British general Gage led two unsuccessful attempts to take this hill, before he finally seized it with the third assault. The British suffered heavy losses and lost any hope for a quick victory against the colonies. Although the battle centered around Breed’s Hill, it was mistakenly named for nearby Bunker Hill.
Burr-Hamilton duel
When Hamilton lobbied for Jefferson when Jefferson and Burr were up for the presidency, Burr became so angered he challenged Hamilton to a duel. Hamilton accepted, and lost.
Buying stocks on margin
This is when you buy a stock with a small downpayment and say that you will pay the rest later because you don’t have the money now. It’s buying something with money you hope that you’ll be getting in the future.
California enters Union
Entered as a free state as part of Compromise of 1850, threw off balance.
Calvin Coolidge
President in 1923. Worked to restrain growth of government and especially to interfere with private enterprise.
Camp David Acccord
(JEC) 1979, Anwar el-Sadat (egypt), Menachem Begin (Israel) and Carter (US) talked about rejecting war, and also Israel aggred to return all of Sinai Peninsula to Egypt within three years, treaty signed in Washington
Campaign Finance Reform
cleaning up way they are financed, house campaign skyrocketed, (PAC pays half), 2 distortions = 1) predominance of politlcal influence disprotionate to real number 2) soft money (Money raised in unlimited amounts by political parties for party-building purposes. Now largely illegal except for limited contributions to state or local parties for voter registration and get-out-the-vote efforts.)
campaign money mess
(WJC) both parties accused of illegal practices, (violating = allowing foreign influence in US elections) hard money (campaign gifts to individual candidates) should be reported to federal election commission
Captain John Smith
One of the original settlers of Jamestown. Captured by Native Americans, saved by Pocahontas.
Carolina
Colony (ultimately split in two) used as outpost for West Indies trade. Where American slavery is said to have started.
Caroline Incident
In 1837 a steamer, the Caroline, was attacked by the British. They burned it on the shore of New York. This steamer was carrying supplies across the Niagara River. Luckily, it sank before going over the falls and only One American died.
Carpetbaggers
Northerners accused of sleazily seeking power and profit in a now-desolate South.
- Derogatory Southern name for Northerners who came to the South to participate in Reconstruction governments.
- Name came from the cloth gas of possessions many of them used to travel South.
- Response by some violent Southern whites led to organization of the Ku Klux Klan.
Carry Nation
a leading proponent of prohibition.
Carter’s Energy Plan
(JEC) 1979, he wanted cut down on foregin oil supports and on American reliance on petroleum, alternate sources he wanted were solar poewr and synthetic gasoline, also (1) commit funds to develop alternative enrgy sources through windfall taxes, but sadly none of these happened.
cash and carry
countries such as Britain and France would have to pay for American goods in cash and provide transportation for them. This would keep US ships out of the war zone and eliminate the need for war loans
Central Pacific Railroad
(USG), A railroad that started in Sacramento , and connected with the Union Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, Utah; hired Irish immigrants
Change in the Eighties
(RR), reduced the domestic funds of government by choking off its revenue, weakened civil rights enforcement, dealt with education (Willaim Bennett), rich benefited, poor didn’t, women started working male jobs, rising benefits of social security, chidren had it worse, worked part time or temporary, but few or no benefits, North - computer industry, South - decline in manufacturing
Change to Win Federation?
A coalition of American labor unions originally formed in 2005 as an alternative to the AFL-CIO. Includes the Teamsters, Laborers’ Union, the United Food and Commercial Workers International Union, and the SEIU.
Chappaquiddick incident
Female staffer drown after Ted Kennedy drove off a bridge. Essentially put an end to Kennedy’s chances of becoming President.
Charles Cornwallis
British general during the revolutionary war, who surrendered to Washington at the Battle of Yorktown.
Charles Coughlin
He ran against FDR and disliked the New Deal. He voiced his opinions on the radio.
Charles Darwin
Presented the theory of evolution, which proposed that creation was an ongoing process in which mutation and natural selection constantly give rise to new species. Sparked a long-running religious debate over the issue of creation.
Charles de Gaulle
He formed the French resistance movement in London immediately after the French surrender at Vichy. He was elected President of the Free French government in exile during the war and he was the first provisional president of France after its liberation.
Charles Lindbergh
Lindbergh flew his airplane, the Spirit of St. Louis, across the Atlantic in the first transatlantic solo flight.
Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge
1837) interest of community are above corporate rights case settled a dispute over the constitutional clause regarding obligation of contract
Charles Sumner and Preston Brooks
(FP) , Radical Republican against the slave power who insults Andrew Butler and subsequently gets caned by Preston Brooks
Charles Townshend
reated the Townshend Acts
- British Prime Minister (Grenville’s replacement)
- Townshend Acts formed a program of taxing items imported into the colonies, such as paper, lead, glass, and tea; it replaced the direct taxes of the Stamp Act.
- Townshend Acts led to boycotts by Boston merchants, a key contributor to the Boston Massacre
