FSOT Master 14 Flashcards
What is Liberal Nationalism?
Liberal Nationalism is the aspiration of a group to achieve statehood based on popular sovereignty. It emphasizes freedom from foreign domination.
What is National Self-Determination?
National Self-Determination is the idea that a group of people who consider themselves seperate and distinct from others have the right to determine the state in which they will live and the form of government it will have.
What is Nationalism?
Nationalism is the popular will that seeks to preserve the identity of a gropu by institutionalizing it in the form of a state.
What is Power?
Power is influence and control excercised by one nation over others.
What is the Andean community?
A trade bloc comprising the South American countries of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela. The trade bloc was formerly called the Andean Pact and came into existence with the signing of the Cartagena Agreement in 1969. Its headquarters are located in Lima, Peru. The Andean Community has 120 million inhabitants living in an area of 4,700,000 square kilometers, whose Gross Domestic Product amounted to US$260 billion in 2002. The Andean Community together with Mercosur comprises the two main trading blocs of South America. In 1999 these organizations began negotiating a merger with a view to creating a South American Free Trade Area (SAFTA). On December 8, 2004 it signed a cooperation agreement with Mercosur and they published a joint letter of intention for future negotiations towards integrating all of South America in the context of the South American Community of Nations, patterned after the European Union.
What is the Asian Development Bank?
The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is a multilateral development finance institution dedicated to reducing poverty in Asia and the Pacific. It was founded in 1966 with 31 members states and has now grown to include 64, including the US, many europen nations, and all asian nations, including the stans. Headquartered in Philippines.
What is the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)?
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is a political, economic, and cultural organization of countries located in Southeast Asia. Formed on August 8, 1967, by Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and the Philippines, as a non-provocative display of solidarity against communist expansion in Vietnam and insurgency within their own borders. Following the Bali Summit of 1976, the organization embarked on a programme of economic cooperation, which floundered in the mid-1980’s only to be revived around a 1991 Thai proposal for a regional “free trade area”.
What is the Belgium War Crimes Law?
Belgium’s War Crimes Law invokes the concept of universal jurisdiction to allow anyone to bring war crime charges in Belgian courts, regardless of where the alleged crimes have taken place. The law took effect in 1993 and was expanded the following year after 10 Belgian soldiers were killed in Rwanda. The law reached prominence after the Rwandan Genocide. According to the Washington Post, the process of prosecution of Rwandans in Belgium for crimes committed in the violence were set in motion by Martine Beckers, a Brussels resident, whose sister Claire called her to tell her of being attacked by soldiers, who soon after killed her, her family, and 10 other villagers who were unable to reach a United Nations peacekeepers’ compound.
What is the Central American Common Market?
The Central American Common Market (abbreviated CACM - in Spanish: Mercado Común Centroamericano, abbreviated MCCA) is an economic trade organization between five nations of Central America. It was established on December 13, 1960 between the nations of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua in a conference in Managua. These nations ratified the treaties of membership the following year. Costa Rica joined the CACM in 1963. The organization collapsed in 1969 with the Football War between Honduras and El Salvador, but was then reinstated in 1991. The CACM has succeeded in removing duties on most products moving among the member countries, and has largely unified external tariffs and increased trade within the member nations. However, it has not achieved the further goals of greater economic and political unification that were hoped for at the organization’s founding, mainly caused by the CACM’s inability and lack of reliable means to settle trade disputes. With the proposal of the Free Trade Area of the Americas, it is possible that this new organization will replace the CACM.
What is the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)?
The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) is a confederation, or alliance, consisting of 11 former Soviet Republics: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. Turkmenistan discontinued permanent membership as of August 26, 2005 and is now an associate member. The creation of CIS signaled the dissolution of the Soviet Union and, according to leaders of Russia, its purpose was to “allow a civilized divorce” between the Soviet Republics. However, many observers have seen the CIS as a tool that would allow Russia to keep its influence over the post-Soviet states. Since its formation, the member-states of CIS have signed a large number of documents concerning integration and cooperation on matters of economics, defense and foreign policy.
What is the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf?
The Cooperation Council of the Arab States of the Gulf, formerly named and still commonly called Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) is a regional organization involving the six Persian Gulf Arab States with many economic and social objectives in mind. Created May 25, 1981, the Council is comprised of Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.
What is the Council of Europe?
The Council of Europe is an international organisation of 46 member states in the European region. The seat of the Council of Europe is in Strasbourg on the Franco-German border. Membership is open to all European states which accept the principle of the rule of law and guarantee fundamental human rights and freedoms to their citizens. One of the main successes of the Council was the European Convention on Human Rights in 1950, which serves as the basis for the European Court of Human Rights. The Council of Europe is not to be confused with the Council of the European Union or the European Council, as it is a separate organisation and not part of the European Union. The Council of Europe was founded following a speech given by Winston Churchill at the University of Zurich on 19 September 1946 calling for a “United States of Europe”, similar to the United States of America, in the wake of the events of World War II. The Council was officially founded on 5 May 1949 by the Treaty of London agreed to by the ten original members. This treaty is now known as the Statute of the Council of Europe.
What is the difference between the ICC and the ICJ in the Hague?
The International Criminal Court is a permanant war crimes tribunal. The International Court of Justice rules on disputes between states.
What is the difference between Unitary and federal systems of government?
The unitary system gives the main powers to the central government. State, provincial, and local governments are all created by the central government. The non-central governments have only the powers that are appointed by the central government. Countries such as France, Italy, Japan, and the United Kingdom, along with other democratic nations use the unitary system of government. Although, not every country uses the same rules in the centralization and decentralization of powers. China, North Korea, Cuba, and other Communist-based governments have unitary systems too. Unlike the unitary system, the federal system develops when a number of states or providences federate, or form a union, eventually in order to establish a nation. In a government using the federal system, the powers of the governments are jointly shared between the central government and the more local (or regional) governments (state, providential, district, etc.). Both of the national and regional governments are directly tied to the people, who are the source of a democratic government’s authority. The United States and Canada have federal systems. Other countries that use the federal plan include Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Germany, India, Mexico, and Switzerland. It is more difficult for nation-wide communism or totalitarianism to exist in a Federation, for true federalism requires decentralization and cannot coexist with totalitarianism.
What is the Eurasian Economic Community?
The Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC or EAEC) was put into motion on 10 October 2000 when Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan signed the treaty. EurAsEC was formally created when the treaty was finally ratified by all five member states in May 2001. EurAsEC grew out of the CIS Customs Union. All the members of EurAsEC are also members of the older Commonwealth of Independent States and the relationship between the two organisations is ambiguous.
What is the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council?
The Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC) is a NATO organization, a multilateral forum created to improve relations between NATO and non-NATO countries in Europe and those parts of Asia on the European pheriphary. The member states meet to cooperate and consult on a range of political and security issues. It was formed on May 29, 1997 as the successor to the North Atlantic Cooperation Council (NACC).
What is the Euro-Mediterranean free trade area?
The Euro-Mediterranean free trade area (EU-MEFTA) is based on the Barcelona Process and European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP). The Barcelona Process, developed after the Barcelona Conference in successive annual meetings, is a set of goals designed to lead to a free trade area in the Middle East by 2010. Eventually it will integrate free trade with the EU.
What is the european Common Agricultural Policy?
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is a system of European Union agricultural subsidies which represents about 44% of the EU’s budget (€43 billion scheduled spend for 2005 [1]). These subsidies work by guaranteeing a minimum price to producers and by direct payment of a subsidy for crops planted. This provides some economic certainty for EU farmers and production of a certain quantity of agricultural goods. Reforms of the system are currently underway including a phased transfer of subsidy to land stewardship rather than specific crop production from 2005 to 2012. The OECD countries’ total agricultural subsidies amount to more than the GDP of the whole of Africa. CAP price intervention causes artificially high food prices throughout the EU. Some have suggested that Europeans pay about 25% higher prices for food than they would without the CAP.
What is the European Investment Bank?
It is the EU’s financing institution, founded in 1957. Located in Luxembourg, its goal is to further the economic goals and carry out the agreements of the EU within, and with other nations.
What is the goal of Sinn Fein?
To unite Ireland and kick out the british. The IRA is Sinn Fein’s militant wing.
What is the Idealist Approach to Foreign Policy?
The Idealist approach assumes that a foreign policy based on morals, legal codes, and international norms is the most effective foreign policy because it encourages unity and cooperation among states rather than competition and conflict.
What is the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights?
The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (the IACHR or, in the three other official languages – Spanish, French, and Portuguese – CIDH) is one of the two bodies that comprise the inter-American system for the promotion and protection of human rights.
What is the Inter-American Court of Human Rights?
The Inter-American Court of Human Rights is an autonomous judicial institution based in the city of San José, Costa Rica. Together with the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, it makes up the human rights protection system of the Organization of American States (OAS), which serves to uphold and promote basic rights and freedoms in the Americas.
What is the International Labour Organization (ILO)?
A specialized agency of the United Nations to deal with labour issues. Its headquarters are in Geneva, Switzerland. Founded in 1919, it was formed through the negotiations of the Treaty of Versailles, and was initially an agency of the League of Nations. It became a UN body after the demise of the League and the formation of the UN at the end of World War II. The organization seeks to strengthen worker rights, improve working conditions and living conditions, create employment, and provide information and training opportunities.
What is the Latin American Integration Association?
A Latin American trade integration association, based in Montevideo. Its main objective is the establishment of a common market, in pursuit of the economic and social development of the region. Its members are Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Cuba, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela. It is the successor to LAFTA.
What is the OECD?
An international organisation of those developed countries that accept the principles of representative democracy and a free market economy. It originated in 1948 as the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC), to help administer the Marshall Plan for the re-construction of Europe after World War II. Later its membership was extended to non-European states, and in 1961 it was reformed into the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Members include most of rich european nations, Japan, South Korea, Australia, NAFTA members, and Turkey. It is based in Paris.
What is the oldest ongoing country in the world?
China.
What is the Open skies agreement?
The term open skies refers to either to a bilateral or multilateral Air Transport Agreement which: liberalises the rules for international aviation markets and minimises government intervention — the provisions apply to passenger, all-cargo and combination air transportation and encompass both scheduled and charter services; or adjusts the regime under which military and other state-based flights may be permitted.
What is the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe?
The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) is an international organization for security. In its region, it is concerned with early warning, conflict prevention, crisis management and post-conflict rehabilitation. The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe has 55 participating states from Europe, the Mediterranean, the Caucasus, Central Asia and North America. The OSCE’s Secretariat (headquarters) is located in Vienna, Austria. The Organization also has offices in Copenhagen, Geneva, The Hague, Prague and Warsaw. The organization was established in 1973 as the Conference for Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE).
What is the Organization of American States?
The Organization of American States (OAS; OEA in the other three official languages) is an international organization, headquartered in Washington, D.C., United States. Its members are the 35 independent nations of the Americas. Founded in 1948. Members include every free nation in the western hemisphere, except cuba, which is suspended. From its creation up until, at the least, the mid-1980s, the OAS was a frequent target for critics, particularly those on the left of the political spectrum, who accused it of being a mere arm of U.S. foreign policy – “Washington’s colonial office”, it was scornfully labeled (this is sometimes attributed to Fidel Castro, but is not verified; see [5]). This interpretation was borne out by the alacrity with which the Organization moved, at Washington’s bidding, to expel Cuba in 1962; in contrast, the OAS never took steps to suspend the membership of the various dictatorships that emerged in the 1970s and 1980s and were disrepectful of human rights and democracy – Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Guatemala – but that differed from Cuba in their political orientation. The return to democracy that took place in the 1980s and 1990s saw the emergence of new trends within the OAS. The Organization’s new direction has taken it into areas of greater direct relevance to the peoples of the continent: for example, its highly successful demining programs in Central America and the Andean region. Perhaps more importantly, the Organization’s other member states (particularly the South Americans) now appear to be reasserting their political independence and assuming positions that are much less subservient to U.S. interests.
What is the Pacific Islands Forum?
The Pacific Islands Forum is an inter-governmental consultative organ which aims to enhance cooperation between the independent countries of the Pacific Ocean and represent their interests. It was founded in 1971 as the South Pacific Forum; the name was changed in 2000 to better reflect the correct geographic locations of its member states both in the north and south Pacific. Member states are: Australia, the Cook Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Kiribati, the Marshall Islands, Nauru, New Zealand, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, the Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu.
What is the PLO?
The PLO is a political and military organization that claims to represent the interests of the Palestinian people in their opposition of Israel and quest for a homeland.
What is the Revisionist Approach to Foreign Policy?
A Revisionst approach to foreign policy seeks to alter territorial, ideological, or power distribution to the state’s advantage.
What is the South American Community of Nations?
will be a continent-wide free trade zone that will unite two existing free-trade organizations—Mercosur and the Andean Community—eliminating tariffs for non-sensitive products by 2014 and sensitive products by 2019. The headquarters of this new organization will be in Lima while the South American Bank will be in Brasilia according to the agreements during the meetings. Complete integration between the Andean Community and Mercosur into the South American Community of Nations is expected by 2007. At the Third South American Summit, on 8 December 2004, presidents or representatives from twelve South American nations signed the Cuzco Declaration, a two-page statement of intent, announcing the foundation of the South American Community. Panama attended the signing ceremony as observer. Leaders announced their intention to model the new community after the European Union, including a common currency, parliament, and passport. According to Allan Wagner, Secretary General of the Andean Community, a complete union like that of the EU should be possible by 2019.
What is the South Asia Free Trade Agreement?
The South Asia Free Trade Agreement is an agreement reached at the 12th South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) summit at Islamabad, capital of Pakistan on 6 January 2004. It creates a framework for the creation of a free trade zone covering 1.4 billion people in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Bhutan and the Maldives.The seven foreign ministers of the region signed a framework agreement on SAFTA with zero customs duty on the trade of practically all products in the region by end 2012.
What is the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation?
The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, or SAARC, proposed by Ziaur Rahman, the then-president of Bangladesh, was established on December 8, 1985. SAARC is an association of eight countries of South Asia: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and most recently admitted, Afghanistan. These countries comprise an area of 5,127,500 km2 and a fifth of the world’s population. SAARC encourages cooperation in agriculture, rural development, science and technology, culture, health, population control, narcotics control and anti-terrorism. In 1993, SAARC countries signed an agreement to gradually lower tariffs within the region. Nine years later, at the 12th SAARC summit at Islamabad, SAARC countries devised the South Asia Free Trade Agreement which created a framework for the establishment of a free trade zone covering 1.4 billion people. This agreement went into force on January 1, 2006.
What is the Status Quo Approach to Foreign Policy?
The Status Quo Approach to Foreign Policy seeks to maintain the territorial, ideological, or power distribution of the state.
What is the Treaty on Open Skies?
The Treaty on Open Skies entered into force on January 1, 2002, and currently has 34 States Parties. It establishes a program of unarmed aerial surveillance flights over the entire territory of its participants. The treaty is designed to enhance mutual understanding and confidence by giving all participants, regardless of size, a direct role in gathering information about military forces and activities of concern to them. Open Skies is one of the most wide-ranging international efforts to date promoting openness and transparency of military forces and activities. The concept of “mutual aerial observation” was initially proposed by President Eisenhower in 1955; the treaty eventually signed was an initiative of President (and former Director of Central Intelligence) George H. W. Bush in 1989. Negotiated by the then-members of NATO and the Warsaw Pact, the agreement was signed in Helsinki, Finland, on March 24, 1992. The United States ratified it in 1993. The 34 States Parties to the Open Skies Treaty are: Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, United Kingdom, Ukraine, and United States.
What is the UN convention on the law of the sea?
Took effect in 1994. Establishes 12 mile barrier around nations, and 200 mile Exclusive Economic Zones. The us has signed, but not ratified it.
What is the Western European Union?
The Western European Union (WEU) is a partially dormant European defence and security organization, established on the basis of the Treaty of Brussels of 1948 with the accession of West Germany and Italy in 1954. Its two stated aims were: to afford assistance to each other inr sisting any policy of aggression, to promote unity and integration of Europe. Currently being merged into EU.
What is Unilateralism?
Unilaterialism is a state’s dependence on its own power to maxime security and achieve national interests.
What is World Government?
World Government is a theoretical power system in which all states would surrender their sovereignty and create a supranational state to govern the affairs of the entire world.
What is Xenophobia?
Xenophobia is the fear and distrust of foreigners and the policies and objectives of other states.
What is Zionism?
Zionism is a movement which promotes political, economic, financial, and military support for Israel.
What nations are still part of the British Commonwealth?
Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Canada, Grenada, Jamaica, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, the Soloman Islands, Tuvalu, the U.K.
What nations oppose the ICC?
US, China, Israel, Zimbabwe.
What natural resource does Azerbaijan mainly export?
OIL.
What region of the world receives the most immigrant visas to the US?
Latin America, then Asia, then Europe.
What was the “Velvet Divorce” ?
The Velvet Divorce is a journalistic term for the dissolution of the former country of Czechoslovakia into the nations of Slovakia and the Czech Republic, effective January 1, 1993. The term is used to liken this event to the Velvet Revolution of 1989 which led to the end of the rule of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia and the formation of a new, non-Communist government. The term itself did not catch on either in the Czech Republic, nor in Slovakia, but it is used by the international media.
What was the 1975 Helsinki Conference?
It founded the The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
What was The Antarctic Treaty?
The Antarctic Treaty and related agreements, collectively called the Antarctic Treaty System or ATS, regulate the international relations with respect to Antarctica, Earth’s only uninhabited continent. For the purposes of the treaty system, Antarctica is defined as all land and ice shelves south of the southern 60th parallel. The treaty was signed by 12 countries, including the Soviet Union and the United States, and set aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve, established freedom of scientific investigation and banned military activity on that continent. This was the first arms control agreement established during the Cold War. The main treaty was opened for signature on December 1, 1959, and officially entered into force on June 23, 1961.
What was the Conference for Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE)?
The organization was established in 1973 as the Conference for Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE). Talks had been mooted about a European security grouping since the 1950s but the Cold War prevented any substantial progress until the talks at Finlandia Hall in Helsinki began in November 1972. These talks were held at the suggestion of the Soviet Union which wished to use the talks to maintain its control over the communist countries in Eastern Europe. Western Europe, however, saw these talks as a way to reduce the tension in the region, furthering economic cooperation and obtaining humanitarian improvements for the populations of the Communist Bloc. The collapse of Communism required a change of role for the CSCE. The Charter of Paris for a New Europe which was signed on November 21, 1990 marked the beginning of this change. With the changes capped by the re-naming of the CSCE to the OSCE (Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe) on January 1, 1995.
What was the European Defence Community?
The European Defence Community (EDC) was a plan proposed by René Pleven, the French foreign minister at the time, in response to the American call for the rearmament of West Germany. Its intention was to form a pan-European defence force as an alternative to Germany’s proposed accession to NATO, meant to harness its military potential in case of conflict with the Soviet bloc. The plan included the countries of France, Germany, Italy, and the Benelux countries (Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxemburg). A treaty was signed in May 1952, but the plan never went into effect. Because of the failure to obtain a majority in the French Parliament, due to Gaullist fears that it threatened France’s national sovereignty, constitutional concerns about the indivisibility of the French Republic, and fears about Germany’s remilitarization, the EDC was never ratified and the initiative collapsed on the 30 of August, 1954.
What was the first treaty to recognize and regulate diplomacy?
The Congress of Vienna in 1815.
What was the Organisation of African Unity?
The Organisation of African Unity (OAU) or Organisation de l’Unité Africaine (OUA) was established on May 25, 1963. It was disbanded July 9, 2002 by its last chairman, South African Thabo Mbeki and replaced by the African Union. Its intended purpose was to promote the unity and solidarity of the African States and act as a collective voice for the continent. It was also dedicated to the eradication of colonialism and established a Liberation Committee to aid independence movements. Its headquarters were established at Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, at the invitation of its emperor, Haile Selassie I. The Charter of the Organisation was signed by 32 independent African states. At the time of its disbanding, 53 out of the 54 countries in Africa were members; Morocco left in 1985 following the admission of Western Sahara in 1982. Though widely derided as a bureaucratic “talking shop” with little power, Ghanaian United Nations secretary-general Kofi Annan praised the OAU for bringing Africans together. Nevertheless, in its 39 years of existence critics argue that the OAU did little to protect the rights and liberties of African citizens from their own political leaders, often dubbing it “The Dictators Club”.
What was the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)?
The Southeast Atlantic Treaty Organization (SEATO), also known as the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty or the Manila Pact, was an international organisation for defence collaboration established on September 8, 1954. The organization’s headquarters was located in Bangkok, Thailand. It was dissolved in 1977. Members: Australia, France, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, Great Britain, U.S.
What were the Helinski Accords?
The Helsinki Accords is the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe held in Helsinki in 1975 between the United States and Canada, the Soviet Union and the countries of Europe, including Turkey but not Albania and Andorra. The civil rights portion of the agreement provided the basis for the work of Helsinki Watch, an independent NGO created to monitor compliance to the Helsinki Accords (which evolved into several regional committees to finally form Human Rights Watch). While these provisions applied to all signatories the focus of attention was on their application to the Soviet Union and its associates, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Romania.
What were the results of Eisenhower’s 1955 “Open Skies” proposal?
At a Geneva Conference meeting with Soviet Premier Bulganin in 1955, President Eisenhower proposed that the United States and Soviet Union conduct surveillance overflights of each other’s territory to reassure each country that the other was not preparing to attack. The fears and suspicions of the Cold War led Soviet General Secretary Nikita Khruschev to reject Eisenhower’s proposal. Thirty-four years later, the Open Skies concept was reintroduced by President George H. W. Bush as a means to build confidence and security between all North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) and Warsaw Pact countries. In September 1989, an international Open Skies conference involving all NATO and Warsaw Pact countries opened in Ottawa, Canada. Subsequent rounds of negotiations over the next three years were held in Budapest, Hungary, Vienna, Austria, and Helsinki, Finland. On March 24, 1992, the Open Skies Treaty was signed in Helsinki by Secretary of State James Baker and foreign ministers from 23 other countries. The treaty entered into force on January 2, 2002, after Russia and Belarus completed ratification procedures.
What year did the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty take effect? What countries had nues then and now?
- U.S., U.K., China, Russia, France had them then. Today Israel, Pakistan, and India do also.
When was Mercosur founded?
In 1991. It is a trading block of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Venezuela and Bolivia will become members soon.
Where do the majority of UN troops come from?
Smaller countries. The top 5 troop donating nations are India, Nigeria, Jordan, Bangladesh, and Australia. The US is the top money donator to the UN, but it donates few troops.
Which African countries are not part of the African Union?
Only Morocco. The African Union (abbreviated AU) was founded in July 2002. The AU is a federation consisting of 53 states. It was formed as a successor to the amalgamated African Economic Community (AEC) and the Organisation of African Unity (OAU). Eventually, the AU aims to have a single currency and a single integrated defense force, as well as other institutions of state, including a cabinet for the AU Head of State. The purpose of the federation is to help secure Africa’s democracy, human rights and a sustainable economy, especially by bringing an end to intra-African conflict and creating an effective common market.
Who can participate in cases at the ICJ?
Cases can only be between states, both of whom have to accept the jurisdiction of the court to try the case.
Who is brazil’s biggest trading partner?
The US.
Who is Desmond Tutu?
A South African cleric and activist who rose to worldwide fame during the 1980s as an opponent of apartheid. Tutu was the first black South African Anglican Archbishop of Cape Town, South Africa. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1984.
Wilson Suffers Stroke
Oct. 3, 1919 – Wilson suffered a catastrophic, disabling stroke while campaigning for passage of the Versailles Treaty. The campaign was cut short and Wilson was never the same. This doomed any chance of passage of the treaty as Wilson, in this disabled state, withdrew from negotiations with Senate Republicans and refused to entertain any amendments to the treaty.
winner take all
another term for first past the post.
World Court (International Court of Justice)
The judicial arm of the UN; located in The Hague, it hears only cases between states.
world government
A centralized world governing body with strong enforcement powers.
World Health Organization (WHO)
Based in Geneva, it provides technical assistance to improve health conditions in the third world and conducts major immunization campaigns.
WTO
World Trade Organization - the organization that replaced GATT as an organization and now implements it as a treaty.
Yalta
Feb. 1945 – Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met face-to-face at Yalta in the U.S.S.R. to plan for the end of World War II. It was at this conference that Churchill and Roosevelt agreed to the Soviet occupation of much of Eastern Europe. Although the agreements provided for eventual free elections in the countries of Eastern Europe, the Soviets did not comply with that portion of the agreement.
Yom Kippur War
1973: Egypt & Syria attacked Israel. No changes in territory.
Young Plan
1930 – program for settlement of German reparations debts after World War I. Under the previous Dawes plan (1924), it became apparent that Germany could not meet the huge annual payments, especially over an indefinite period of time. The Young Plan – which set the total reparations at $26,350,000,000 to be paid over a period of 581/2 years –was thus adopted by the Allied Powers in 1930,
Your boys are not going to be sent into any foreign wars.â€
1940 – Franklin Roosevelt campaign promise of 1940, though he had already begun some preparations for war.
zero-sum games
a two-person, two-sided game in which one player’s loss is the other player’s gain in equal measure.
Zionism
The belief that Jews are a nation and that they should have an independent homeland.
balance of terror
A balance of power between nations with nuclear weapons. MAD.
Balkanization
Division of a place or country into several small political units, often unfriendly to one another.
Banana republics
Term describing any of several small nations in Latin American that have economies based on a few agricultural crops.
brinkmanship
Policy of a nation that pushes a dangerous situation to the limits of safety before pulling back.
Budestag
Lower house in Germany.
Chauvinism
Exaggerated belief in the supremecy of one’s nation.
Civil disobedience
The refusal to obey a lay out of a belief that the law is morally wrong. David Thoreau, Ghandi, Martin Luther King.
Coalition
an alliance of political groups formed to oppose a common foe or pursue a common goal.
Confederation
A group of nations or states in which the component states retain considerable independence.
Consent of the governed
A condition urged by many as a requirement for a legitimate government.
constitutional monarchy
a form of national government in which the power of the monarch is restricted by a parliament, by law or by custom.
Court of St. James
Royal court of Britain.
Demagogue
A politician who seeks to win and hold office by appeals to mass prejudice.
Democracy
A system of government in which power is vested in the people, who rule either directly or through freely elected representatives.
Despotism
Unlimited political rule by one person.
détente
A period of lessening tension between two major national powers or a policy designed to lesson that tension.
Dictatorship
Government by a singl person or bya junta or other group that is not responsible to thepeople or their elected representatives.
dissidents
Persons who refuse to conform to prevailing political and social values.
escalation
An increase in the intensity of geographic scope of a war or diplomatic confrontation.
Established church
A religious denomination that received financial and other support from the government.
expatriation.
Voluntary departure from the nation of one’s birth for permanent or prolonged residence in another nation.
Extradition
Legal process by whih one government may obtain custody of individuals from another government in order to put them on trial.
general strike
a strike of all the workers in a nation or area.
Gulag
a system of prison camps inside the former Soviety Union used for political prisoners. Under Stalin millions died in these camps.
gypsies
a nomadic people who originated in the region between India and Iran who migrated to Europe in the 14th century.
International Court of Justice
A division of the UN that settles legal disputes submitted to it by member nations. Also called the World Court or the Hague.
Jingoism
Extreme and emotional nationalism, often characterized by an aggressive foreign policy, accompanied by an eagerness to wage war.
John Bull
the UK uncle sam
Legitimate government
A government generally acknolwedged as being in control of a nation and deserving formal recognition by other countries.
National liberation movements
Movements that arise in developing nations to expel colonial powers.
Ombudsman
An official appointed by a government or other organization to investigate complains against people in authority.
plebiscite
a vote of an entier nation or other large political unit on an issue of great importance.
plutocracy
government by the rich.
Pogram
Massacre or persecution instigated by the government against a minority group, especially Jews.
protectorate
a relationship between a strong sovereign nation and a weak one. The strong then controls the weak.
Rapprochement
a closer approach of two groups to each other. A reconciliation
recognition
In diplomacy, the act by which one nation acknowledges that a foreign government is a legitimate government.
rehabilitation
The restoration to favor of a political leader whose views or actions were formally considered unacceptable.
Reparation
compensation demanded by a victorious nation from a defeated nation.
reprisal
An act by which a nation seeks, short of war, to redress a wrong committed against it another nation.
Sedition
Acts that incite rebellion or civil disorder against an established government.
Sinn Fein
An Irish political party that has long combatted Britains’ influence in Ireland
Trotskyism
Believed that communish should depend on cooperation amonst all nations, not domination by the Soviet Union. Opposed by Stalin.
The line below the “TO:” line is called what?
Subject
What top-level domain is assigned to government organizations in the US?
.gov
What top-level domain is assigned to colleges and universities in the US?
.edu
What top-level domain is assigned to most Canadian companies and organizations?
.ca
What top-level domain is assigned to most French companies and organizations?
.fr
What top-level domain is assigned to non-profit organizations?
.org
What top-level domain is assigned to the Department of Army?
.mil
A .xls extension indicates what kind of file?
spreadsheet
What is a program or piece of code that is loaded onto your computer without your knowledge and runs against your wishes?
virus
Files that are sent along with an email message are called?
attachments
What function do you use to automatically insert data from an xcel file to a word document?
Mail merge wizard
What top-level domain is assigned to most British companies and organizations?
.uk
Is www.whitehouse.com a government site?
No, it’s a porn site.
In Xcel, what function allows you to automatically list data in alphabetical order?
Data: Sort
An element in an electronic document that links to another place in the same document or to an entirely different document is called what?
hyperlink
What does it mean to backup your files regularly?
To copy files to a second medium (a disk or tape) as a precaution in case the first medium fails.
What top-level domain is assigned to network organizaitons?
.net
What is a domain name?
A name that identifies one or more IP addresses.
Why is broadcasting a useful feature in e-mail systems?
It allows you to simultaneously send the same message to multiple recipients.
In order to protect your Word file so that no one can change the content when shared, you must save the file as what?
read-only
10Âroles involved in mgmt
interpersonal (figurehead, leader, liaison), informational (monitor, desseminator, spokesperson), decisional (entrepreneur, distrubance handler, resource-allocator, negotiator)
3 levels of mgmt
top (upper) - president, chief executive; middle - district manger, base commander; first-line (lower-level, front-line, supervisory) - foreman, head nurse
3 phases of decision-making
intelligence (gathering knowledge leading to an understanding of what decision will have to be made, etc.), design (alternative courses of actions are invented), choice (actual decision is made)
3 skills involved in mgmt
technical, interpersonal, conceptual
4 functions of managers
planning, organizing, leading, and controlling
5 management process functions
planning, organizing, staffing, directing and
controlling
5 Types of managers
line, staff, functional, general, and administrators
- McCellands Theory Achievement:
the desire to excel or achieve in relation to a set of standards
- McCellands Theory power
the desire to control overs and have influence over them.
8 Key Results Areas
market share, productivity, profitability, innovation, resources, worker performance and morale, manager performance and development, social responsibilities
Absolute comparisons
a process in which each criterion is compared to a standard or ranked on its own merits
Accommodative strategy
a social responsiveness strategy in which a company accepts responsibility for a problem and does all the society expects to solve that problem
Action plan
the specific steps, people, and resources needed to accomplish a goal
Activity in control process
Establishing performance standers, Measuring performance, Comparing measured performance to established standers, Talking corrective actions
Administrative Principles
Foresight, Organization, Command, Coordination, Control
Administrators
work in public and nonprofit organizations.
Advocacy groups
groups of concerned citizens who band together to try to influence the business practices of specific industries, businsesses and professions
After the fact controls
Current policies and procedures may prescribe corrective actions. Corrective action may call for exceptions to prescribed modes of behavior – doing whatever it takes to solve the problem may require empowering employees to use their imitative, discretion and good judgment to craft a unique of creative solution. Correction may be under automatic controls; check that these controls are not malfunctioning .
application blank
any form on which the employer asks the candidate to provide info
arbitration
a dispute resolution procedure in which an independent third party decides and recommends how the disagreement should be resolved
A-type Conflict (affective)
disagreement that focusses on individual or personal issues
Autocratic Leaders
Directive leaders who prefer to make decisions and solve problems on their own with little input from subordinates.
autocratic leadership style
when a leader does not take advice from subbordinates
Autocratic Style
A leader who tended to centralize authority, dictate work methods, make unilateral decisions, and limit employee participation
Balance Sheet
546 A plan and control for the receipt and spending of income over a fixed period Assests= liabilities + shareholders equity
behavior modification
application to problems of industrial mgmtÂof the reinforcement theory
Behavioral addiction
the process of having managers and employees perform new behaviors that are central to symbolic of the new organizational culture a company wants to create
behavioral approach
focus on what effective leaders did - how they behaved
Behavioral substitution
the process of having managers and employees perform new behaviors central to the new organizational cutlrure in place of behaviors that were central to the old organizational culture
Behavioral Theories
Leadership theories that identified behaviors that differentiated effective leaders from ineffective leader
Bona Fide Occupational Qualifications (BFOQ)
Ârequires job candidate’s race, color, etc. may not be considered or asked about in the hiring process unless legitimately related to job
bounded rationalityÂ
real-world decision-maker has his thinking limited by such things as societal and organizational norms and impracticality of obtaining all possible info about problem or alternatives
Brainstorming
a decision-making method in which group members build on each others’ ideas and generate many alternative solutions
budget
single-use plan - plan for use of resources (usu. along w/ expected results stated in quantitative terms)
Budgeting
quantitative planning trough which mangers decide how to allocate available money to best accomplish company goals
Bureaucracy
the exercise of control on the basis of knowledge, expertise, or experience
bureaucracy theory - 3 kinds of authority
traditional (the way it’s always been done); charismatic (leader has magnetism); rational-legal (based on expertise, training, experience)
Bureaucratic Organization
Bureaucracy: An ideal, intentionally rational, and very efficient form of organization. Based on principles of logic, order, and legitimate authority.
Business confidence indices
indices that show managers’ level of confidence about future business growth
Buyers dependence
the degree to which a supplier relies on a buyer because of the importance of that buyer to supplier and the difficulty of finding other buyers for it products
Characteristic of org information
information Data that have been deliberately selected, processed, and organized to be useful to an individual manager
Characteristics of a leader
guide, direct, persuade, coach, counsel and inspire others
Characteristics of bureaucratic organizations:
NAME?
Characteristics of multicultural organizations:
Pluralism, Structural integration, Informal network integration, Absence of prejudice and discrimination, Minimum intergroup conflict.
Charismatic leader
An leader whose personality and actions influence people to behave in certain ways
Chester Barnard
saw organization as open system
Chief information officer
the person over a group that is centralized IS serving the entire organization’s needs placed under the control of a top-level manager and link them to top for control , coordination, and guidance.
Child labor
full-time employment of children for work otherwise done by adults.
Civil Rights Act of 1964 (part of EEO)
major piece of the structure of civil rights and EEO legislation; see Title VII.
Classical (administrative) Mgmt
Frenchman Henri Fayol “father of modern mgmt”, first to distinguish the functions of mgmt, developed 14 principles of mgmt
Closed systems
systems that can sustain themselves without interacting with their environment
closed systemsÂ
one you can analyze as though it is in a black box w/ impenetrable boundaries
coercive power
based on ability to inflict punishment or deprive others of something valued
Cognitive maps
graphic depictions of how mangers believe environmental factors relate to possible organizational actions
collective attitudes
The attitudes workers have about their work life and their work life.
Command
to lead, select, and evaluate workers to get the best work toward the plan.
Companies achieve competitive advantage by:
Products, Pricing, Customer service, Cost efficiency, Quality
Company vision
a business;s purpose or reason for existing
Competitive advantage
a core competency that clearly sets an organization apart from competitors and gives it an advantage over them in the marketplace.
Competitive analysis
is a process for monitoring the competition that involves identifying competition, anticipating their moves, and determining their strengths and weaknesses
Competitors
companies in the same industry that sell similar products or services to customers
Complex environment
an environment with many environmental factors
Concentration of effect
the total harm or benefit that an act produces on the average person
Conceptual Skills
A managers ability to view the organization as a whole, understand how the various parts are interdependent, and assess how the organization relates to its external environment.
conditional value
payoff you think would happen under condition of each of the states of nature
Consensual Leaders
Leaders who encourage discussion about issues and then require that all parties involved agree to the final decision.
consideration
leadership behaviors include showing interest in the personal life and well-being of the employee, being warm and friendly, and listening to the employee’s ideas
Constant organizational culture
when a company actively defines and teaches organizational values, beliefs, and attitudes
Consultative Leaders
Leaders who confer with subordinates before making a decision but who retain the final decision-making authority.
Contingency approach
holds that there are no universal management theories and that the most effective management theory or idea depends on the kinds of problems or situations that managers are facing at a particular time and place.
Contingency Plan
Plans that identify alternative courses of action for very unusual or crisis situations; typically stipulate the chain of command, standard operating procedures, and communication channels the organization will use during and emergency.
Contingency Theory of Leadership Effectiveness
Fred Fiedler; effectiveness of a particular leadership style depends on the situation
Control
to make sure things happen according to plan and to take necessary corrective action.
Controlling
The process of assessing the organizations progress toward accomplishing its goals; includes monitoring the implementation of a plan and correcting deviations from it.
controlling function
making sure things are being done in a way that we want; the reverse of planning (measure/observe how much performance is deviating from plans)
Conventional level of moral development
the second level of moral development in which people make decisions that conform to societal expectations
Coordination
to fit diverse efforts together and ensure information is shared and problems solved.
Corporate Culture
The set of attitudes, values, and standards that distinguishes one organization from another.
corporation
fiction, acts as human being
Corruption
illegal practices that further one’s business interests.
cost-benefit analysis
any systematic comparison of what a system/program or capital good will cost compared w/ revenues or benefits that will be generated
Credibility
The degree to which followers perceive someone as honest, competent, and able to inspire
C-Type conflict (cognitive)
disagreement that focuses on problem-and issue-related differences of opinion
Culture
The shared set of beliefs, values, and patterns of behavior common to a group of people.
Customer-Driven Organizations
Customers want: High quality, Low price, On-time delivery
decision criteria
musts and NTH’s (“nice to have’s”)
Decision making
the process of choosing a solution from available alternatives
Decision Support System
A specialized variant of a CIS an analytic model that joins a manager’s experience, judgment, and intuition
Decisional Roles
A managers activities as an entrepreneur, resource allocator, conflict resolver, or negotiator.
decision-making done under 3 conditions
certainty, risk, uncertainty
decision-making done under certainty
outcome or payoff for an alternative has a probability of 1.0 (few real-world examples)
decision-making done under risk
probability of event is known or can be estimated - can be assigned a value from 0 to 1.0
decision-making done under uncertainty
probability of event unknown, cannot be estimated
Defensive strategy
a social responsiveness strategy in which a company does less than society expects
Delphi method
an approach to technological forecasting; used w/ expert respondents in the field of interest; getting individuals to state their judgments, review them, and make a final judgment about some question
Delphi technique
a decision-making method in which members of a panel of experts respond to questions and to each other until reaching agreement on an issue
Democratic Leaders
Leaders who solicit input from all members of the group and then allow the members to make the final decision through a vote.
Democratic Style
A leader who tended to involve employees in decision making, delegate authority, encourage participation in deciding work methods and goals, and use feedback as an opportunity for coaching employees
Designing acceptable controls
focus on critical control points, integration, acceptability, timeliness, feasibility, accuracy and comprehensibility.
Devil’s advocacy
a decision-making method in which an individual or a sub group is assigned the role of a critic
direct investment
e.g. building a hotel in another country
directing (leading) function
guiding and influencing people to seek organizational objectives
directive leadership
House’s Path-Goal theory; used in complex, non-routine jobs
Discretionary responsibility
the expectation that a company will voluntarily serve a social role beyond its economic, legal and ethical responsibilities
Disseminator role
the informational role managers play when they share information with others in their departments or companies
Distal goals
short-term goals or subgoals
Disturbance handler role
the decisional role managers play when they respond to sever problems that demand immediate action
Diversity
Describes differences among people at work.How diversity is handled in the workplace reflects the organization’s culture
Dynamic environment
an environment in which the rate of change is fast
economic forecastingÂ
uses variety of methods to predict general levels of economic activity for a locality, region, country or the whole world
Economic responsibility
the expectation that a company will make a profit by producing a valued product or service
Efficiency
getting work done with a minimum of effort, expense, or waste
Electronic Brainstorming
a decision-making method in which group members use computers to build on each others’ ideas and generate many alternative solutions
Elements of observable culture
Stories, Heroes, Rites and rituals, Symbols
Elton Mayo
Hawthorne Studies, Human Relations Mvt, Behavioral Approach
Employee shrinkage
employee theft of company merchandise
Empowerment
The process of giving employees increased autonomy and discretion to make decision. as well as control over the resources needed to implement those decisions.
Entrepreneur Role
the decisional role managers play when they adapt themselves, their subordinates, and their units to change
Environmental change
the rate at which a company’s general and specific environments change
Environmental complexity
the number of external factors in the environment that affect organizations
Environmental scanning
searching the environment for important events or issues that might affect an organization
Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO)
refers to legislation and governmental and org. policies that require that all persons have the same treatment
Equal Pay Act of 1963 (part of EEO)
men and women performing the same work must get the same pay
Equity theoryÂ
Âpeople try to maintain or est. an equality b/w their own ratio of what they put in to a job vs. what they get out of it [I/O (self) = I/O (other)]
ERG Hiearchy
a motivation category that uses three types of needs, existence, relatedness and growth needs.
ERISA (Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974)
est. standards for company retirement plans
ethical behavior
behavior that conforms to a society;s accepted principles of right and wrong
Ethical intensity
the degree of concern people have about an ethical issue
Ethical Issues for Multinational Corporations
Corruption, Sweatshops, Child labor, Sustainable development
Ethical responsibility
a company’s social responsibility nnot to violate accepted principles of right and wrong when conducting its business
Ethics
the set of moral principles or values that defines right and wrong for a person or group
Ethics training
Structured programs that help participants to understand ethical aspects of decision making. Helps people incorporate high ethical standards into daily life.
Evaluation apprehension
fear of what others will think of your ideas
exception principle
once procedures, policies, and other plans have been est. and are working, mgmt should focus on the exceptions where performance does not meet standards
existence needs
the need related to a person’s well being
expected value
conditional value of alternative times probability of state of nature
expert opinion
method of sales forecasting; asking marketing executives what they expect will happen
Expert Power
Power that is derived from an individuals extensive knowledge in one or more areas.
External environments
all events outside a company that have the potential to influence or affect it
Feed Foward Control
A control that prevents defects and deviations from standards by focusing on operations before they begin
Fiedler contingency model
A contigency theory that proposed that effective group performance depended upon the proper match between a leader’s style of interacting with his or her followers and the degree to which the situation allowed the leader to control and influence
Figurehead role
the interpersonal role managers play when they perform ceremonial duties
first principle of Scientific Mgmt
scientific study of work - use systematic procedures, gather info, est. method of performance
First-Line managers
managers who train and supervise the performance of non managerial employees who are directly responsible for producing the company’s products or services
forecasting
early step in planning process; est. premises or assumptions on which plans will be based
Foresight
to complete a plan of action for the future.
Forms of International Business
?
fourth principle of Scientific Mgmt
work to be divided b/w mgmt and workers
Frank and Lilian GilbrethÂ
Scientific Mgmt, “One Best Way”, Science of Bricklaying
Frederick W. Taylor
“Father of Scientific Mgmt”
Free reign style
when a leader asks his friends and subordinates to take over his leadership position, is characterized by delegation, and his willingness to give advice.
Free-rein (Laissez-fair) Leadership
A leadership style in which the leader turns over all authority and control to subordinates.
Fritz Roethlisberger
Hawthorne Studies, Behavioral Approach, Human Relations
Functional managers
are responsible for a single area of activity.
Gantt chart
a graphic chart that shows tasks must be completed at which times in order to complete a project or task
General environment
the economic, technological, sociocultural, and political trends that indirectly affect all organizations
General managers
are responsible for more complex units that include many functional areas.
global company
sells a single product all over the world
Global Diversity
?
Global Management Skills
A managers ability to operate in diverse culture environments.
Globalization
NAME?
Goal of controls
Planning, organizing, leading and staffing
goal setting theory
people work harder to achieve goals that are specific, accepted by them, and challenging
goals
Âdesired end states
Groupthink
a barrier to good decision making caused by pressure within a group for members to agree with each other
growth needs
needs that relate to a person’s achievement and competence.
Hawthorne studies: Employee attitudes, interpersonal relations and group processes.
Some things satisfied some workers but not others. People restricted output to adhere to group norms.
Hawthorne studies: Lessons from the Hawthorne Studies:
Social and human concerns are keys to productivity. Hawthorne effect — people who are singled out for special attention perform as expected.
Henri Fayol
Classical Approach, Functions of Mgmt, 14 Principles of Mgmt, “Father of Modern Mgmt”
Henry L. GanttÂ
Scientific Mgmt, Gantt Charts for Scheduling
Henry MintzbergÂ
Mangerial Roles - Interpersonal, Informational, Decisional
Herbert Simon
adminstrative man model of decision-making; 3 phases of decision making (Nobel prize winner)
Herzberg’s hygiene (dissatisfier) factors
extrinsic to work (working conditions, company policy, supervision, pay, benefits); keep employee from quitting (do not motivate exceptional performance
Herzberg’s motivator (satisfier) factors
recognition, responsibility, achievement, etc., intrinsic
Herzberg’s Two-Factor (Motivator-Hygiene) Theory
motivators lead to extraordinary job performance while hygiene factors keep employee showing up and doing the minimum necessary
hierarchy of plans
planning flows in a top-down sequence from overall vision to more specific detailed level of plans
High-High leader
A leader high in both initiating structure and consideration behaviors
Human relations (behavioral) perspective
Hawthorne studies
Human Relations Skills
a managers interpersonal skills that are used to accomplish goals through the use of human resources.
human skills
the ability to work well with other
Implementing CIS
Computer operations, System programming, Data entry, Application development, Application maintenance, data management, Communication management End-user computing
Industry regulation
regulations and rules that govern the business practices and procedures of specific industries, businesses, and professions
influence
viewed as the essence or equivalent of leadership by some; ability to get others to do something desired by the person doing the influencing
Informational Roles
A managers activities as an information gatherer, information disseminator, or spokesperson for the company.
initiating structure
involves giving direction and orders, clarifying jobs and roles, explaining objectives and pressuring subordinates for task performance
innovation
introduction of things that are new - technology, methods, ideas, and new products and services
Integrative conflict resolution
an approach to dealing with conflict in which both parties deal with the conflict by indicating their preferences and hen working together to find an alternative that meets the needs of both
Intellectual capital & Knowledge Workers
NAME?
Internal environment
the events and trends inside an organization that affect management, employees, and organizaional cutlture
International Business Environments
?
Interpersonal Roles
A mangers activities as a figurehead, company leader, or liaison.
job enlargement
(horizontally)Â addding duties of a similar level of skill at the same organizational level (horizontal loading)
job enrichmentÂ
(vertically)Â redesigning jobs to hold more motivator factors; implies increasing the depth of the job by giving it planning and controlling elements
Key customer service lessons:
Protect reputation for quality products. Treat customers right.
Laissez-Faire Style
A leader who generally gave the group complete freedom to make decisions and complete the work in whatever way it saw fit
Landrum-Griffin Act (1959)
attempted to eliminate racketeering from org. labor, to promote union democracy and self-government, and to provide for closer supervision by the Federal gov.
Laws, Values, & Ethical Behavior
Legal behavior is not necessarily ethical behavior. Personal values help determine individual ethical behavior: Terminal values and Instrumental values
Leader
Someone who can influence others and who has managerial authority
Leader participation model
A leadership contingency model that related leadership behavior and participation in decision making
Leader role
the interpersonal role managers play when they motivate and encourage workers to accomplish organizational objectives
Leader-member relations
One of Fiedler’s situational contingencies that described the degree of confidence, trust, and respect employees had for their leader
Leadership
The process of guiding and motivating others toward the achievement of organizational goals.
Leadership ability
Social skills,cleverness, creativity, diplomacy,tact, fluency in speaking,knowledge about group task, organizational ability, and persuasiveness.
Leadership Style
The relatively consistent way in which individuals in leadership positions attempt to influence the behaviour of others.
Leadership style: negative
Uses fines, termination and suspensions to motivate people
Leadership style: posetive vs. negative motivation
rewards praises and promotion are the approach that a posetive leader takes
leading
inspiring people to work hard to acheive high performance
Leading
Inspiring and motivating workers to work hard to achieve organizational goals
Learning Organizations
Organizations that are able to continually learn and adapt to new circumstances.
Learning Organizations, Core ingredients include:
Mental models, Personal mastery, Systems thinking, Shared vision, Team learning
Legal responsibility
a company’s social responsibility to obey society’s laws and regulations
Legitimate Power
Power that is derived from and individuals position in an organization.
Liaison role
the interpersonal role managers play when they deal with people outside their units
Line managers
are responsible for work activities that directly affect organization’s outputs.
long-range plans
covering a period of more than one year into the future
Magnitude of consequence
the total harm or benefit derived from an ethical decision
Management
The Process of guiding the development, maintenance, and allocation of resources to attain organizational goals.
Management by objectives (MBO)
a four-step process in which manger and employees discuss and select goals develop tactical plans and meet regularly to review progress toward goal accomplishment. brings planning process down to the individual; Peter Drucker; judge employee performance on basis of results rather than telling him or her what to do every step of the way
manager performance and development
deal w/ a critical aspect of the firm - quality of mgmt and continuous availability and updating of managerial competence
Managerial grid
A grid of two leadership behaviors - concern for people and concern for production - which resulted in five different leadership styles
market research
asking customers what they think
market share
the enterprise’s proportion or percentage of total sales in a region, country, or the world
Maslow’s esteem needs
fourth level; needs for recognition and respect
Maslows Hearchy of needs
physical, servival, social, esteem, and self realization needs
Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory
human needs arranged in 5 groups in a hierarchy of pre-potency (lower needs must be satisfied first)
Maslow’s physiological needs
lowest level; hunger, thirst
Maslow’s safety needs
second level; physical safety, health, job security
Maslow’s self-actualization needs
fifth (top) level; become what you are capable of becoming
Maslow’s social needs
third level; love (friendship, conversation, etc.)
Maximizing
choosing the best alternative
McCellands Theory friendship
The desire for friendship, affiliation and close interpersonal relationships.
Media advocacy
an advocacy group tactic that involves framing issues as public issues
Middle Management
Managers who design and carry out tactical plans in specific areas of the company.
Mission
a statement of a company’s overall goal that unifies company-wide efforts toward its vision, stretches and challenges the organization, and processes a finish line and a time frame
Mission Statement
A formal document that states and organizations purpose and reason for existing; and describes its basic philosophy.
Monitor Role
the informational role managers play when they scan their environment for information
Motion study
breaking each task or job into its separate motions and then eliminating those that are unnecessary or repetitive
Motivation to manage
an assessment of how enthusiastic employees are about managing the work of others
motivator factors
responsibiltiy, opportunities for professional growth, achievement and recognition
Negotiator role
the decisional role managers play when they negotiate schedules, projects, goals, outcomes, resources, and employee raises
Nominal group technique
a decision-making method that begins and ends by having group members quietly write down and evaluate ideas to be shared with the group
Non-programmed Decisions
Responses to infrequent, unforeseen, or very unusual problems and opportunities, where the manager does not have a precedent to follow in decision-making.
Number of team members
Is best when their are twelve and under members.
Objective goals
Planning, Organizing, Leading and Staffing
objectives
results, attainments, or accomplishments used as the end points for plans and actions (narrower than a goal)
Open system
systems that can sustain themselves only by interacting with their environment, on which they depend for their survival
operational (action) planning
provides the detailed plans and assignments of responsibilities and authority required to execute strategic plans
Opportunistic behavior
a transaction in which one party in the relationship benefits at the expense of the other
optimizing
strategy of mythical rational-economic man who knows all
Options-based panning
maintaining flexibility by making small, simultaneous investments in many alternative plans
Organization
to provide and mobilize resources to implement the plan.
Organizational Culture
the system of shared beliefs and values that develops within an organization and guides the behavior of its members.
Organizing
The process of coordinating and allocating a firms resources to carry out its plans.
organizing function
dividing work, grouping resources, est. structure of authority/responsibility, devising means for coordination of parts
organizing process
determines what tasks will have to be
done to accomplish objectives, how they
will be grouped, and how positions relate
to each other
OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health Act (1970)
est. standards for health/safety at work, provides for their administration by Occupational Safety and Health Administration (also OSHA)
Overt integrity test
a written test that estimates job applicants’ honesty by directly asking them what they think or feel about theft or about punishment of unethical behaviors
Participative Leadership
A leadership style in which the leader shares decision-making with group members and encourages discussion of issues and alternatives; includes democratic, consensual, and consultative styles.
Path-goal theory
A leadership theory that says it’s the leader’s job to assist his or her followers in attaining their goals
payoff matrix
Âtabular display of 2 or more strategies or choices; conditional values of each under 2 or more possible states of nature; probabilities of these states of nature, resulting expected values; and total expected value
Personal agression
hostile or aggressive behavior toward othera
Personality-based integrity test
a written test that indirectly estimates job applicants; honesty by measuring psychological traits, such as dependability and conscientiousness
Planning
choosing a goal and developing a strategy to achieve that goal
planning process
est. goals, identify problems, find
solutions, decide b/w alternatives, etc.
Policy
a standing plan that indicated the general course of action that should be taken in response to a particular event or situation
Political deviance
using one’s influences to harm others in the company
Popular dimensions of culture
Language, Interpersonal space, Time orientation, Religion, Contracts and agreements
portfolio investment
e.g. buying stock in companies from other countries
Position Power
One of Fiedler’s situational contingencies that described the degree of influence a leader had over power-based activities such as hiring, firing, discipline, promotions, and salary increases
positive reinforcement
an event which follows behavior and increases the likelihood that it will occur again
Post conventional level of moral development
the third level of moral development in which people make decisions based on internalized principles
Power
The ability to influence others to behave in a particular way.
Pre conventional level of moral development
the first level of moral development in which people make decisions based on selfish resons
premises of planning
refers to forecasts about the future environment which serve as the assumptions on which planning is based
primacy of mgmt
planning must occur before other mgmt
functions can take place
Primary stakeholder
any group on which an organization relies for its long-term survival
Principle of distributive justice
an ethical principle that holds that you should never take any action that harms the least fortunate among us
Principle of government requirements
an ethical principle that holds that you should never take any action that violates the law, for the law represents the minimal moral standard
Principle of individual rights
an ethical principle that holds that you should never take any action that infringes on others; agreed-upon rights
Principle of long-term self interest
an ethical principle that holds that you should never take any action that is not in you or your organizations long term self-interest
Principle of personal virtue
an ethical principle that holds that you should never do anything that is not honest, open, and truthful
Principle of religious injunctions
an ethical principle that holds that you should never take any action that is not kind and that does not build a sense of community
Principle of utilitarian benefit
an ethical principle that holds that you should never take any action that does not result in greater good for society
Proactice strategy
a social responsiveness strategy in which a company anticipates responsibility for a problem before it occurs and does more than society expects to address the problem
Probability of effect
the chance that something will happen and then harm other
Problem
a gap between a desired state and an existing state
problem-solving
part of planning process in which problems are defined, understanding of cause-and-effect relationships is acquired, and alternative courses of action are identified
Procedure
a standing plan that indicates the specific steps that should be taken in response to a particular event
Product boycott
an advocacy group tactic that involves protesting a company’s action by convincing consumers not to purchase its products or service
Production blocking
a disadvantage of face-to-face brainstorming in which a group member must wait to share an idea because another member is presenting an idea
Production deviance
unethical behavior that hurts the quality and quantity of work produced
productivity
output divided by input; determinants include efficiency of labor, technology and capital, and competence of mgmt
profitability
(goes beyond dollars) - the benefit resulting from an activity
Programmed Decisions
Decisions made in response to frequently occurring routine situations.
programs
single-use plans - broad, long-term, covering specified time period (e.g. putting a man on the moon)
projects
single-use plans - shorter time span, narrowly focused; bring people together to accomplish a task (e.g. moving furniture)
Property deviance
unethical behavior aimed at the organization;s property or products
Proximal goals
short- term goals or subgoals
Proximity of effect
the social, psychological, cultural, or physical distance between a decision make and those affected by his or her decisions
Public communications
an advocacy group tactic that relies on voluntary participation by the news media and the advertising industry to get the advocacy group’s message out
quality work life
factors in a work environment that are negative or positive that affect an inviduals work life, well being and job satisfaction.
Rate buster
a group of members whos work pace is significantly faster than the normal
Rational decision making
a systematic process of defining problems, evaluating alternatives, and choosing optimal solutions
Raw Data
Unprocessed facts and figures
Reactive strategy
a social responsiveness strategy in which a company does less than society expects
Readiness
The extent to which people have the ability and willingness to accomplish a specific task
recruitment
part of staffing function; attracting job candidates to the org. so that they may go through the selection process
referent power
Âbased on the follower’s liking, admiration or respect for the leader
Referent Power
Power that is derived from an individuals personal charisma and the respect and/or admiration the individual inspires.
Reinforcement TheoryÂ
Ârefers to learning theory and similar behavioristic approaches to understanding and controlling behavior
relatedness needs
are the need to relate to people
RElationship behavior
mutually beneficial, long-term exchanges between buyers and suppliers
Relative comparisons
a process in which each criterion is compared directly to every other
Resource allocator role
the decisional role managers play when they decide who gets what resources
Resource scarcity
the abundance or shortage of critical organizational resources in an organization’s external environment
resources
include capital, physical plant and equipment
responsibility
an obligation to complete a task or achieve some goal
Reward Power
The power a leader has because of his or her ability to give positive benefits or rewards
role conflict
conflicting expectations of job behavior held
rolling plan
a long-range plan that is updated periodically and extended again
rule
standing plan - prescribes or prohibits behavior in specific terms
Rules and regulations
standing plans that describe how a particular action should be preformed or what must happen or not happen in response to a particular event
sales forecasting
includes the predicted demand for the goods and services provided by the organization; of vital importance for operational and production planning
satisfices
accepts soln that meets his criteria, not necessarily the best possible soln
Satisfying
choosing a “good enough” alternative
scalar (chain of command) principle
Fayol - should be a single, clear, and unbroken line of authority from the top of the organization to each subordinate position
Scientific Management
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second principle of Scientific Mgmt
select workers systematically and scientifically
Secondary stakeholder
any group that can influence or be influenced by a company and can affect public perceptions about its socially responsible behavior
selection process
Âpart of staffing function; gather info about candidates, choosing those who meet the org.’s criteria
sense of ethics
ideas of what is right and equitable and fair
Shareholder model
a view of social responsibility that holds that an organization’s overriding goal should be to maximize profit for the benefit of shareholders
Simple environment
an environment with few environmental factors
Single-use plans
plans that coer unique, one-time-only events
Situational Leadership Theory (SLT)
A leadership theory that focuses on followers readiness
slack resources
a cushion of extra resources that can be used with options-based planning to adapt to unanticipated change, problems, o opportunities
SMART goals
goals that are specific measurable attainable, realistic and timely
Social consensus
agreement on whether behavior is bad or good
social responsibilities
include obligation to perform the organization’s primary function (e.g. make a profit), but to do so in a way that does not have harmful side effects to society
Social responsiveness
refers to a company;s strategy for responding to stakeholders’ economic, legal, ethical, or discretionary expectations concerning social responsibility
Soldiering
when workers deliberately slow their pace or restrict their work outputs
span of control
there is a limit to the number of subordinates a single person can supervise
specialization (division of labor)
dividing the work into very simple or basic tasks
Specific environment
the customers, competitors, suppliers, industry, regulations, and advocacy groups that are unique to an industry and directly affect how a company does business
Spokesperson role
the informational role managers play when they share information with people outside their departments or companies
Stable environment
an environment in which the rate of change is slow
staff mangers
use technical expertise to advise and support the efforts of line workers.
staffing function
provides the right people to fill the
structure designed by the organizing
function. human resources (personnel) mgmt
staffing process
same as personnel process; includes manpower planning, recruitment, selection, orientation, training, etc.
Stages in adjusting to a new culture:
Confusion, Small victories, The honeymoon, Irritation and anger, Reality
Stages of team development: form development
the stage where the members are becoming aquainted
stages of team development: normative stage
The stage where the team is unified, and focused and all problems are resolved.
stages of team development: performing stage
phase of team development in which team members progress toward team objectives , handle problems, coordinate work , and confront each other if necessary.
Stages of team development: storming stage
the stage where the teams development starts happening through personality conflict and personality issues
Stakeholder Issues and Analysis
Those persons, groups, and other organizations directly affected by the behavior of the organization and holding a stake in its performance:Employees, Customers, Suppliers, Owners, Competitors, Regulators, Interest groups.
stakeholder model
a theory of corporate responsibility that holds that management’s most important responsibility, long-term survival, is achieved by satisfying the interests of multiple corporate stakeholders
Stakeholders
persons or groups with a “stake” or legitimate interest in a company’s action
Standing plans
plans used repeatedly to handle frequently recurring events
states of nature
Âfuture environmental conditions which are listed and assigned a probability in a payoff matrix
statistical methods
use of regression analysis, or correlations b/w variables, to predict one from the other (e.g. to predict housing starts from marriages)
