FSOT Master 14 Flashcards
What is Liberal Nationalism?
Liberal Nationalism is the aspiration of a group to achieve statehood based on popular sovereignty. It emphasizes freedom from foreign domination.
What is National Self-Determination?
National Self-Determination is the idea that a group of people who consider themselves seperate and distinct from others have the right to determine the state in which they will live and the form of government it will have.
What is Nationalism?
Nationalism is the popular will that seeks to preserve the identity of a gropu by institutionalizing it in the form of a state.
What is Power?
Power is influence and control excercised by one nation over others.
What is the Andean community?
A trade bloc comprising the South American countries of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela. The trade bloc was formerly called the Andean Pact and came into existence with the signing of the Cartagena Agreement in 1969. Its headquarters are located in Lima, Peru. The Andean Community has 120 million inhabitants living in an area of 4,700,000 square kilometers, whose Gross Domestic Product amounted to US$260 billion in 2002. The Andean Community together with Mercosur comprises the two main trading blocs of South America. In 1999 these organizations began negotiating a merger with a view to creating a South American Free Trade Area (SAFTA). On December 8, 2004 it signed a cooperation agreement with Mercosur and they published a joint letter of intention for future negotiations towards integrating all of South America in the context of the South American Community of Nations, patterned after the European Union.
What is the Asian Development Bank?
The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is a multilateral development finance institution dedicated to reducing poverty in Asia and the Pacific. It was founded in 1966 with 31 members states and has now grown to include 64, including the US, many europen nations, and all asian nations, including the stans. Headquartered in Philippines.
What is the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)?
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is a political, economic, and cultural organization of countries located in Southeast Asia. Formed on August 8, 1967, by Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and the Philippines, as a non-provocative display of solidarity against communist expansion in Vietnam and insurgency within their own borders. Following the Bali Summit of 1976, the organization embarked on a programme of economic cooperation, which floundered in the mid-1980’s only to be revived around a 1991 Thai proposal for a regional “free trade area”.
What is the Belgium War Crimes Law?
Belgium’s War Crimes Law invokes the concept of universal jurisdiction to allow anyone to bring war crime charges in Belgian courts, regardless of where the alleged crimes have taken place. The law took effect in 1993 and was expanded the following year after 10 Belgian soldiers were killed in Rwanda. The law reached prominence after the Rwandan Genocide. According to the Washington Post, the process of prosecution of Rwandans in Belgium for crimes committed in the violence were set in motion by Martine Beckers, a Brussels resident, whose sister Claire called her to tell her of being attacked by soldiers, who soon after killed her, her family, and 10 other villagers who were unable to reach a United Nations peacekeepers’ compound.
What is the Central American Common Market?
The Central American Common Market (abbreviated CACM - in Spanish: Mercado Común Centroamericano, abbreviated MCCA) is an economic trade organization between five nations of Central America. It was established on December 13, 1960 between the nations of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua in a conference in Managua. These nations ratified the treaties of membership the following year. Costa Rica joined the CACM in 1963. The organization collapsed in 1969 with the Football War between Honduras and El Salvador, but was then reinstated in 1991. The CACM has succeeded in removing duties on most products moving among the member countries, and has largely unified external tariffs and increased trade within the member nations. However, it has not achieved the further goals of greater economic and political unification that were hoped for at the organization’s founding, mainly caused by the CACM’s inability and lack of reliable means to settle trade disputes. With the proposal of the Free Trade Area of the Americas, it is possible that this new organization will replace the CACM.
What is the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)?
The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) is a confederation, or alliance, consisting of 11 former Soviet Republics: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. Turkmenistan discontinued permanent membership as of August 26, 2005 and is now an associate member. The creation of CIS signaled the dissolution of the Soviet Union and, according to leaders of Russia, its purpose was to “allow a civilized divorce” between the Soviet Republics. However, many observers have seen the CIS as a tool that would allow Russia to keep its influence over the post-Soviet states. Since its formation, the member-states of CIS have signed a large number of documents concerning integration and cooperation on matters of economics, defense and foreign policy.
What is the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf?
The Cooperation Council of the Arab States of the Gulf, formerly named and still commonly called Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) is a regional organization involving the six Persian Gulf Arab States with many economic and social objectives in mind. Created May 25, 1981, the Council is comprised of Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.
What is the Council of Europe?
The Council of Europe is an international organisation of 46 member states in the European region. The seat of the Council of Europe is in Strasbourg on the Franco-German border. Membership is open to all European states which accept the principle of the rule of law and guarantee fundamental human rights and freedoms to their citizens. One of the main successes of the Council was the European Convention on Human Rights in 1950, which serves as the basis for the European Court of Human Rights. The Council of Europe is not to be confused with the Council of the European Union or the European Council, as it is a separate organisation and not part of the European Union. The Council of Europe was founded following a speech given by Winston Churchill at the University of Zurich on 19 September 1946 calling for a “United States of Europe”, similar to the United States of America, in the wake of the events of World War II. The Council was officially founded on 5 May 1949 by the Treaty of London agreed to by the ten original members. This treaty is now known as the Statute of the Council of Europe.
What is the difference between the ICC and the ICJ in the Hague?
The International Criminal Court is a permanant war crimes tribunal. The International Court of Justice rules on disputes between states.
What is the difference between Unitary and federal systems of government?
The unitary system gives the main powers to the central government. State, provincial, and local governments are all created by the central government. The non-central governments have only the powers that are appointed by the central government. Countries such as France, Italy, Japan, and the United Kingdom, along with other democratic nations use the unitary system of government. Although, not every country uses the same rules in the centralization and decentralization of powers. China, North Korea, Cuba, and other Communist-based governments have unitary systems too. Unlike the unitary system, the federal system develops when a number of states or providences federate, or form a union, eventually in order to establish a nation. In a government using the federal system, the powers of the governments are jointly shared between the central government and the more local (or regional) governments (state, providential, district, etc.). Both of the national and regional governments are directly tied to the people, who are the source of a democratic government’s authority. The United States and Canada have federal systems. Other countries that use the federal plan include Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Germany, India, Mexico, and Switzerland. It is more difficult for nation-wide communism or totalitarianism to exist in a Federation, for true federalism requires decentralization and cannot coexist with totalitarianism.
What is the Eurasian Economic Community?
The Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC or EAEC) was put into motion on 10 October 2000 when Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan signed the treaty. EurAsEC was formally created when the treaty was finally ratified by all five member states in May 2001. EurAsEC grew out of the CIS Customs Union. All the members of EurAsEC are also members of the older Commonwealth of Independent States and the relationship between the two organisations is ambiguous.
What is the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council?
The Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC) is a NATO organization, a multilateral forum created to improve relations between NATO and non-NATO countries in Europe and those parts of Asia on the European pheriphary. The member states meet to cooperate and consult on a range of political and security issues. It was formed on May 29, 1997 as the successor to the North Atlantic Cooperation Council (NACC).
What is the Euro-Mediterranean free trade area?
The Euro-Mediterranean free trade area (EU-MEFTA) is based on the Barcelona Process and European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP). The Barcelona Process, developed after the Barcelona Conference in successive annual meetings, is a set of goals designed to lead to a free trade area in the Middle East by 2010. Eventually it will integrate free trade with the EU.
What is the european Common Agricultural Policy?
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is a system of European Union agricultural subsidies which represents about 44% of the EU’s budget (€43 billion scheduled spend for 2005 [1]). These subsidies work by guaranteeing a minimum price to producers and by direct payment of a subsidy for crops planted. This provides some economic certainty for EU farmers and production of a certain quantity of agricultural goods. Reforms of the system are currently underway including a phased transfer of subsidy to land stewardship rather than specific crop production from 2005 to 2012. The OECD countries’ total agricultural subsidies amount to more than the GDP of the whole of Africa. CAP price intervention causes artificially high food prices throughout the EU. Some have suggested that Europeans pay about 25% higher prices for food than they would without the CAP.
What is the European Investment Bank?
It is the EU’s financing institution, founded in 1957. Located in Luxembourg, its goal is to further the economic goals and carry out the agreements of the EU within, and with other nations.
What is the goal of Sinn Fein?
To unite Ireland and kick out the british. The IRA is Sinn Fein’s militant wing.
What is the Idealist Approach to Foreign Policy?
The Idealist approach assumes that a foreign policy based on morals, legal codes, and international norms is the most effective foreign policy because it encourages unity and cooperation among states rather than competition and conflict.
What is the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights?
The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (the IACHR or, in the three other official languages – Spanish, French, and Portuguese – CIDH) is one of the two bodies that comprise the inter-American system for the promotion and protection of human rights.
What is the Inter-American Court of Human Rights?
The Inter-American Court of Human Rights is an autonomous judicial institution based in the city of San José, Costa Rica. Together with the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, it makes up the human rights protection system of the Organization of American States (OAS), which serves to uphold and promote basic rights and freedoms in the Americas.
What is the International Labour Organization (ILO)?
A specialized agency of the United Nations to deal with labour issues. Its headquarters are in Geneva, Switzerland. Founded in 1919, it was formed through the negotiations of the Treaty of Versailles, and was initially an agency of the League of Nations. It became a UN body after the demise of the League and the formation of the UN at the end of World War II. The organization seeks to strengthen worker rights, improve working conditions and living conditions, create employment, and provide information and training opportunities.
What is the Latin American Integration Association?
A Latin American trade integration association, based in Montevideo. Its main objective is the establishment of a common market, in pursuit of the economic and social development of the region. Its members are Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Cuba, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela. It is the successor to LAFTA.
What is the OECD?
An international organisation of those developed countries that accept the principles of representative democracy and a free market economy. It originated in 1948 as the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC), to help administer the Marshall Plan for the re-construction of Europe after World War II. Later its membership was extended to non-European states, and in 1961 it was reformed into the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Members include most of rich european nations, Japan, South Korea, Australia, NAFTA members, and Turkey. It is based in Paris.
What is the oldest ongoing country in the world?
China.
What is the Open skies agreement?
The term open skies refers to either to a bilateral or multilateral Air Transport Agreement which: liberalises the rules for international aviation markets and minimises government intervention — the provisions apply to passenger, all-cargo and combination air transportation and encompass both scheduled and charter services; or adjusts the regime under which military and other state-based flights may be permitted.
What is the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe?
The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) is an international organization for security. In its region, it is concerned with early warning, conflict prevention, crisis management and post-conflict rehabilitation. The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe has 55 participating states from Europe, the Mediterranean, the Caucasus, Central Asia and North America. The OSCE’s Secretariat (headquarters) is located in Vienna, Austria. The Organization also has offices in Copenhagen, Geneva, The Hague, Prague and Warsaw. The organization was established in 1973 as the Conference for Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE).
What is the Organization of American States?
The Organization of American States (OAS; OEA in the other three official languages) is an international organization, headquartered in Washington, D.C., United States. Its members are the 35 independent nations of the Americas. Founded in 1948. Members include every free nation in the western hemisphere, except cuba, which is suspended. From its creation up until, at the least, the mid-1980s, the OAS was a frequent target for critics, particularly those on the left of the political spectrum, who accused it of being a mere arm of U.S. foreign policy – “Washington’s colonial office”, it was scornfully labeled (this is sometimes attributed to Fidel Castro, but is not verified; see [5]). This interpretation was borne out by the alacrity with which the Organization moved, at Washington’s bidding, to expel Cuba in 1962; in contrast, the OAS never took steps to suspend the membership of the various dictatorships that emerged in the 1970s and 1980s and were disrepectful of human rights and democracy – Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Guatemala – but that differed from Cuba in their political orientation. The return to democracy that took place in the 1980s and 1990s saw the emergence of new trends within the OAS. The Organization’s new direction has taken it into areas of greater direct relevance to the peoples of the continent: for example, its highly successful demining programs in Central America and the Andean region. Perhaps more importantly, the Organization’s other member states (particularly the South Americans) now appear to be reasserting their political independence and assuming positions that are much less subservient to U.S. interests.
What is the Pacific Islands Forum?
The Pacific Islands Forum is an inter-governmental consultative organ which aims to enhance cooperation between the independent countries of the Pacific Ocean and represent their interests. It was founded in 1971 as the South Pacific Forum; the name was changed in 2000 to better reflect the correct geographic locations of its member states both in the north and south Pacific. Member states are: Australia, the Cook Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Kiribati, the Marshall Islands, Nauru, New Zealand, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, the Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu.
What is the PLO?
The PLO is a political and military organization that claims to represent the interests of the Palestinian people in their opposition of Israel and quest for a homeland.
What is the Revisionist Approach to Foreign Policy?
A Revisionst approach to foreign policy seeks to alter territorial, ideological, or power distribution to the state’s advantage.
What is the South American Community of Nations?
will be a continent-wide free trade zone that will unite two existing free-trade organizations—Mercosur and the Andean Community—eliminating tariffs for non-sensitive products by 2014 and sensitive products by 2019. The headquarters of this new organization will be in Lima while the South American Bank will be in Brasilia according to the agreements during the meetings. Complete integration between the Andean Community and Mercosur into the South American Community of Nations is expected by 2007. At the Third South American Summit, on 8 December 2004, presidents or representatives from twelve South American nations signed the Cuzco Declaration, a two-page statement of intent, announcing the foundation of the South American Community. Panama attended the signing ceremony as observer. Leaders announced their intention to model the new community after the European Union, including a common currency, parliament, and passport. According to Allan Wagner, Secretary General of the Andean Community, a complete union like that of the EU should be possible by 2019.
What is the South Asia Free Trade Agreement?
The South Asia Free Trade Agreement is an agreement reached at the 12th South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) summit at Islamabad, capital of Pakistan on 6 January 2004. It creates a framework for the creation of a free trade zone covering 1.4 billion people in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Bhutan and the Maldives.The seven foreign ministers of the region signed a framework agreement on SAFTA with zero customs duty on the trade of practically all products in the region by end 2012.
What is the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation?
The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, or SAARC, proposed by Ziaur Rahman, the then-president of Bangladesh, was established on December 8, 1985. SAARC is an association of eight countries of South Asia: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and most recently admitted, Afghanistan. These countries comprise an area of 5,127,500 km2 and a fifth of the world’s population. SAARC encourages cooperation in agriculture, rural development, science and technology, culture, health, population control, narcotics control and anti-terrorism. In 1993, SAARC countries signed an agreement to gradually lower tariffs within the region. Nine years later, at the 12th SAARC summit at Islamabad, SAARC countries devised the South Asia Free Trade Agreement which created a framework for the establishment of a free trade zone covering 1.4 billion people. This agreement went into force on January 1, 2006.
What is the Status Quo Approach to Foreign Policy?
The Status Quo Approach to Foreign Policy seeks to maintain the territorial, ideological, or power distribution of the state.
What is the Treaty on Open Skies?
The Treaty on Open Skies entered into force on January 1, 2002, and currently has 34 States Parties. It establishes a program of unarmed aerial surveillance flights over the entire territory of its participants. The treaty is designed to enhance mutual understanding and confidence by giving all participants, regardless of size, a direct role in gathering information about military forces and activities of concern to them. Open Skies is one of the most wide-ranging international efforts to date promoting openness and transparency of military forces and activities. The concept of “mutual aerial observation” was initially proposed by President Eisenhower in 1955; the treaty eventually signed was an initiative of President (and former Director of Central Intelligence) George H. W. Bush in 1989. Negotiated by the then-members of NATO and the Warsaw Pact, the agreement was signed in Helsinki, Finland, on March 24, 1992. The United States ratified it in 1993. The 34 States Parties to the Open Skies Treaty are: Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, United Kingdom, Ukraine, and United States.
What is the UN convention on the law of the sea?
Took effect in 1994. Establishes 12 mile barrier around nations, and 200 mile Exclusive Economic Zones. The us has signed, but not ratified it.
What is the Western European Union?
The Western European Union (WEU) is a partially dormant European defence and security organization, established on the basis of the Treaty of Brussels of 1948 with the accession of West Germany and Italy in 1954. Its two stated aims were: to afford assistance to each other inr sisting any policy of aggression, to promote unity and integration of Europe. Currently being merged into EU.
What is Unilateralism?
Unilaterialism is a state’s dependence on its own power to maxime security and achieve national interests.
What is World Government?
World Government is a theoretical power system in which all states would surrender their sovereignty and create a supranational state to govern the affairs of the entire world.
What is Xenophobia?
Xenophobia is the fear and distrust of foreigners and the policies and objectives of other states.
What is Zionism?
Zionism is a movement which promotes political, economic, financial, and military support for Israel.
What nations are still part of the British Commonwealth?
Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Canada, Grenada, Jamaica, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, the Soloman Islands, Tuvalu, the U.K.
What nations oppose the ICC?
US, China, Israel, Zimbabwe.
What natural resource does Azerbaijan mainly export?
OIL.
What region of the world receives the most immigrant visas to the US?
Latin America, then Asia, then Europe.
What was the “Velvet Divorce” ?
The Velvet Divorce is a journalistic term for the dissolution of the former country of Czechoslovakia into the nations of Slovakia and the Czech Republic, effective January 1, 1993. The term is used to liken this event to the Velvet Revolution of 1989 which led to the end of the rule of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia and the formation of a new, non-Communist government. The term itself did not catch on either in the Czech Republic, nor in Slovakia, but it is used by the international media.
What was the 1975 Helsinki Conference?
It founded the The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
What was The Antarctic Treaty?
The Antarctic Treaty and related agreements, collectively called the Antarctic Treaty System or ATS, regulate the international relations with respect to Antarctica, Earth’s only uninhabited continent. For the purposes of the treaty system, Antarctica is defined as all land and ice shelves south of the southern 60th parallel. The treaty was signed by 12 countries, including the Soviet Union and the United States, and set aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve, established freedom of scientific investigation and banned military activity on that continent. This was the first arms control agreement established during the Cold War. The main treaty was opened for signature on December 1, 1959, and officially entered into force on June 23, 1961.
What was the Conference for Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE)?
The organization was established in 1973 as the Conference for Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE). Talks had been mooted about a European security grouping since the 1950s but the Cold War prevented any substantial progress until the talks at Finlandia Hall in Helsinki began in November 1972. These talks were held at the suggestion of the Soviet Union which wished to use the talks to maintain its control over the communist countries in Eastern Europe. Western Europe, however, saw these talks as a way to reduce the tension in the region, furthering economic cooperation and obtaining humanitarian improvements for the populations of the Communist Bloc. The collapse of Communism required a change of role for the CSCE. The Charter of Paris for a New Europe which was signed on November 21, 1990 marked the beginning of this change. With the changes capped by the re-naming of the CSCE to the OSCE (Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe) on January 1, 1995.
What was the European Defence Community?
The European Defence Community (EDC) was a plan proposed by René Pleven, the French foreign minister at the time, in response to the American call for the rearmament of West Germany. Its intention was to form a pan-European defence force as an alternative to Germany’s proposed accession to NATO, meant to harness its military potential in case of conflict with the Soviet bloc. The plan included the countries of France, Germany, Italy, and the Benelux countries (Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxemburg). A treaty was signed in May 1952, but the plan never went into effect. Because of the failure to obtain a majority in the French Parliament, due to Gaullist fears that it threatened France’s national sovereignty, constitutional concerns about the indivisibility of the French Republic, and fears about Germany’s remilitarization, the EDC was never ratified and the initiative collapsed on the 30 of August, 1954.
What was the first treaty to recognize and regulate diplomacy?
The Congress of Vienna in 1815.
What was the Organisation of African Unity?
The Organisation of African Unity (OAU) or Organisation de l’Unité Africaine (OUA) was established on May 25, 1963. It was disbanded July 9, 2002 by its last chairman, South African Thabo Mbeki and replaced by the African Union. Its intended purpose was to promote the unity and solidarity of the African States and act as a collective voice for the continent. It was also dedicated to the eradication of colonialism and established a Liberation Committee to aid independence movements. Its headquarters were established at Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, at the invitation of its emperor, Haile Selassie I. The Charter of the Organisation was signed by 32 independent African states. At the time of its disbanding, 53 out of the 54 countries in Africa were members; Morocco left in 1985 following the admission of Western Sahara in 1982. Though widely derided as a bureaucratic “talking shop” with little power, Ghanaian United Nations secretary-general Kofi Annan praised the OAU for bringing Africans together. Nevertheless, in its 39 years of existence critics argue that the OAU did little to protect the rights and liberties of African citizens from their own political leaders, often dubbing it “The Dictators Club”.
What was the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)?
The Southeast Atlantic Treaty Organization (SEATO), also known as the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty or the Manila Pact, was an international organisation for defence collaboration established on September 8, 1954. The organization’s headquarters was located in Bangkok, Thailand. It was dissolved in 1977. Members: Australia, France, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, Great Britain, U.S.
What were the Helinski Accords?
The Helsinki Accords is the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe held in Helsinki in 1975 between the United States and Canada, the Soviet Union and the countries of Europe, including Turkey but not Albania and Andorra. The civil rights portion of the agreement provided the basis for the work of Helsinki Watch, an independent NGO created to monitor compliance to the Helsinki Accords (which evolved into several regional committees to finally form Human Rights Watch). While these provisions applied to all signatories the focus of attention was on their application to the Soviet Union and its associates, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Romania.
What were the results of Eisenhower’s 1955 “Open Skies” proposal?
At a Geneva Conference meeting with Soviet Premier Bulganin in 1955, President Eisenhower proposed that the United States and Soviet Union conduct surveillance overflights of each other’s territory to reassure each country that the other was not preparing to attack. The fears and suspicions of the Cold War led Soviet General Secretary Nikita Khruschev to reject Eisenhower’s proposal. Thirty-four years later, the Open Skies concept was reintroduced by President George H. W. Bush as a means to build confidence and security between all North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) and Warsaw Pact countries. In September 1989, an international Open Skies conference involving all NATO and Warsaw Pact countries opened in Ottawa, Canada. Subsequent rounds of negotiations over the next three years were held in Budapest, Hungary, Vienna, Austria, and Helsinki, Finland. On March 24, 1992, the Open Skies Treaty was signed in Helsinki by Secretary of State James Baker and foreign ministers from 23 other countries. The treaty entered into force on January 2, 2002, after Russia and Belarus completed ratification procedures.
What year did the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty take effect? What countries had nues then and now?
- U.S., U.K., China, Russia, France had them then. Today Israel, Pakistan, and India do also.
When was Mercosur founded?
In 1991. It is a trading block of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Venezuela and Bolivia will become members soon.
Where do the majority of UN troops come from?
Smaller countries. The top 5 troop donating nations are India, Nigeria, Jordan, Bangladesh, and Australia. The US is the top money donator to the UN, but it donates few troops.
Which African countries are not part of the African Union?
Only Morocco. The African Union (abbreviated AU) was founded in July 2002. The AU is a federation consisting of 53 states. It was formed as a successor to the amalgamated African Economic Community (AEC) and the Organisation of African Unity (OAU). Eventually, the AU aims to have a single currency and a single integrated defense force, as well as other institutions of state, including a cabinet for the AU Head of State. The purpose of the federation is to help secure Africa’s democracy, human rights and a sustainable economy, especially by bringing an end to intra-African conflict and creating an effective common market.
Who can participate in cases at the ICJ?
Cases can only be between states, both of whom have to accept the jurisdiction of the court to try the case.
Who is brazil’s biggest trading partner?
The US.
Who is Desmond Tutu?
A South African cleric and activist who rose to worldwide fame during the 1980s as an opponent of apartheid. Tutu was the first black South African Anglican Archbishop of Cape Town, South Africa. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1984.
Wilson Suffers Stroke
Oct. 3, 1919 – Wilson suffered a catastrophic, disabling stroke while campaigning for passage of the Versailles Treaty. The campaign was cut short and Wilson was never the same. This doomed any chance of passage of the treaty as Wilson, in this disabled state, withdrew from negotiations with Senate Republicans and refused to entertain any amendments to the treaty.
winner take all
another term for first past the post.
World Court (International Court of Justice)
The judicial arm of the UN; located in The Hague, it hears only cases between states.
world government
A centralized world governing body with strong enforcement powers.
World Health Organization (WHO)
Based in Geneva, it provides technical assistance to improve health conditions in the third world and conducts major immunization campaigns.
WTO
World Trade Organization - the organization that replaced GATT as an organization and now implements it as a treaty.
Yalta
Feb. 1945 – Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met face-to-face at Yalta in the U.S.S.R. to plan for the end of World War II. It was at this conference that Churchill and Roosevelt agreed to the Soviet occupation of much of Eastern Europe. Although the agreements provided for eventual free elections in the countries of Eastern Europe, the Soviets did not comply with that portion of the agreement.
Yom Kippur War
1973: Egypt & Syria attacked Israel. No changes in territory.
Young Plan
1930 – program for settlement of German reparations debts after World War I. Under the previous Dawes plan (1924), it became apparent that Germany could not meet the huge annual payments, especially over an indefinite period of time. The Young Plan – which set the total reparations at $26,350,000,000 to be paid over a period of 581/2 years –was thus adopted by the Allied Powers in 1930,
Your boys are not going to be sent into any foreign wars.â€
1940 – Franklin Roosevelt campaign promise of 1940, though he had already begun some preparations for war.
zero-sum games
a two-person, two-sided game in which one player’s loss is the other player’s gain in equal measure.
Zionism
The belief that Jews are a nation and that they should have an independent homeland.
balance of terror
A balance of power between nations with nuclear weapons. MAD.
Balkanization
Division of a place or country into several small political units, often unfriendly to one another.
Banana republics
Term describing any of several small nations in Latin American that have economies based on a few agricultural crops.
brinkmanship
Policy of a nation that pushes a dangerous situation to the limits of safety before pulling back.
Budestag
Lower house in Germany.
Chauvinism
Exaggerated belief in the supremecy of one’s nation.
Civil disobedience
The refusal to obey a lay out of a belief that the law is morally wrong. David Thoreau, Ghandi, Martin Luther King.
Coalition
an alliance of political groups formed to oppose a common foe or pursue a common goal.
Confederation
A group of nations or states in which the component states retain considerable independence.
Consent of the governed
A condition urged by many as a requirement for a legitimate government.
constitutional monarchy
a form of national government in which the power of the monarch is restricted by a parliament, by law or by custom.
Court of St. James
Royal court of Britain.
Demagogue
A politician who seeks to win and hold office by appeals to mass prejudice.
Democracy
A system of government in which power is vested in the people, who rule either directly or through freely elected representatives.
Despotism
Unlimited political rule by one person.
détente
A period of lessening tension between two major national powers or a policy designed to lesson that tension.
Dictatorship
Government by a singl person or bya junta or other group that is not responsible to thepeople or their elected representatives.
dissidents
Persons who refuse to conform to prevailing political and social values.
escalation
An increase in the intensity of geographic scope of a war or diplomatic confrontation.
Established church
A religious denomination that received financial and other support from the government.
expatriation.
Voluntary departure from the nation of one’s birth for permanent or prolonged residence in another nation.
Extradition
Legal process by whih one government may obtain custody of individuals from another government in order to put them on trial.
general strike
a strike of all the workers in a nation or area.
Gulag
a system of prison camps inside the former Soviety Union used for political prisoners. Under Stalin millions died in these camps.
gypsies
a nomadic people who originated in the region between India and Iran who migrated to Europe in the 14th century.
International Court of Justice
A division of the UN that settles legal disputes submitted to it by member nations. Also called the World Court or the Hague.
Jingoism
Extreme and emotional nationalism, often characterized by an aggressive foreign policy, accompanied by an eagerness to wage war.
John Bull
the UK uncle sam
Legitimate government
A government generally acknolwedged as being in control of a nation and deserving formal recognition by other countries.
National liberation movements
Movements that arise in developing nations to expel colonial powers.
Ombudsman
An official appointed by a government or other organization to investigate complains against people in authority.
plebiscite
a vote of an entier nation or other large political unit on an issue of great importance.
plutocracy
government by the rich.
Pogram
Massacre or persecution instigated by the government against a minority group, especially Jews.
protectorate
a relationship between a strong sovereign nation and a weak one. The strong then controls the weak.
Rapprochement
a closer approach of two groups to each other. A reconciliation
recognition
In diplomacy, the act by which one nation acknowledges that a foreign government is a legitimate government.
rehabilitation
The restoration to favor of a political leader whose views or actions were formally considered unacceptable.
Reparation
compensation demanded by a victorious nation from a defeated nation.
reprisal
An act by which a nation seeks, short of war, to redress a wrong committed against it another nation.
Sedition
Acts that incite rebellion or civil disorder against an established government.
Sinn Fein
An Irish political party that has long combatted Britains’ influence in Ireland
Trotskyism
Believed that communish should depend on cooperation amonst all nations, not domination by the Soviet Union. Opposed by Stalin.
The line below the “TO:” line is called what?
Subject
What top-level domain is assigned to government organizations in the US?
.gov
What top-level domain is assigned to colleges and universities in the US?
.edu
What top-level domain is assigned to most Canadian companies and organizations?
.ca
What top-level domain is assigned to most French companies and organizations?
.fr
What top-level domain is assigned to non-profit organizations?
.org
What top-level domain is assigned to the Department of Army?
.mil
A .xls extension indicates what kind of file?
spreadsheet
What is a program or piece of code that is loaded onto your computer without your knowledge and runs against your wishes?
virus
Files that are sent along with an email message are called?
attachments
What function do you use to automatically insert data from an xcel file to a word document?
Mail merge wizard
What top-level domain is assigned to most British companies and organizations?
.uk
Is www.whitehouse.com a government site?
No, it’s a porn site.
In Xcel, what function allows you to automatically list data in alphabetical order?
Data: Sort
An element in an electronic document that links to another place in the same document or to an entirely different document is called what?
hyperlink
What does it mean to backup your files regularly?
To copy files to a second medium (a disk or tape) as a precaution in case the first medium fails.
What top-level domain is assigned to network organizaitons?
.net
What is a domain name?
A name that identifies one or more IP addresses.
Why is broadcasting a useful feature in e-mail systems?
It allows you to simultaneously send the same message to multiple recipients.
In order to protect your Word file so that no one can change the content when shared, you must save the file as what?
read-only
10Âroles involved in mgmt
interpersonal (figurehead, leader, liaison), informational (monitor, desseminator, spokesperson), decisional (entrepreneur, distrubance handler, resource-allocator, negotiator)
3 levels of mgmt
top (upper) - president, chief executive; middle - district manger, base commander; first-line (lower-level, front-line, supervisory) - foreman, head nurse
3 phases of decision-making
intelligence (gathering knowledge leading to an understanding of what decision will have to be made, etc.), design (alternative courses of actions are invented), choice (actual decision is made)
3 skills involved in mgmt
technical, interpersonal, conceptual
4 functions of managers
planning, organizing, leading, and controlling
5 management process functions
planning, organizing, staffing, directing and
controlling
5 Types of managers
line, staff, functional, general, and administrators
- McCellands Theory Achievement:
the desire to excel or achieve in relation to a set of standards
- McCellands Theory power
the desire to control overs and have influence over them.
8 Key Results Areas
market share, productivity, profitability, innovation, resources, worker performance and morale, manager performance and development, social responsibilities
Absolute comparisons
a process in which each criterion is compared to a standard or ranked on its own merits
Accommodative strategy
a social responsiveness strategy in which a company accepts responsibility for a problem and does all the society expects to solve that problem
Action plan
the specific steps, people, and resources needed to accomplish a goal
Activity in control process
Establishing performance standers, Measuring performance, Comparing measured performance to established standers, Talking corrective actions
Administrative Principles
Foresight, Organization, Command, Coordination, Control
Administrators
work in public and nonprofit organizations.
Advocacy groups
groups of concerned citizens who band together to try to influence the business practices of specific industries, businsesses and professions
After the fact controls
Current policies and procedures may prescribe corrective actions. Corrective action may call for exceptions to prescribed modes of behavior – doing whatever it takes to solve the problem may require empowering employees to use their imitative, discretion and good judgment to craft a unique of creative solution. Correction may be under automatic controls; check that these controls are not malfunctioning .
application blank
any form on which the employer asks the candidate to provide info
arbitration
a dispute resolution procedure in which an independent third party decides and recommends how the disagreement should be resolved
A-type Conflict (affective)
disagreement that focusses on individual or personal issues
Autocratic Leaders
Directive leaders who prefer to make decisions and solve problems on their own with little input from subordinates.
autocratic leadership style
when a leader does not take advice from subbordinates
Autocratic Style
A leader who tended to centralize authority, dictate work methods, make unilateral decisions, and limit employee participation
Balance Sheet
546 A plan and control for the receipt and spending of income over a fixed period Assests= liabilities + shareholders equity
behavior modification
application to problems of industrial mgmtÂof the reinforcement theory
Behavioral addiction
the process of having managers and employees perform new behaviors that are central to symbolic of the new organizational culture a company wants to create
behavioral approach
focus on what effective leaders did - how they behaved
Behavioral substitution
the process of having managers and employees perform new behaviors central to the new organizational cutlrure in place of behaviors that were central to the old organizational culture
Behavioral Theories
Leadership theories that identified behaviors that differentiated effective leaders from ineffective leader
Bona Fide Occupational Qualifications (BFOQ)
Ârequires job candidate’s race, color, etc. may not be considered or asked about in the hiring process unless legitimately related to job
bounded rationalityÂ
real-world decision-maker has his thinking limited by such things as societal and organizational norms and impracticality of obtaining all possible info about problem or alternatives
Brainstorming
a decision-making method in which group members build on each others’ ideas and generate many alternative solutions
budget
single-use plan - plan for use of resources (usu. along w/ expected results stated in quantitative terms)
Budgeting
quantitative planning trough which mangers decide how to allocate available money to best accomplish company goals
Bureaucracy
the exercise of control on the basis of knowledge, expertise, or experience
bureaucracy theory - 3 kinds of authority
traditional (the way it’s always been done); charismatic (leader has magnetism); rational-legal (based on expertise, training, experience)
Bureaucratic Organization
Bureaucracy: An ideal, intentionally rational, and very efficient form of organization. Based on principles of logic, order, and legitimate authority.
Business confidence indices
indices that show managers’ level of confidence about future business growth
Buyers dependence
the degree to which a supplier relies on a buyer because of the importance of that buyer to supplier and the difficulty of finding other buyers for it products
Characteristic of org information
information Data that have been deliberately selected, processed, and organized to be useful to an individual manager
Characteristics of a leader
guide, direct, persuade, coach, counsel and inspire others
Characteristics of bureaucratic organizations:
NAME?
Characteristics of multicultural organizations:
Pluralism, Structural integration, Informal network integration, Absence of prejudice and discrimination, Minimum intergroup conflict.
Charismatic leader
An leader whose personality and actions influence people to behave in certain ways
Chester Barnard
saw organization as open system
Chief information officer
the person over a group that is centralized IS serving the entire organization’s needs placed under the control of a top-level manager and link them to top for control , coordination, and guidance.
Child labor
full-time employment of children for work otherwise done by adults.
Civil Rights Act of 1964 (part of EEO)
major piece of the structure of civil rights and EEO legislation; see Title VII.
Classical (administrative) Mgmt
Frenchman Henri Fayol “father of modern mgmt”, first to distinguish the functions of mgmt, developed 14 principles of mgmt
Closed systems
systems that can sustain themselves without interacting with their environment
closed systemsÂ
one you can analyze as though it is in a black box w/ impenetrable boundaries
coercive power
based on ability to inflict punishment or deprive others of something valued
Cognitive maps
graphic depictions of how mangers believe environmental factors relate to possible organizational actions
collective attitudes
The attitudes workers have about their work life and their work life.
Command
to lead, select, and evaluate workers to get the best work toward the plan.
Companies achieve competitive advantage by:
Products, Pricing, Customer service, Cost efficiency, Quality
Company vision
a business;s purpose or reason for existing
Competitive advantage
a core competency that clearly sets an organization apart from competitors and gives it an advantage over them in the marketplace.
Competitive analysis
is a process for monitoring the competition that involves identifying competition, anticipating their moves, and determining their strengths and weaknesses
