FSOT Master 15 Flashcards

Question

The Acceptance Theory of Authority

Answer 1

Chester Barnard; authority of any communication or command lies in the degree to which the receiver accepts it as legitimate

Answer 2

est. by federal gov. to administer equal employment opportunity legislation

Answer 3

Economic, Socio-cultural, Legal-political, Technological, Natural environment

Answer 4

Manipulated physical work conditions to assess impact on output. Factors that accounted for increased productivity: Group atmosphere and Participative supervision

Answer 5

Douglas McGregor; traditional mgmt (X) views man as lazy, w/o initiative, etc. vs. (Y) - motivation is internal, desire to work like desire to play, etc.

Answer 6

Dislike work, Lack ambition, Are irresponsible, Resist change, Prefer to be led

Answer 7

Willing to work, Capable of self control, Willing to accept responsibility, Imaginative and creative, Capable of self-direction

Answer 8

training workers in methods developed by Sci. Mgmt, providing incentives, giving leadership support

Answer 9

behavior followed by reinforcement tends to be repeated

Answer 10

timing how long it takes good workers to complete each part of their jobs

Answer 11

part of the Civil Rights Act of 1964; outlaws discrimination in employment on basis of race, color, religion, nat'l origin, or sex

Answer 12

The highest level of managers; includes CEO's, presidents, and vice presidents, who develop strategic plans and address long-range issues.

Answer 13

Conflict is unnecessary ,conflict is to be feared,conflict is harmful,conflict is a personal failure, immediately stop conflict remove all evidence of conflict , including people.

Answer 14

looks for permanent traits of personality which distinguish leaders from non-leaders or effective leaders from non-effective onesÂ

Answer 15

Leaders who lead primarily by using social exchanges

Answer 16

Leaders who stimulate and inspire followers to achieve extraordinary outcomes

Answer 17

The belief in the integrity, character, and ability of a leader

Answer 18

Feed forward Controls, Concurrent Control, Feedback Control, Control Systems and after the fact controls

Answer 19

coercive, reward, legitimate,expertise, and referential power

Answer 20

members are from different departments in an organization

Answer 21

a manager and his subordinates. Might involve three to four levels of management.

Answer 22

consists of members from different departments who have gotten together to achieve a task, usually the team is disbanded when the project is acomplished.

Answer 23

extent to which managers can understand or predict which environmental changes and trends will affect their businesses.

Answer 24

set of rules in area of EEO, published in 1978; provide that all procedures (tests, etc.) used be valid and relevant to job performance

Answer 25

Fayol - each subordinate should have only one boss

Answer 26

Fayol - all activities in pursuit of a given organizational goal should be under direction of a single person

Answer 27

things that vary w/ the quantity of sales

Answer 28

visible signs of an organization's culture, such as the office design and layout, company dress code, nd company benefits and perks, like stop options, personal parking spaces or the private company dining room

Answer 29

a statement of a company's purpose or reason for existing

Answer 30

The ability to create and articulate a realisitic, credible, and attractive vision of the future that improves upon the current situation.

Answer 31

nation's basic labor legislation; est. employee rights to form unions, requires employers to bargain w/ such unions in good faith, and prohibits unfair labor practices

Answer 32

What is the level of conflict, who is in conflict and what is the source of conflic

Answer 33

If you are giving negative feedback on job performance, you must make it clear why negative feedback is being given.

Answer 34

If you are giving negative feedback on job performance, you must make it clear why negative feedback is being given.

Answer 35

Cognitive dissonance arises from conflicting cognitions. Cognitive dissonance is the perception of incompatibility between two cognitions, which for the purpose of cognitive dissonance theory can be defined as any element of knowledge, attitude, emotion, belief or value, as well as a goal, plan, or an interest. In brief, the theory of cognitive dissonance holds that contradicting cognitions serve as a driving force that compels the mind to acquire or invent new thoughts or beliefs, or to modify existing beliefs, so as to minimize the amount of dissonance (conflict) between cognitions.

Answer 36

What one sees and hears when walking around an organization.

Answer 37

The term proxemics was introduced by anthropologist Edward T. Hall in 1963 to describe the measureable distances between people as they interacted. Hall pointed out that social distance between people is reliably correlated with physical distance, and described four distances: intimate distance for embracing, touching or whispering (15-45 cm, 6-18 inches), personal distance for interactions among good friends (45-120 cm, 1.5-4 feet), social distance for interactions among acquaintances (1.2-3.5 m, 4-12 ft), public distance used for public speaking (over 3.5 m, 12 ft). Hall pointed out that different cultures maintain different standards of personal space. In Latin cultures, for instance, those relative distances are smaller, and people tend to be more comfortable standing close to each other; in Nordic cultures the opposite is true.

Answer 38

Underlying assumptions and beliefs that influence behavior and contribute to the observable culture.

Answer 39

The fundamental attribution error (sometimes referred to as the actor-observer bias, correspondence bias or overattribution effect) is the tendency for people to over-emphasize dispositional, or personality-based, explanations for behaviors observed in others while under-emphasizing the role and power of situational influences on the same behavior. In other words, people tend to have a default assumption that what a person does is based more on what "kind" of person he is, rather than the social and environmental forces at work on that person. This default assumption leads to people sometimes making erroneous explanations for behavior. This general bias to over-emphasizing dispositional explanations for behavior at the expense of situational explanations is much less likely to occur when people evaluate their own behavior.

Answer 40

This theory deals with motivation and management. It assumes that people wish to maximize pleasure and minimize pain. It says that people will be motivated to perform well if good performance will result in outcomes they value. Vroom introduces three variables which he calls Valence, Expectancy and Instrumentality. Valence is the importance that the individual places upon the expected outcome of a situation. Expectancy is the belief that output from the individual and the success of the situation are linked, e.g. if I work harder then this will be better. Instrumentality is the belief that the success of the situation is linked to the expected outcome of the situation, e.g. it's gone really well, so I'd expect praise

Answer 41

This theory deals with motivation and management. It assumes that people wish to maximize pleasure and minimize pain. It says that people will be motivated to perform well if good performance will result in outcomes they value. Vroom introduces three variables which he calls Valence, Expectancy and Instrumentality. Valence is the importance that the individual places upon the expected outcome of a situation. Expectancy is the belief that output from the individual and the success of the situation are linked, e.g. if I work harder then this will be better. Instrumentality is the belief that the success of the situation is linked to the expected outcome of the situation, e.g. it's gone really well, so I'd expect praise

Answer 42

reporting others' ethics violations to management or legal authorities

Answer 43

A team composed of multiskilled workers, that does all the tasks previously done by individual member in a functional department or departments.

Answer 44

contribute to productivity, product quality, and reputation of organization not only for its goods and services but also as a place to work

Answer 45

unethical behavior that violates organizational norms about right and wrong

Answer 46

weaknesses, opportunities, threats and strengths underlying planning

Answer 47

The first convention in America devoted to women’s rights. It met in Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848, and passed several resolutions, including a demand that women be given the right to vote.

Answer 48

Good. Many early moviegoers were non english speakers.

Answer 49

Natural rights are universal rights derived from natural law. John Locke, for example, argued that these rights are integrated with the very definition of what it means to be human.

Answer 50

That heretical views should not be persecuted by the government.

Answer 51

Breeding people with better genes.

Answer 52

A magazine that sets its circulation and gets money from advertisers.

Answer 53

Anglicisation or Anglicization (see -ise vs -ize) is a process of making something British and/or English. For example, people may be Anglicised: an immigrant to England may be said to become Anglicised as he or she acclimates to the culture. However, Anglicisation is most commonly discussed in the more abstract context of language: language is said to become Anglicised as it becomes more like the English language.

Answer 54

Anti-clericalism is a historical movement that opposes religious (generally Catholic) institutional power and influence in all aspects of public and political life, and the encroachment of religion in the everyday life of the citizen. It suggests a more active and partisan role than mere seperation of church and state.

Answer 55

Historical and modern deism is defined by the view that reason, rather than revelation or tradition, should be the basis of belief in God. Deists reject both organized and revealed religion and maintain that reason is the essential element in all knowledge. Deism has become identified with the classical belief that God created but does not intervene in the world, though this is not a necessary component of deism.

Answer 56

Jingoism is a term describing chauvinistic patriotism, usually with a hawkish political stance. In plain language, it means bullying other countries or using whatever means necessary to safeguard a country's national interests.

Answer 57

There are two US prisons in Leavenworth, Kansas. One is for the military, one is for civilians. Both are maximum security. The military one houses the US Military's Death Row.

Answer 58

The AFL is more conservative.

Answer 59

Fear and distrust of foreigners.

Answer 60

Natural law is law that exists independently of the positive law of a given political order, society or nation-state. It is simultaneously a legal philosophy or perspective, and a genre of law - depending on the jurisdiction in which the term is used. s philosophical perspective, especially in the English and American legal traditions, the principles of natural law are expressed, obliquely or openly, in such documents as Magna Carta and the Declaration of Independence, when rights are discussed, explicitly or implicitly, as being inherent. For example, the phrase "all men are created equal and endowed by their creator with certain rights" expresses a natural law philosophy. Social contract theorists, such as Hobbes, Locke or Rousseau all believed in a natural law and in natural rights, which were transferred from the individual subject to the sovereign state. The state would then protect individuals from each other through the mediation of its monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force.

Answer 61

Statism is a term used in a variety of disciplines (economics, sociology, education policy etc) to describe a system that involves a significant interventionist role for the state in economic or social affairs. In economics, the term "statism" refers to any economy where the state plans or coordinates the economy, or the advocacy of such a system.

Answer 62

Approx. 12%. It has hovered between 11 and 15% since the 1970s.

Answer 63

Social contract theory (or contractarianism) is a concept used in philosophy, political science and sociology to denote an implicit agreement within a state regarding the rights and responsibilities of the state and its citizens, or more generally a similar concord between a group and its members, or between individuals. All members within a society are assumed to agree to the terms of the social contract by their choice to stay within the society without violating the contract; such violation would signify a problematic attempt to return to the state of nature. It has been often noted, indeed, that social contract theories relied on a specific anthropological conception of man as either "good" or "evil". Thomas Hobbes (1651), John Locke (1689) and Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1762) are the most famous philosophers of contractarianism, which is the theoretical groundwork of democracy. It is also one of a few competing theoretical groundworks of liberalism, but Rousseau's social contract is often seen as conflicting with classical liberalism which advocates protection of individual liberty from the will of the community.

Answer 64

The Harlem Renaissance was a flowering of African-American social thought and culture based in the African-American community forming in Harlem in New York City (USA). This period, beginning with 1920 and extending roughly to 1940, was expressed through every cultural medium—visual art, dance, music, theatre, literature, poetry, history and politics. Instead of using direct political means, African-American artists, writers, and musicians employed culture to work for goals of civil rights and equality. For the first time, African-American paintings, writings, and jazz became absorbed into mainstream culture and crossed racial lines, creating a lasting legacy. At the time, it was known as the "New Negro Movement". Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Ella Fitzgerald, W.E.B. DuBois, and Marcus Garvey were all part of it.

Answer 65

The term Lost Generation was coined by Gertrude Stein to refer to a group of American literary notables who lived in Paris from the time period which saw the end of World War I to the beginning of the Great Depression. Significant members included Ernest Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald. More generally, the term is being used for the generation of young people coming of age in the United States during and shortly after World War I. The "Lost Generation" were said to be disillusioned by the large number of casualties of the First World War, cynical, disdainful of the Victorian notions of morality and propriety of their elders. Like most attempts to pigeon-hole entire generations, this over-generalization is true for some individuals of the generation and not true of others. It was somewhat common among members of this group to complain that American artistic culture lacked the breadth of European work—leading many members to spend large amounts of time in Europe—and/or that all topics worth treating in a literary work had already been covered. Nevertheless, this selfsame period saw an explosion in American literature and in art, which is now often considered to include some of the greatest literary classics produced by American writers. This generation also produced the first flowering of jazz music, arguably the first distinctly American artform.

Answer 66

1848 in Seneca Falls, NY. the first women's rights convention held in the United States, and as a result is often called the birthplace of the feminist movement.

Answer 67

The Social Gospel movement is a Protestant Christian intellectual movement that was most prominent in the late 19th century and early 20th century. The movement applies Christian principles to social problems, especially poverty, liquor, drugs, crime, racial tensions, slums, bad hygiene, poor schools, and the danger of war. Theologically the Social Gospel leaders were overwhelmingly post-Millenarian. That is they believed the Second Coming could not happen until mankind rid itself of social evils by humanly effort. Part of the Christian "modernism" trend with a strong emphasis on social justice, the movement is a rival to the later movements of evangelical and fundamentalist Christianity. In the early 20th century, many Americans were disgusted by the poverty level and the low quality of living in the slums. The social gospel movement provided one basis for those beliefs. They aimed to improve the lives of the poor. Many Catholic and Protestant clergymen despised crime and disease in lower-class slums, yet they did not see the connection between horrid living conditions and personal transgression. They believed that sin was a personal vice against God and that poverty itself was an "Act of God." Activists in the Social Gospel movement hoped that by providing decent food and shelter, as well as allowing the poor to develop talents and skills, the quality of their moral lives would begin to improve.

Answer 68

Transcendentalism was the name of a group of new ideas in literature, religion, culture, and philosophy that emerged in New England in the early-to mid-nineteenth century. It began as a protest against the general state of culture and society at the time, and in particular, the state of intellectualism at Harvard and the doctrine of the Unitarian church which was taught at Harvard Divinity School. Among their core beliefs was an ideal spiritual state that 'transcends' the physical and empirical and is only realized through the individual's intuition, rather than through the doctrines of established religions. Prominent Transcendentalists included Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Margaret Fuller. The publication of Emerson's 1836 essay Nature is usually taken to be the watershed moment at which Transcendentalism became a major cultural movement. Emerson wrote: "We will walk on our own feet; we will work with our own hands; we will speak our own minds...A nation of men will for the first time exist, because each believes himself inspired by the Divine Soul which also inspires all men." Emerson closed the essay by calling for a revolution in human consciousness.

Answer 69

Great Awakenings are commonly said to be periods of religious revival in Anglo-American religious history. They have also been described as periodic revolutions in American religious thought. The Great Awakenings appear to form a cycle, with a period of roughly 80 years. (1510-1900s)

Answer 70

Northeast New York state. It is a resort area.

Answer 71

Was chairman of the Fed from 1987-2006. His replacement is Ben Bernanke.

Answer 72

A Greek-French filmmaker best known for films with overt political themes. He has made movies mostly in French but also several in English.

Answer 73

A Swedish stage and film director who is one of the key film auteurs of the second half of the twentieth century. His films usually deal with existential questions about mortality, loneliness, and faith; they are also usually direct and not overtly stylized. Persona, one of Bergman's most famous films, is unusual among Bergman's work for being both existentialist and avant-garde.

Answer 74

A Franco-Swiss filmmaker and one of the most influential members of the Nouvelle Vague, or "French New Wave". Known for stylistic implementations that challenged, at their focus, the conventions of Hollywood cinema, he became universally recognized as the most audacious and most radical of the New Wave filmmakers. He adopted a position in filmmaking that was unambiguously political. His work reflected a fervent knowledge of film history, a comprehensive understanding of existential and Marxist philosophy, and a scholarly disposition that placed him as the lone filmmaker among the public intellectuals of the Rive Gauche.

Answer 75

An author, editor, and creator of The Whole Earth Catalog and CoEvolution Quarterly. His intent with the Whole Earth Catalog was to enable people to find virtually any sort of information useful to themselves, in the belief that humans would then develop a new, positive and sustainable culture and technology for themselves; in this way, his ideas were forerunners of the Internet. Hence, Brand later pioneered the online community The WELL.

Answer 76

Thomas Edison.

Answer 77

Aaron Burr, Jr. (February 6, 1756 – September 14, 1836) was an American politician and adventurer. He was a major formative member of the Democratic-Republican Party in New York and a strong supporter of Governor George Clinton. He is remembered not so much for his tenure as the third Vice President, under Thomas Jefferson, as for his duel with Alexander Hamilton and his trial and acquittal on charges of treason.

Answer 78

(November 14, 1900 – December 2, 1990) was an American composer of concert and film music. Instrumental in forging a uniquely American style of composition, he was widely known as "the dean of American composers." Copland's music achieved a difficult balance between modern music and American folk styles, and the open, slowly changing harmonies of many of his works are said to evoke the vast American landscape.

Answer 79

(September 18, 1905 – October 7, 1993) was an American dancer and choreographer. She was white. In 1939 she was invited to join the American Ballet Theatre. There she created Black Ritual, the first ballet to use an all-black cast. After that, she worked as choreographer on many major musicals and a number of films, including: Rodeo, Oklahoma!, Carousel, Brigadoon, Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, Paint Your Wagon, Juno

Answer 80

(January 6, 1878 – July 22, 1967) was an American poet, historian, novelist, balladeer and folklorist. He was born in Galesburg, Illinois of Swedish parents and died at his home, which he named Connemara, in Flat Rock, North Carolina. H. L. Mencken called Carl Sandburg "indubitably an American in every pulse-beat." He was a successful journalist, poet, historian, biographer, and autobiographer. During the course of his career, Sandburg won two Pulitzer Prizes, one for his biography of Abraham Lincoln (Abraham Lincoln: The War Years) and one for his collection The Complete Poems of Carl Sandburg.

Answer 81

Charles Austin Beard (November 27, 1874 - September 1, 1948) was, with Frederick Jackson Turner, the most influential American historian of the early 20th century. As a leader of the "Progressive School" of historiography, he introduced themes of economic self-interest and economic conflict, such as the conflict among industrialists in the Northeast, farmers in the Midwest, and planters in the South that he saw as the cause of the Civil War. His revisionist study of the financial interests of the drafters of the United States Constitution seemed radical in 1913, since he proposed that the U.S. Constitution was a product of economically determinist, land-holding founding fathers. He saw ideology as a product of economic interests. His approach lost favor after 1950 as historians paid more attention to ideology as a force. Beard's interest in progressive higher education was an early one. In 1899, he collaborated with John Ruskin at Oxford in the founding of Ruskin House, the first institution of labor education, and which set in motion a succession of failed attempts in the United States which finally culminated with the founding of the National Labor College in 1999. After resigning from Columbia University in protest in 1917, he helped to found the New School for Social Research in New York, and advised on reconstructing Tokyo after the earthquake of 1923. He supported the new deal.

Answer 82

Chief justice of U.S. nominated in 1930 by Herbert Hoover. Under him the Supreme Court continued to enforce a Federal laissez-faire approach, overturning many of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal programs, which were designed to combat the Great Depression, by 5–4 margins. Most notably, the National Industrial Recovery Act was overturned in Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States (1935), and the Agricultural Adjustment Act was struck down in United States v. Butler (1936). In response, President Roosevelt proposed the Judiciary Reorganization (court packing) Bill.

Answer 83

David Ricardo (April 18, 1772 – September 11, 1823), a British political economist, is often credited with systematizing economics, and was one of the most influential of the classical economists. He was also a successful businessman, financier and speculator, and amassed a considerable fortune.

Answer 84

US supreme court chief justice nominated in 1953 by Dwight D. Eisenhower. The first important case of Warren's tenure was Brown v. Board of Education (1954), in which the Court unanimously declared segregation in public schools unconstitutional, effectively reversing the precedent set earlier in Plessy v. Ferguson and other cases. The Warren Court also made several controversial decisions relating to the Bill of Rights. The doctrine of incorporation, which had first taken root in Gitlow v. New York, was applied fully to most provisions of the Bill of Rights. In Engel v. Vitale (1962), the Court declared that officially sanctioned prayer in public schools was unconstitutional under the First Amendment. Similarly, in Abington School District v. Schempp (1963), it struck down mandatory Bible readings in public schools. The Court also expanded and incorporated the rights of criminal defendants, on the basis of the Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Amendments. In Mapp v. Ohio (1961), the Court incorporated the Fourth Amendment and ruled that illegally seized evidence could not be used in a trial. Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) established that states were required to provide attorneys to indigent defendants. Miranda v. Arizona (1966) held that the police must inform suspects of their rights (including the right to remain silent and the right to an attorney) before being interrogated. (The decision is the source of the famous Miranda warning.) Another significant and controversial decision made by the Warren Court was Griswold v. Connecticut (1965), which established that the Constitution protected the right to privacy.

Answer 85

US supreme court justice nominated in 1910 by William Howard Taft. In the early twentieth century, the Supreme Court established that the Fourteenth Amendment protected the "liberty of contract." On the grounds of the Fourteenth Amendment and other provisions of the Constitution, it controversially overturned many state and federal laws designed to protect employees. The first important decision of the era was Lochner v. New York (1905), in which the Court overturned a New York law limiting the number of hours bakers could work each week. In Adair v. United States (1908), the Court overruled a federal law which forbade "yellow dog contracts" (contracts that prohibited workers from joining unions). Adkins v. Children's Hospital (1923) involved a decision that a District of Columbia minimum wage law was unconstitutional. White was generally seen as one of the more conservative members of the court.

Answer 86

Edward Teller (January 15, 1908 – September 9, 2003) was a Hungarian-born American nuclear physicist, known colloquially as "the father of the hydrogen bomb." He was an early member of the Manhattan Project charged with developing the first atomic bombs. During this time he made a serious push to develop the first fusion-based weapons as well, but these were deferred until after World War II. After his controversial testimony in the security clearance hearing of his former Los Alamos colleague Robert Oppenheimer, Teller became ostracized by much of the scientific community. He continued to find support from the U.S. government and military research establishment. He was a co-founder of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and was both its director and associate director for many years. Over the course of his long life, Teller was known both for his scientific ability and his difficult interpersonal relations, and is considered one of the key influences on the character Dr. Strangelove in the 1964 movie of the same name.

Answer 87

(June 27, 1869 – May 14, 1940) was a Lithuanian-born anarcho-communist known for her anarchist writings and speeches. Adopted by First-wave feminists, she has been lionized as an iconic "rebel woman" feminist. Goldman played a pivotal role in the development of anarchism in the US and Europe throughout the first half of the twentieth century. She immigrated to the United States at seventeen and was later deported to Russia, where she witnessed the results of the Russian Revolution. She spent a number of years in the South of France where she wrote her autobiography, Living My Life, and other works, before taking part in the Spanish Civil War in 1936 as the English language representative in London of the CNT-FAI.

Answer 88

(December 11, 1882–September 20, 1947) was the Mayor of New York from 1934 to 1945. He was popularly known as "the Little Flower," the translation of his Italian first name, also perhaps a reference to his short stature of just 5 feet. According to modern historians, LaGuardia is considered one of New York City's greatest mayors because of his role in leading New York during the Great Depression.

Answer 89

Francis Parkman (September 16, 1823 – November 8, 1893) was born in Boston, Massachusetts and died in Jamaica Plain, Boston, Massachusetts. He is best known as a historian, and particularly as author of The Oregon Trail: Sketches of Prairie and Rocky-Mountain Life, and his monumental seven volume France and England in North America. These works are considered masterpieces of both history and literature.

Answer 90

1818-1895 an American abolitionist, editor, orator, author, statesman and reformer. Among the most prominent African Americans of his time, and one of the most influential lecturers and authors in American history. Most well-known work is his autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. Later became the publisher of a series of newspapers.

Answer 91

Frederick Jackson Turner (November 14, 1861–1932) was, with Charles A. Beard, the most influential American historian of the early 20th century. Frederick Jackson Turner is best remembered today for his "Frontier Thesis", which he first publicized on July 12, 1893 in a paper read in Chicago to the American Historical Association, during the Chicago World's Fair. Here, he stated that the spirit and success of the United States is directly tied to the westward expansion of the country. Turner is also famous because of his famous lecture on how the frontier had shaped American development, he concluded that the "first period" of American history- the period that had nurtured individualism, democracy, and the widespread opportunity for economic autonomy-had come to an end.

Answer 92

Supreme court chief justice nominated in 1946 by Harry S. Truman. On racial segration, he wrote that states practicing the separate but equal doctrine must provide facilities that were truly equal, in Sweatt v. Painter and McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents. The case of Brown v. Board of Education was before the Court at the time of his death. Vinson, not wanting a 5-4 decision, had ordered a second hearing of the case. He died before the case could be reheard, at which time Earl Warren was appointed to the Court and the case was heard again.

Answer 93

George Bancroft (October 3, 1800 – January 17, 1891) was an American historian and statesman. A native of Worcester, Massachusetts, he was prominent in promoting secondary education both in his home state and at the national level. During his tenure as U.S. Secretary of the Navy, he established the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis in 1845.

Answer 94

(June 7, 1917 – December 3, 2000) was an award-winning African American woman poet. Her poetry is rooted in the poor and mostly African-American South Side of Chicago. She initially published her poetry as a columnist for the Chicago Defender, an African American newspaper. Although her poems range in style from traditional ballads and sonnets to using blues rhythms in free verse, her characters are often drawn from the poor inner city.

Answer 95

Supreme court chief justice nominated in 1941 by Franklin D. Roosevelt. Liberal justice who supported new deal programs.

Answer 96

1811-1896 an abolitionist, and writer of more than 10 books, the most famous being Uncle Tom's Cabin which describes life in slavery.

Answer 97

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (August 27, 1770–November 14, 1831) was a German philosopher born in Stuttgart, Württemberg, in present-day southwest Germany. He is best known for attempting to elaborate a comprehensive and a system of metaphysics from a logical starting point. Many consider Hegel's thought to represent the summit of early 19th century Germany's movement of philosophical idealism. It would come to have a profound impact on many future philosophical schools, including schools that opposed Hegel's specific dialectical idealism, such as Existentialism, the historical materialism of Karl Marx, historicism, and British Idealism.

Answer 98

(October 18, 1831-August 12, 1885) was an American writer. In 1879, her interests turned to the plight of the Native Americans after attending a lecture in Boston by Ponca Chief Standing Bear, who described the forcible removal of the Ponca Indians from their Nebraska reservation. Jackson was angered by what she heard regarding the unfair treatment at the hands of government agents and became an activist. She started investigating and publicizing the wrongdoing, circulating petitions, raising money, and writing letters to the New York Times on behalf of the Poncas. She also started writing a book condemning the Indian policy of the government and the history of broken treaties. Because she was in poor health at the time, she wrote with desperate haste. A Century of Dishonor, calling for change from the contemptible, selfish policy to treatment characterized by humanity and justice, was published in 1881

Answer 99

Henry Brooks Adams (February 16, 1838 – March 27, 1918) was an American historian, journalist and novelist. He was a member of the Adams political family. In 1868, Henry Adams returned to the United States and settled down in Washington, D.C., where he started working as a journalist. Adams saw himself as a traditionalist longing for the democratic ideal of the 17th and 18th centuries. Accordingly, he was keen on exposing political corruption in his journalistic pieces.

Answer 100

1817-1862 an American author, naturalist, transcendentalist, pacifist, tax resister and philosopher who is famous for Walden, on simple living amongst nature, and Civil Disobedience, on resistance to civil government and among 22 other books that Thoreau published. He was a lifelong abolitionist.

Answer 101

1807-1882 an American poet who wrote many works that are still famous today, including The Song of Hiawatha, Paul Revere's Ride and Evangeline. He also wrote the first American translation of Dante Alighieri's Inferno. His poetry is based on familiar and easily understood themes with simple, clear, and flowing language. His poetry created an audience in America and contributed to creating American mythology.

Answer 102

1813-1887 Theologically liberal American Congregationalist clergyman and reformer, and author. One of his elder sisters was Harriet Beecher Stowe, author of Uncle Tom's Cabin. An advocate of women's suffrage and for temperance, and a foe of slavery, he bought guns to support Bleeding Kansas.

Answer 103

He pioneered the field of social darwinism by applying Darwin's ideas to human behavior.

Answer 104

1819-1891 an American novelist, essayist, and poet. During his lifetime his early novels were popular, but his popularity declined later in his life. By the time of his death he had nearly been forgotten, but his masterpiece, Moby-Dick, was "rediscovered" in the 20th century. His short story "Bartleby the Scrivener" is among his most important pieces because It has been considered a precursor to Existentialist and Absurdist literature.

Answer 105

1811-1872 an American newspaper editor, reformer and politician. His New York Tribune was the most influential newspaper of the period 1840-1870. Greeley used it to promote the Whig and Republican parties. “Go West, Young Man!” he advised ambitious youth. Champion of the workingman, he attacked monopolies of all sorts and rejected land grants to railroads. Fought the extension of slavery.

Answer 106

(January 1, 1895 – May 2, 1972) was the founder of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in its present form and its director from May 10, 1924 until his death in 1972. Hoover was appointed acting director of the FBI by President Coolidge to reform and clean up the bureau, which was considered a haven of corruption. During his tenure, Hoover attained extraordinary power and unusual discretionary authority, while also feuding with many adversaries. Various accusations have since surfaced: that Hoover had links to the Mafia, that he gathered information for the purposes of blackmail, or that he was a closeted homosexual 'passing' as straight while persecuting others with the same orientation and family history. To date, J. Edgar Hoover is the longest-serving leader of an executive branch agency in the United States, having served under a record eight presidents, from Calvin Coolidge to Richard Nixon; indeed, it is because of Hoover that, since his tenure, FBI Directors have been limited to ten-year terms.

Answer 107

1912-1956 An influential American artist and a major force in the abstract expressionism movement. Pollock's style changed dramatically beginning in 1947. He began painting with his (usually large) canvases placed on the floor, and developed what was called his "drip" technique, or the more preferred term, his "pour" technique. He used his brushes as sticks to drip paint, and the brush never touched the canvas. This was an origination of action painting. In this process he moved away from figurative art, and changed the Western tradition of using an easel and brush, as well as moving away from use only of the hand and wrist - as he used his whole body to paint. Pollock was dubbed "Jack the Dripper" due to his painting style. Died of car crash in 1956.

Answer 108

James Buchanan Eads (23 May 1820–8 March 1887) was an American engineer and inventor.In 1861, after the outbreak of the American Civil War he was contracted to construct ironclads for the United States Navy, and impressed the Navy by producing 8 such ships within 100 days. He continued to produce ironclad steamships throughout the war, which greatly aided the Union. Eads designed and built the first road and rail bridge to cross the Mississippi River, the famous Eads Bridge at St. Louis, Missouri, constructed from 1867 through 1874. The Mississippi in the 100-mile-plus strech between the port of New Orleans, Louisiana and the Gulf of Mexico frequently suffered from silting up of its outlets, stranding ships or making parts of the river unnavigable for a period of time. Eads solved the problem with a wooden jetty system that narrowed the main outlet of the river, which caused the river to speed up and cut its channel deeper, so allowing year-round navigation. This system did, however, exacerbate flooding during the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and Hurricane Katrina in 2005. He designed a gigantic railway system intended for construction at the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, which would carry ocean going ships across the isthmus from the Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific Ocean; this attracted some interest but was never constructed.

Answer 109

1834-1903 American-born, British based painter and etcher. Most famous work is Whistler's Mother. Whistler's belief that art should concentrate on the arrangement of colors led many critics to see his work as a precursor of abstract art.

Answer 110

Jean Gottmann (October 10, 1915 – February 28, 1994) was a French geographer who was most widely known for coining the term megalopolis to describe the condition of the Boston-Washington corridor. His main contributions to human geography were in the sub-fields of urban, political, economic, historical and regional geography.

Answer 111

1800-1859 One of the first white abolitionists to advocate, and to practice, guerrilla warfare as a means to the abolition of slavery. He first gained national notoriety when he led a company of volunteers during the Bleeding Kansas crisis, in which he fought two major battles with pro-slavery terrorists, directed the Pottawatomie massacre on the night of May 24th, 1856, and liberated 11 slaves from slaveholders in neighboring Missouri. Brown's most famous deed was the raid he led on the federal armory at Harpers Ferry, Virginia (in modern-day West Virginia). Brown's subsequent capture by federal forces commanded by Robert E. Lee, his trial, and his execution by hanging are generally considered an important part of the origins of the American Civil War.

Answer 112

An American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer, whose thought has been greatly influential in the United States and around the world. He is recognized as one of the founders of the philosophical school of Pragmatism, a pioneer in functional psychology, and a leading representative of the progressive movement in U.S. education during the first half of the 20th century.

Answer 113

Secretary of State under Eisenhower from 1953 to 1959. He was a significant figure in the early Cold War era, advocating an aggressive stance against communism around the world. He advocated support of the French in their war against the Viet Minh in Indochina and famously refused to shake the hand of Zhou Enlai at the Geneva Conference in 1954.

Answer 114

1745 – 1829 was an American politician, statesman, revolutionary, diplomat and jurist. Considered one of the "founding fathers" of the United States, Jay served in the Continental Congress, and was elected President of that body in 1778. During and after the difficult and dangerous years of the American Revolutionary War, he was an ambassador to Spain and France, helping to fashion American foreign policy and to secure favorable peace terms from the British and French. He cowrote the Federalist Papers with Alexander Hamilton and James Madison. Jay also served on the U.S. Supreme Court as the first, as well as the youngest, Chief Justice of the United States from 1789 to 1794. Perhaps the most controversial of the Supreme Court's early decisions under him was Chisholm v. Georgia, in which it held that the federal judiciary could hear lawsuits against states. Soon thereafter, responding to the concerns of several states, Congress proposed the Eleventh Amendment, which granted states immunity from certain types of lawsuits in federal courts. The Amendment was ratified in 1795.

Answer 115

A widely read twentieth-century economist, from the American Institutional economics school. On the faculty of Harvard University from 1934 to 1975. He served in the administrations of Franklin Roosevelt, Harry Truman, John F. Kennedy and Lyndon Baines Johnson. In 1961, Kennedy appointed him ambassador to India, where he served until 1963. Although he is a former president of the American Economic Association, Galbraith is considered something of an iconoclast by many economists because he eschews mathematical modeling in favor of non-technical political economy. Additionally certain economists have alleged that he does not base his conclusions on solid research. His work includes several books on economic topics (some of which were bestsellers in the late 1950s and during the 1960s) in which he describes ways in which economic theory does not always mesh with real life. He said unions and governement regulations would automatically check the power of corporations over time. In his most famous work, The Affluent Society (1958), which became a bestseller, Galbraith outlined his view that to be successful the United States would need to make large investments in items such as highways and education using funds from general taxation.

Answer 116

(February 12, 1880 – June 11, 1969) was a leader of organized labor who served as president of the United Mine Workers of America from 1920 to 1960. He was a major player in the History of coal mining. He was the driving force behind the founding of the Congress of Industrial Organizations, which established the United Steel Workers of America and helped organize millions of other industrial workers in the 1930s. After resigning as head of the CIO in 1941, he took the Mine Workers out of the CIO in 1942, then back into the American Federation of Labor in 1944.

Answer 117

John Locke (August 29, 1632 – October 28, 1704) was an influential English philosopher and social contract theorist. He developed an alternative to the Hobbesian state of nature and argued a government could only be legitimate if it received the consent of the governed and protected the natural rights of life, liberty, and estate. If such consent was not given, argued Locke, citizens had a right of rebellion. Locke's ideas had an enormous influence on the development of political philosophy, and he is widely regarded as one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers and contributors to liberal theory. His writings, along with those of the writings of many Scottish Enlightenment thinkers, influenced the American revolutionaries as reflected in the American Declaration of Independence.

Answer 118

1755-1835 Supreme court chief justice nominated by John Adams in 1801. In the landmark case Marbury v. Madison (1803), Marshall held that the Supreme Court could overturn a law passed by Congress if it violated the Constitution, legally cementing the power of judicial review. The Marshall Court also made several important decisions relating to federalism. Marshall took a broad view of the powers of the federal government—in particular, the interstate commerce clause and the necessary and proper clause. For instance, in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), the Court ruled that the interstate commerce clause and other clauses permitted Congress to create a national bank, even though the power to create a bank is not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution. Similarly, in Gibbons v. Ogden (1824), the Court found that the interstate commerce clause permitted Congress to regulate interstate navigation. The Marshall Court also made several decisions restraining the actions of state governments. The notion that the Supreme Court could consider appeals from state courts was established in Martin v. Hunter's Lessee (1816) and Cohens v. Virginia (1821). In several decisions, the Marshall Court confirmed the supremacy of federal laws over state laws. For example, in the aforementioned decision in McCulloch v. Maryland, the Court held that a state could not tax an agency of the federal government. At the same time, however, the Marshall Court held in the landmark case Barron v. Baltimore (1833) that the Bill of Rights restricted the federal government alone, and did not apply to the states. Nonetheless, the Supreme Court would in later years hold that the Fourteenth Amendment had the effect of applying the Bill of Rights to the states.

Answer 119

1856-1925 A painter known for his portraits. He is usually thought of as an American artist, although he lived most of his life in Europe. Sargent's portraits subtly capture the individuality and personality of the sitters. In a time when the art world was focused on impressionism and emphasizing artistic individuality, Sargent emphasized his own form of Realism and regularly did commissioned portraits of the wealthy.

Answer 120

Immanuel Kant (22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804), was a German philosopher from Königsberg (now Kaliningrad) in East Prussia. Kant is often considered one of the greatest, and is one of the most influential, thinkers of modern Europe and the last major philosopher of the Enlightenment. Kant is known for his theory that there is a single moral obligation, which he called the Categorical Imperative, which is derived from the concept of duty. It is from the Categorical Imperative that all other moral obligations are generated, and by which all moral obligations can be tested. He believed that the moral law is a principle of reason itself, and is not based on contingent facts about the world, such as what would make us happy. Accordingly, he believed that moral obligation applies to all and only rational agents.

Answer 121

(August 25, 1918 – October 14, 1990) was an American composer, pianist and conductor. He was the first conductor born in the United States of America to receive world-wide acclaim, and is known for both his conducting of the New York Philharmonic, including the acclaimed Young People's Concerts series, and his multiple compositions, including West Side Story and Candide.

Answer 122

(May 23, 1810 - June 19, 1850) was a journalist, critic and women's rights activist. Fuller became friends with Ralph Waldo Emerson and was subsequently associated with transcendentalism. She edited the transcendentalist journal, The Dial for the first two years of its existence from 1840 to 1842. When she joined Horace Greeley's New York Tribune as literary critic in 1844, she became the first female journalist to work on the staff of a major newspaper. In the mid-1840s she organized discussion groups of women in which a variety of subjects, such as art, education and women's rights, were debated.

Answer 123

1903-1970 Russian-born American Jewish painter who is often classified as an abstract expressionist. Among the founders of the New York School, his work concentrated on basic emotions, often filling the canvas with very few, but intense colours, using little immediately-apparent detail. He killed himself.

Answer 124

Lived 1844-1926. American impressionist artist who worked in Paris. After experimenting with different printmaking techniques like etching and aquatint she finally discovered drypoint combined with aquatint as her favorite intaglio process. Between 1889 and 1890 she created a set of twelve wonderful drypoints. From 1890 to 1891 she made a series of ten color prints, known as The Ten. This series is considered as a landmark in Impressionist printmaking.

Answer 125

(August 1, 1837 – November 30, 1930), better known as Mother Jones, was a prominent American labor and community organizer. She helped found the IWW in 1905.

Answer 126

Chief justice of supreme court nominated by Grover Cleveland in 1888. In Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), the Court determined that the equal protection clause did not prohibit racial segregation in public facilities, as long as the facilities were equal (giving rise to the famous term "separate but equal"). He declared the income tax law unconstitutional. In Western Union Telegraph Company vs. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania he ruled that states could not tax interstate telegraph messages. He struck a blow against government antitrust legislation with the 1895 case United States v. E. C. Knight Co.. In Fuller's majority decision, he found that the refining of sugar by a company within the boundries of one state could not be held to be in restraint of interstate commerce under the terms of the 1890 Sherman Antitrust Act, regardless of the product's final market share.

Answer 127

1816-1888 Supreme court chief justice nominated by Ulysses S. Grant in 1874. In the Civil Rights Cases (1883), the Court under Chief Justice Morrison Waite held that Congress could not prohibit racial discrimination by private individuals (as opposed to governments) on the grounds of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Answer 128

1804-1864 a 19th century American novelist and short story writer. He is seen as a key figure in the development of American literature. Hawthorne is best-known today for his many short stories and The Scarlet Letter. Much of Hawthorne's work is set in colonial New England, and many of his short stories have been read as moral allegories influenced by his Puritan background.

Answer 129

1745–1807 an American lawyer and politician, was a revolutionary against British rule, a drafter of the United States Constitution, and third Chief Justice of the United States.

Answer 130

An Immensely influential ancient Greek philosopher, a student of Socrates, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens where Aristotle studied. In Plato's writings are debates concerning the best possible form of government, featuring adherents of aristocracy, democracy, monarchy as well as other issues. A central theme is the conflict between nature and convention, concerning the role of heredity and the environment on human intelligence and personality long before the modern "nature versus nurture" debate began in the time of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, with its modern continuation in such controversial works as The Mismeasure of Man and The Bell Curve. Plato says reason and wisdom should govern. This does not equate to tyranny, despotism or oligarchy, however. Another key distinction and theme in the Platonic corpus is the dichotomy between knowledge and opinion, which foreshadow modern debates between David Hume and Immanuel Kant, and has been taken up by postmodernists and their opponents, more commonly as the distinction between the 'objective' and the 'subjective'.

Answer 131

1803-1882 a famous American essayist and one of America's most influential thinkers and writers. First expressed the philosophy of Transcendentalism in his essay Nature. Emerson made a living as a popular lecturer in New England and the rest of the country outside of the south.

Answer 132

Richard Elliott Neustadt (June 26, 1919 - October 31, 2003) was an American political historian specializing in the U.S. Presidency. He also served as advisor to several Presidents. Neustadt later founded the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard, where he taught for more than two decades, retiring in 1989. After his retirement he served as an advisor to Bill Clinton. One of Neustadt's closest students was a young Al Gore. Gore's interest in politics was reignited by a junior seminar taught by Neustadt in 1968 on the presidency. In the course, Gore role-played John F. Kennedy during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Gore arranged to have private tutorials with Neustadt during his senior year, meeting with him two hours weekly. His most important book, Presidential Power, first published in 1960, influenced Kennedy as well as a whole generation of academics, and continues to be one of the staples of courses about the presidency all over the world. Neustadt took a radically original view. The president, he believed, had to grab "for just enough power to get by the next day's problems". Neustadt argued that "the power of the presidency is the power to persuade". To be precise, he said, the government has three assets: the power to persuade, its professional reputation, and its public prestige. In a government like that of the United States, where powers are shared between congress, the judiciary and the executive branch headed by the president, the president must do his best to bargain with rival power centres to get what he believes to be needed.

Answer 133

1946-1989 an American photographer, famous for his large-scale, highly-stylized black & white portraits, photos of flowers and male nudes. The frank, erotic nature of some of the work of his middle period triggered a more general controversy about the public funding of artworks. His most common themes were portraits of (now) famous people (including Andy Warhol, Deborah Harry, Richard Gere, and Patti Smith)

Answer 134

1946-1989 an American photographer, famous for his large-scale, highly-stylized black & white portraits, photos of flowers and male nudes. The frank, erotic nature of some of the work of his middle period triggered a more general controversy about the public funding of artworks. His most common themes were portraits of (now) famous people (including Andy Warhol, Deborah Harry, Richard Gere, and Patti Smith)

Answer 135

1777 - 1864 Supreme court chief justice nominated in 1836 by Andrew Jackson. At a time when sectional tensions between the North and South were high, many of the Supreme Court's decisions—particularly those relating to slavery—met with controversy and contention. Most controversial was the Taney Court's decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857). Dred Scott, a slave from Missouri, sued for his freedom on the grounds that his master had taken him into Illinois and the territory of Wisconsin, both of which prohibited slavery, for extended periods of time. Taney, however, ruled that members of the African race, "beings of an inferior order," were not and could never become citizens of the United States. Consequently, he ruled that Scott therefore had no standing to file the lawsuit. Moreover, he held that the Missouri Compromise, under which Congress prohibited slavery in certain territories that formed part of the Louisiana Purchase, was unconstitutional. The controversial decision met with vigorous opposition from abolitionists, and contributed to the tensions that led to the Civil War during the next decade.

Answer 136

1808-1873 Lincoln appointed him to be Chief Justice in 1864. Chase had strong anti-slavery credentials and had previously served Lincoln as Secretary of the Treasury. His post-Civil War tenure featured several key decisions affirming the indestructibility of the Union. Chase continued to serve as Chief Justice until his death in 1873. Many cases that came before the Court in the post–Civil War era involved interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Answer 137

(January 27, 1850–December 13, 1924) was the long-time leader of the American Federation of Labor who helped define the structure and the economic and political goals of the American labor movement. Founded the AFL in 1886. He was influenced by the writings of Marx.

Answer 138

American politician from Illinois, was one of the Democratic Party nominees for President in 1860. Lost to Lincoln. Was an expansonist. As senator, supported the Missouri Compromise.

Answer 139

(February 28, 1860 – August 7, 1929) was a Jewish American United States politician and a founding member of the Socialist Party of America. In 1919 he was convicted of violating the Espionage Act and twice denied a seat in the House of Representatives though elected repeatedly.

Answer 140

(21 November 1694 – 30 May 1778), was a French Enlightenment writer, essayist, deist and philosopher. Voltaire is well-known for his sharp wit, philosophical writings, promotion of the rights of man, and defense of civil liberties, including freedom of religion and the right to a fair trial. He was an outspoken supporter of social reform despite strict censorship laws in France and harsh penalties for those who broke them. A satirical polemist, he frequently made use of his works to criticize Church dogma and the French institutions of his day. Voltaire is considered one of the most influential figures of his time.

Answer 141

US supreme court justice nominated in 1969 by Richard Nixon. The Burger Court is best remembered for its ruling in Roe v. Wade (1973), which held that there is a constitutionally protected right to have an abortion in some circumstances. The Court also made important decisions relating to the First Amendment. In Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971), it established the "Lemon test" for determining if legislation violates the establishment clause. Similarly, it established the "Miller test" for laws banning obscenity in Miller v. California (1973). In United States v. Nixon the court ruled that the courts have the final voice in determining constitutional questions and that no person, not even the President of the United States, is completely above law.

Answer 142

(December 7, 1873 – April 24, 1947) is among the most eminent female American authors. She is known for her depictions of US prairie life in novels like O Pioneers!

Answer 143

US president 1909-1913 and supreme court justice nominated by Warren G. Harding in 1921. He remains the only person in the history of the United States to have led both the Executive and Judicial branches of the United States government, and is also the last President to hold a public office after his Presidential term ended. Was a Republican. Among other things, his administration is characterized for trust-busting, strengthening the Interstate Commerce Commission, expanding the civil service, and establishing a better postal system. Two constitutional amendments were passed during his term: the 16th Amendment, authorizing a federal income tax, and the 17th Amendment, mandating the direct popular election of senators instead of by the state legislatures. New Mexico and Airzona became states under him in 1912. As chief justice, made a landmark ruling in Gitlow v. New York, establishing the doctrine of incorporation, under which provisions of the Bill of Rights were deemed to restrict the states.

Answer 144

1805-1879 A prominent white abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. He is best known as the editor of the radical abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator, and as one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society. After the abolition of slavery, he continued working on other reform movements, especially temperance and women's suffrage.

Answer 145

US supreme court justice nominated in 1972 by Richard Nixon and elevated in 1986 by Ronald Regan to chief justice. The Rehnquist Court generally took a limited view of Congress's powers under the commerce clause, as exemplified by United States v. Lopez (1995). The Court made numerous controversial decisions, including Texas v. Johnson (1989), which declared that flag burning was a form of speech protected by the First Amendment; Lee v. Weisman (1992), which declared officially-sanctioned, student-led school prayers unconstitutional; Stenberg v. Carhart (2000), which voided laws prohibiting late-term abortions; and Lawrence v. Texas (2003), which struck down laws prohibiting sodomy. (Some commentators see these decisions as part of the "culture wars.") Another controversial decision of the Rehnquist court in 2003 was Gratz v. Bollinger which upheld affirmative action. Perhaps the most controversial decision made by the Court came in Bush v. Gore (2000), which ended election recounts in Florida following the presidential election of 2000, allowing George W. Bush to become the forty-third U.S. President.

Answer 146

1836-1910 an American landscape painter. By 1857 his freelance illustration career was underway and he contributed to magazines such as Ballou's Pictorial and Harper's Weekly. His works, mostly engravings, are characterized by clean outlines, simplified forms, dramatic contrast of light and dark, and lively figure groupings.

Answer 147

- constituency | - party

Answer 148

- Power and National Security - Domestic Impact Conception - Ideological Principle Conception

Answer 149

Rational Actor Model Organizational Process Model Bureaucratic Politics Model Radical (Military Industrial) Model

Answer 150

- roll back communism (aggression) - negotiations of many disagreements (diplomacy) - appeasement - containment/isolation of USSR

Answer 151

- How different is mass opinion and lead opinion? - How interested is the public? - How knowledgeable is the public? - What do they believe? - Are our opinions volatile?

Answer 152

1. definition of situation 2. identification of goals 3. identification of options 4. cost benefit analysis

Answer 153

- prying away its allies - weakening hold on sphere of influence - stopping trade - removing hostile gov't - waging preemptive war - fighting wars to prevent status quo disturbance

Answer 154

EEIIUA Emphasis on Military; Executive Branch Dominance, Ignorance, Isolationsm, Unilateralism, Arrogance

Answer 155

The promotion by the US of any government opposed to communism regardless of human rights violations

Answer 156

with Spain, transferring Florida, extended the U.S. to present boundaries in southeast.

Answer 157

ended Russian territorial presence and completed U.S. expansion on North American mainland.

Answer 158

accepted Wilson's 14 points as basis for just and lasting peace ending World War I.

Answer 159

measures to protect and defend U.S. citizens and interests from terrorist attacks

Answer 160

policy where one state must see the world from another state's point of view

Answer 161

A concept that describes how states deal with the problems of national security in a context of shifting alliances and alignments.

Answer 162

Conferences that established IMF, GATT, and WB

Answer 163

bureaucracies argue from their stance; conglomerates come to their decisions from their organizational standing

Answer 164

Preventive/Preemptive war against potential aggressors before they are capable of mounting attacks against the United States

Answer 165

-for international trade b/c his main constituency is the service sector

Answer 166

Generally no. US treaties and federal law are said to preempt any state or local law that can be said to be in the area of foreign relations. There is some wiggle room here, however if the effect of the local statute or ordinance is minimal. Courts upheld south african apartheid legislation, wherein cities forced pension funds to divest themselves of any South African investments.

Answer 167

the government organization that oversees foreign intelligence-gathering and related classified activities

Answer 168

Ignoring or schewing information unfavorable to a person's opinion

Answer 169

Persuading a country from doing something they wouldn't have done

Answer 170

- Needs cooperative interational environments | - US needs more free states

Answer 171

Ratify treaties; confirm appointments; declare war; appropriate funds; oversee agencies; enact legislation

Answer 172

Keeping communism within its present territory through the use of diplomatic, economic, and military actions.

Answer 173

activities to stop terrorists from using fore and responding when they do

Answer 174

undercover actions in which the prime mover country appears to have had no role

Answer 175

Detterents almost always cause War (Security theory)

Answer 176

"â€šÃ„Â¢A new leader, Fidel Castro, came to power in Cuba and declared it a communist country. The US government cut off relations with Cuba in protest.

Answer 177

the executive department charged with managing country's military personnel, equipment, and operations

Answer 178

executive department meant to provide a unifying force in the efforts of the government to prevent attacks on the United States and to respond to such attacks through law enforcement and emergency relief should they occur

Answer 179

the executive department charged with managing foreign affairs

Answer 180

Preventing a country from doing what they might do

Answer 181

the formal system of communication and negotiation between countries

Answer 182

What sub-ideology? - "There can be a slippage between the distribution of power and the perception of threat" - Revisionist are threatening, while status quo states are not

Answer 183

overseer and coordinator of the many agencies involved in production and dissemination of intelligence information in the U.S. government, as well as the president's main intelligence adviser

Answer 184

"Dollar diplomacy" was the term used to describe the efforts of the United States — particularly under President William Howard Taft — to further its foreign policy aims in Latin America and East Asia through use of its economic power. The term is based on the earlier but related "gunboat diplomacy" — the demonstration or implied threat of superior military power to influence terms of trade and colonialism. The term was originally coined by critics of Philander C. Knox (Taft's secretary of State) who worked aggressively to extend American investments into less-developed regions (especially Latin America and China). At the time, during the largely isolationist-pacifist sentiments in the U.S. showed disapproval for the Spanish-American War and the Philippine Insurrection, and those like Taft who sought to expand the United States' reach saw the use of money as a suitable compromise. The term has historically been used by Latin Americans as a characterization of their disapproval for the role of that the U.S. government — through its support for U.S. corporations — have played in using economic, diplomatic, and military power to invade their economies.

Answer 185

- what would improve lives of citizens | - foreign policy relates to citizens of state

Answer 186

soft liners; avoid conflict and confrontation; passionate and considerate even if it means a deal of naivety

Answer 187

Representatives of more than 175 nations, including the United States, met at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, which produced a treaty on climate change and was the largest international meeting on the environment ever convened.

Answer 188

groups that promote public interest such as labor unions and industry groups, pro-life and pro-choice groups, and minority and women's rights groups

Answer 189

Punishments imposed on a nation as forms of protests

Answer 190

It prohibited all international exports from American ports. It represented President Thomas Jefferson's response to the United Kingdom's Orders in Council (1807) and France's Continental System, which were severely hurting America's merchant marines. Although it was designed to force the British and French to change their commercial systems, neither country did, and the Act was repealed in 1808. The Act failed to prevent the War of 1812.

Answer 191

As President George H.W. Bush stated a desire to integrate the Soviet Union into the community of nations, the Cold War ended when communist regimes collapsed across Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union disintegrated.

Answer 192

An executive agreement one of three mechanisms by which the United States enters into binding international agreements. They are considered treaties as the term is used under international law in that they bind both the United States and a foreign state. However, they are not considered treaties as the term is used under United States Constitutional law, because the United States Constitution's treaty procedure requires the advice and consent of two-thirds of the Senate, and these agreements are made solely by the President of the United States. An executive agreement can only be negotiated and entered into through the president's authority (1) in foreign policy, (2) as commander-in-chief of the armed forces, or (3) from a prior act of Congress. For instance, it is as commander-in-chief that the President negotiates and enters into status of forces agreements (SOFAs), which govern the treatment and disposition of U.S. forces stationed in other nations. An executive agreement, however, cannot go beyond the President's constitutional powers.

Answer 193

Concept of altering the distribution of power abroad in 3 ways: - manipulating the system of interstate alliances - tolerate spheres of influence - weaken adversary states

Answer 194

In various acts, Congress delegated the authority to negotiate trade agreements (treaties) to the president. The Senate then can vote the agreement up or down. Not really provided for by the constitution, but is in practice. Other countries like dealing with only the president, rather than the entire US senate. See Article II Section 2, Clause 2.

Answer 195

- ideolical threat of communism - military threat of the red army - security dilemma

Answer 196

Policy that a power neutralizes its neighbors in an effort to protect itself

Answer 197

assistance given by one country to another in the form of grants loans

Answer 198

Foreign Policy Objectives are the goals of a foreign policy, derived by relating a state's national interest to the international situation and the power available to the state.

Answer 199

The official strategy of a state regarding how it will relate to other states and international organizations

Answer 200

Peace, Power, Prosperity, Principles

Answer 201

Fourteen goals of the United States in the peace negotiations after World War I. President Woodrow Wilson announced the Fourteen Points to Congress in early 1918. They included public negotiations between nations, freedom of navigation, free trade, self-determination for several nations involved in the war, and the establishment of an association of nations to keep the peace. The “association of nations” Wilson mentioned became the League of Nations. (See also Treaty of Versailles.)

Answer 202

economic system by which countries exchange goods without imposing excessive tariffs and taxes

Answer 203

a series of agreements on international trading terms; now known as the World Trade Organization (WTO)

Answer 204

He was a diplomat that advised Truman to contain communist expansion through something called the Long Telegram in 1946.

Answer 205

The "Good Neighbor" policy was the policy of the United States Administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt in relation to Latin America during 1933-45, when the active U.S. intervention of previous decades was moderated in pursuit of hemispheric solidarity against external threats.

Answer 206

attributes decisions to the most intelligent; the way people interact often affect decision making and group decisions are often the best guided

Answer 207

In response to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, the United States built an international coalition to defend Saudi Arabia and, after United Nations approval, to eject Iraq from Kuwait through Operation Desert Storm.

Answer 208

Getting others to do what another says

Answer 209

hardlingers; willingly pursue the national interest through confrontation; emphasis on power; smart; tough; crafty; cunning

Answer 210

theory that one state is able to create stability in the international system i.e. Pax Britanica

Answer 211

"the overbearing influence of one nation over another"

Answer 212

Exist and must be honored, and a violation of these harms US

Answer 213

The Idealist approach assumes that a foreign policy based on morals, legal codes, and international norms is the most effective foreign policy because it encourages unity and cooperation among states rather than competition and conflict.

Answer 214

- policy is central to country's values | - use democracy to promote justice, peace

Answer 215

US citizens are subject to the laws of whatever country they are in. The State department usually will not ask for a deportation.

Answer 216

agencies and bureaus that are responsible for obtaining and interpreting information for the government

Answer 217

Concept of increasing the state's power resources in 4 ways: - strengthening armed forces and bottomw of economy - focusing policy on resource heavy regions - creating economic policy designed to produce relative gains - using military force when it maintains the state's prestige or reputation

Answer 218

The International Broadcasting Bureau (IBB) is a United States Government federal agency that was created in 1994 to produce political radio and television broadcasts that are intended for audiences in foreign countries. The IBB replaces the former Bureau of Broadcasting.

Answer 219

economic institution that makes short term, relatively small loans to countries to help balance their currency flows

Answer 220

a foreign policy based on taking an active role in global affairs; the predominant foreign policy view in the U.S.

Answer 221

(i-RAN, i-RAHN, eye-RAN; KON-truh, KOHN-trah) A scandal in the administration of President Ronald Reagan, which came to light when it was revealed that in the mid-1980s the United States secretly arranged arms sales to Iran in return for promises of Iranian assistance in securing the release of Americans held hostage in Lebanon. Proceeds from the arms sales then were covertly and illegally funneled to the Contras, rebels fighting the Marxist Sandinista government in Nicaragua.

Answer 222

Foreign Policy Logic that: - delayed American hegemony - puts US last among developed countries in foreign aid - causes unilateralism - casued continentalism - from Monroe Doctrine

Answer 223

ended 30 years of conflict between the two countries and provided possible framework for comprehensive peace in the Middle East.

Answer 224

required Great Britain to remove troops from northwestern frontier; Pinckney's Treaty with Spain opened mouth of Mississippi River to U.S. navigation.

Answer 225

President in 1961 | -Bay of Pigs

Answer 226

senior military officers from four branches of the U.S. armed forces

Answer 227

- CIA trained rebels trained in Guatemala - Attacked with B-26 to give illusion that Cuban Air Force had revolted - US would land 1500 exiles - no US troops present - no US detectable presence - no US air support

Answer 228

- vigorous foreign policy - US space program - called for Cuban "freedom fighters"

Answer 229

US should seek expansion of liberty because states are better when: - trade is free - nations are governed democratically - human rights are honored - nations have self-determination

Answer 230

first major-power agreement regulating atomic weapons testing, banned explosions in the atmosphere, in outer space and under water.

Answer 231

"interdependence does not create vital interests requiring political and military involvement" "US has sufficient domestic efficiency" "US has no binding moral obligations abroad"

Answer 232

"Promoting liberty is a moral obligation" "Makes no specific assumptions about the power of the US beyond hte rather general assumption that is has the capability to increase liberty somehow"

Answer 233

The message written by George Kennan in 1946 to Truman advising him to contain Communist expansion. Told Truman that if the Soviets couldn't expand, their Communism would eventually fall apart, and that Communism could be beaten without going to war.

Answer 234

removed foreign control of Mississippi's mouth and doubled U.S. territory.

Answer 235

Program of European economic recovery after World War II, financed by the United States. Britain, France, West Germany, The Netherlands, Belgium, and Italy were main recipients. Named for United States Secretary of State George Marshall and supported by President Truman.

Answer 236

Mass public is far more conservative in trade, intervention, and dimplomacy than policy makers

Answer 237

What sub-ideology?: - "Every predominance, or move toward predominance, represent a threat to the other states in the international system" - Any powerful state likely will use its power to augment its power, aggressively, if necessary

Answer 238

A statement of foreign policy issued by President James Monroe in 1823, declaring that the United States would not tolerate intervention by European nations in the affairs of nations in the Americas. Monroe also promised that the United States would not interfere with European colonies already established or with governments in Europe.

Answer 239

The Morrill Tariff of 1861 was a protectionist tariff bill passed by the U.S. Congress in early 1861. It was signed into law by Democratic president, James Buchanan of Pennslyvania, where support for higher tariffs to protect the iron industry was strong. It replaced the Tariff of 1857. The high rates of the Morrill tariff inaugurated a period of relatively continuous trade protection in the United States that lasted until the Underwood Tariff of 1913. As Frank Taussig observes, the schedule of the Morrill Tariff and its two successor bills were retained long after the end of the Civil War.

Answer 240

Conference held after Hitler's invasion of Czechoslovakia

Answer 241

The elements that constitute a state's most vital needs

Answer 242

organization within the Executive Office of the President that provides foreign policy advice to the President

Answer 243

first U.S. alliance concluded in peacetime, provided integrated force for defense of Western Europe and North America.

Answer 244

states must have the capability and the credibility to utilize deterrents

Answer 245

- Relationship between foreign policy and public opinion - how one would choose their stance on foreign policy - processes of foreign policy - attributes of the public - decision process

Answer 246

created the Organization of American States (OAS) to intensify U.S. and Latin American collaboration in all fields.

Answer 247

now signed by 110 governments, banned the spread of atomic weapons.

Answer 248

United States efforts to develop a trade relationship with China in the late 1800s to early 1900s; urged European nations with spheres of influence in China to not restrict trade in those areas.

Answer 249

Opinion Makers - Attentive Public - Opinion Leaders - Mass Public

Answer 250

- Present options for constituents - Give stricture and informational content - Makers may put out pre-made opinions - Must address attentive public - Must play a role in public submitting porcess

Answer 251

with Great Britain extended U.S. sole dominion to the Pacific.

Answer 252

policies as decided and policies as implemented are two different things; decision making and implementation always take place at different places and by different forces

Answer 253

P associated with International institutionalism, world order, and diplomacy

Answer 254

The Philippine-American War was a war between the armed forces of the United States and the Philippines from 1899 through 1913. In December 1898, the U.S. purchased the Philippines and other territories from Spain at the Treaty of Paris for the sum of 20 million United States dollars, after the U.S. defeated Spain in the Spanish-American War. The U.S. government made plans to make the Philippines an American colony. However, the Filipinos, fighting for their independence from Spain since 1896, had already declared their independence on June 12. On August 14, 11,000 ground troops were sent to occupy the Philippines. On January 1, 1899, Emilio Aguinaldo was declared the first President. He later organized a Congress at Malolos, Bulacan to draft a constitution. Tensions between the Filipinos and the American soldiers on the islands existed because of the conflicting movements for independence and colonization, aggravated by the feelings of betrayal on the part of the Filipinos by their former allies, the Americans. Hostilities started on February 4, 1899 when an American soldier named Robert William Grayson shot a Filipino soldier who was crossing a bridge into American-occupied territory in San Juan del Monte, an incident historians now consider to be the start of the war. Eventually the US grew tired of the war. In 1916 the United States granted the Philippines self-government and promised eventual independence. It was finally granted in 1946.

Answer 255

Also known as the Treaty of San Lorenzo or the Treaty of Madrid, was signed in San Lorenzo de El Escorial on October 27, 1795 and established intentions of friendship between the United States and Spain. It also defined the boundaries of the U.S. with the Spanish colonies and guaranteed U.S. navigation rights on the Mississippi River.

Answer 256

The Point Four Program was a program for economic aid to poor countries announced by United States President Harry S. Truman at his inauguration speech on January 20, 1949. It took its name from the fact that it was mentioned as the fourth among the foreign policy objectives mentioned in the speech. The Point Four Program was the result of the situation prevailing following World War II. In order to rebuild the destruction caused by the war, the U.S. government announced the European Recovery Program in 1948, based on the initiative of U.S. Secretary of State George C. Marshall. Point Four Program was different from other programs in that it was not confined to any specific region; it was extended to countries such as Israel and Iran. However, U.S. government enthusiasm for the program declined under President Dwight D. Eisenhower, and the program was officially abolished in May 1953.

Answer 257

P associated with Realism, competition of power, and coersion

Answer 258

- power - spheres of influence - absence of principles

Answer 259

Act before another country acts so as to PREVENT war

Answer 260

followed Secretary Kissinger's earlier negotiations in Peking, marking first important step in the process of normalizing relations with the People's Republic of China.

Answer 261

Chief of State; Chief Executive; Commander in Chief; Chief Diplomat; Chief legislator

Answer 262

P associated with democratic idealism, global democracy, and politics

Answer 263

Public Opinion - Opinion Submitting - Decision Making

Answer 264

the promotion of information which may or may not be correct , designed to influence the beliefs and attitudes of a foreign audience

Answer 265

P associated with economic liberalism, global capitalism, and economy

Answer 266

the imposition of trade barriers, especially tariffs, to make trading conditions favorable to domestic producers

Answer 267

Hardliners usually found in south; urbanites are usually internationalists

Answer 268

Why was it believed US action could be kept covert? Why was it believed that B-26's could take out Cuban Air Force? Why was it believed brigade's moral could overcome Cuba's military Why was it believed Cuban forces were weak? Why was it believed that Cubans would revolt? Why was it believed that the backup place (escape to Escombres) would work?

Answer 269

individuals are not bureaucratically, but socially

Answer 270

"the US is an imperialistic country, even though it has no significant empire; its empire is informal, long-standing, maintained by a plethora of instruments of intervention

Answer 271

Radio Free Asia was created by the International Broadcasting Act of 1994 and began its operations in 1996. It is a private, non-profit corporation funded by Congress of the United States, and supervised by the Broadcasting Board of Governors. BBG's stated mission is "to promote and sustain freedom and democracy by broadcasting accurate and objective news and information about the United States and the world to audiences overseas". RFA broadcasts in 9 languages, via shortwave and the Internet. The first transmission was in Mandarin and it is RFA's most elaborate service as it is broadcast twelve hours per day. RFA also broadcasts in Tibetan, Cantonese, Uyghur, Burmese, Vietnamese, Lao, Khmer (to Cambodia) and Korean (to North Korea). RFA's mission statement: "RFA broadcasts news and information to Asian listeners who lack regular access to full and balanced reporting in their domestic media. Through its broadcasts and call-in programs, RFA aims to fill a critical gap in the lives of people across Asia."

Answer 272

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) is a radio and communications organization which is funded by the United States Congress. The organization exists in Europe and the Middle East. It broadcasts more than 1,000 hours per week, in 28 languages, via shortwave, AM, FM and the internet. RFE/RL's mission statement is: "To promote democratic values and institutions by disseminating factual information and ideas." The National Committee for a Free Europe was founded in June 1949 in New York. RFE was the broadcasting arm of this organization. The headquarters was established in Munich and it transmitted its first short-wave program on July 4, 1950, to Czechoslovakia. The organization received its funds from the Congress of the United States and until 1971 they were passed to RFE through the CIA. The broadcasts were part of a general CIA psychological warfare campaign directed behind the Iron Curtain.

Answer 273

Radio and TV Martí are broadcasters based in Miami, Florida, financed by the United States government (Broadcasting Board of Governors), which transmits Spanish-language radio and TV broadcasts to Cuba. Established in 1983 by President Ronald Reagan, at the urging of Jorge Mas Canosa, with the mission of fighting communism.

Answer 274

Radio Sawa is an Arabic language radio station, funded by the United States government. The station's goal is to provide what they claim is balanced news and information to youth in Arabic-speaking countries, as local news in many Middle Eastern countries is considered by the U.S. government as biased. The station's playlist includes popular Arabic, English and Spanish songs. Radio Sawa's first broadcast was on March 23, 2002. Its broadcasts are recorded in Washington, DC and Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Radio Sara is controlled by the Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG), an independent agency of the U.S. government, such that staff are not civil servants under direct government control.

Answer 275

- states make deisions and policies as a rational entity - president represents rational actor "politics stop at the water's edge" - actor's goals can be achieved through rational process

Answer 276

Oppose the influence of the Soviet Union by backing anti-communist guerrillas against the communist governments of Soviet-backed client states. Somewhat triggered by Afghanistan - aiding mujahideen to hurt Soviets

Answer 277

What Ideology?: - "IR is a competition for the power necessary to guarentee national security" - military power is often national poower - no moral obligations

Answer 278

The Realist approach assumes that the use of power to promote the national interest of a state is the most successful foreign policy.

Answer 279

delegates of people are of the people and are also citizens and share values with their constituents

Answer 280

-Dulles fired -Castro held exiles US paid 53 mil. for exiles

Answer 281

A Revisionist approach to foreign policy seeks to alter territorial, ideological, or power distribution to the state's advantage.

Answer 282

Conferences that established Soviet Union as a ideolically driven country that cannot be dealt with

Answer 283

countries that break international norms and produce, sell, or use weapons

Answer 284

The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (from 1901 to 1909) was a substantial alteration (called an "amendment") of the Monroe Doctrine by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt. In its altered state, the Monroe Doctrine would now consider Latin America as an agency for expanding U.S. commercial interests in the region, along with its original stated purpose of keeping European hegemony from the hemisphere. In essence, Roosevelt's Monroe Doctrine would be the basis for a use of economic and military hegemony to make the U.S. the dominant power in the Western Hemisphere. The new doctrine was a frank statement that the U.S. was willing to seek leverage over Latin American governments by acting as an international police power in the region. Described as a policy of speaking softly but carrying a big stick, the Roosevelt announcement launched an era of the "big stick." In contrast with later dollar diplomacy, Roosevelt's approach was more controversial among isolationist-pacifists in the U.S.

Answer 285

- Monroe Doctrine - American moral superiority - America escaped monarchs, churches, revolutions, fascism, and nationalism - National sovereignty and autonomy - moved away from this in 1940's (WWII)

Answer 286

The Root-Takahira Agreement of 1908 was a contract between the United States and Japan. Relations between Japan and the United States remained tense during Theodore Roosevelt's second term. Tensions had developed earlier over spheres of influence in the Far East and the treatment of Japanese living in the U.S. Further, Roosevelt had never been forgiven for his opposition to Russian reparations for the Japanese at the end of the earlier war between those two nations. Many American farmers and laborers on the West Coast resented competition from hard-working Japanese immigrants. Conditions had deteriorated so badly by 1907 that there was talk of war in both countries. A small, positive step was taken in 1907 when the United States and Japan concluded the so-called "Gentlemen's Agreement," in which Japan promised to slow the exodus of workers destined for the U.S. Racial antipathy remained, however, particularly in California. Roosevelt was dedicated to further improving relations, realizing that the American position in the Philippines would be difficult to maintain against a Japanese adversary. An exchange of notes followed between Elihu Root, the U.S. secretary of state, and Takahira Kogoro, the Japanese ambassador in Washington. The resulting position statements included the following: A pledge to maintain the status quo in the Far East, Recognition of China's independence and territorial integrity, and support for continuation of the Open Door policy, An agreement to mutual consultation in the event of future Far Eastern crises. The Root-Takahira Agreement appeared to be a great success, given that the war drums in both nations were quieted. However, implicit in the understanding was American recognition of two controversial Japanese actions—the annexation of Korea and their increasing dominance in Manchuria. Indeed, the Japanese were espousing a type of Monroe Doctrine for the Far East, but one that assigned Japan a far more powerful economic role than the United States had in Latin America.

Answer 287

Russian event that preceded WWII and US-Soviet tensions

Answer 288

helped to bring an end to apartheid in 1991.

Answer 289

States need this _____ because: - people cannot be subordinate - there are spheres of influence - foreign domination - social unrest around the world harms US - all occurrences of foreign domination are incorrect

Answer 290

- superior economy - superior military - geography - power balance in Eurasia - Nuclear weapons - US isolation from foreign conflicts

Answer 291

- War is caused by two parties, an aggressor and an appeaser - Deterrents are necessary b/c aggressors are present and deterrents will succeed - Credibility of a deterrent can only be demonstrated through capablility and the courage to use it - Confrontati

Answer 292

The Nassau Agreement was a treaty negotiated between President John F. Kennedy for the United States and Prime Minister Harold Macmillan for the United Kingdom. It was discussed by the two leaders over three days in the Bahamas and signed 18 December 1962. Under the agreement the USA was to provide the UK with nuclear-armed Polaris missiles (under the terms of the Polaris Sales Agreement), in return for which the UK was to lease the Americans a nuclear submarine base in the Holy Loch, near Glasgow. The agreement was clear that the UK's Polaris missiles were part of a 'multi-lateral force' within NATO and could only be used independently when 'supreme national interests' intervened. The agreement followed the collapse of the Skybolt programme, which was an air-launched missile developed jointly by the two nations. No longer needed by the US, Skybolt's termination left a hole in the United Kingdom's nuclear deterrent. Charles de Gaulle considered the signing of the agreement to be a clear signal that the UK was aligning itself more closely with the US, and this contributed to his decision to refuse the United Kingdom's entry to the EEC in January 1963.

Answer 293

System of politics-economy most countries fell into after WWII

Answer 294

A war between Spain and the United States in 1898, as a result of which Spain ceded Puerto Rico, the Philippine Islands, and Guam to the United States and abandoned all claim to Cuba, which became independant in 1902.

Answer 295

The Status Quo Approach to Foreign Policy seeks to maintain the territorial, ideological, or power distribution of the state.

Answer 296

with U.S.S.R. prescribed mutual limitations on defensive and offensive weapons and established SALT as a continuing process.

Answer 297

foreign policy dealing with defense spending, military bases, and weapons procurement

Answer 298

the potential use of weapons of mass destruction in a terrorist attack

Answer 299

The Tariff of 1857 was a major tax reduction in the United States, creating a mid-century lowpoint for tariffs. It amended the Walker Tariff of 1846 by lowering rates to around 17% on average. The Tariff of 1857's cuts lasted only three years, though. In 1861 the country changed course under the heavily protectionist Morrill Tariff of 1861.

Answer 300

an act of violence that targets civilians for the purpose of provoking widespread fear that will force the government to change its policies

Answer 301

ended the Bosnian civil war by providing for NATO troops to serve as peacekeepers.

Answer 302

The logic that the US has the moral obligation to contribute substantially to solving global problems

Answer 303

between the United States, Canada, and Mexico took effect and the United States joined another structure that promoted global free trade, the World Trade Organization.

Answer 304

engineered by Benjamin Franklin, enabled the fledgling republic to continue its struggle for independence

Answer 305

ending 1846-48 war with Mexico, confirmed U.S. claim to Texas and completed U.S. expansion to Pacific.

Answer 306

at end of Spanish-American War, transferred to the United States Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, expanding U.S. power into the Pacific.

Answer 307

Great Britain recognized American independence and control over western lands as far as the Mississippi.

Answer 308

A U.S foreign policy designed to contain communism by stoppint it's spread to Greece and Turkey. President Harry S. Truman proclaimed the Doctrine on March 12, 1947.

Answer 309

Burkian and Representative delegate

Answer 310

U.S. and 50 other countries founded the United Nations

Answer 311

established diplomatic relations with China

Answer 312

The United States Agency for International Development (or USAID) is the US government organization responsible for most non-military foreign aid. An independent federal agency, it receives overall foreign policy guidance from the US Secretary of State.

Answer 313

It must have noticeable preferences: -Should display options and your preference +show one's opinion as only alternative +other opinions are ineffective -Well grounded in a coherent account of the consequences of policy -Theory of an outcome with an issue (consequences) -One must understand the facts of the case to further evaluate consequences

Answer 314

The Voice of America (VOA) is the official broadcasting service of the United States government. It is one of the best-known stations in international broadcasting and is similar to international broadcasters such as the BBC World Service, BBC World, Deutsche Welle, and Radio France Internationale. VOA was organized in 1942 under the Office of War Information with news programs aimed at German-occupied Europe and North Africa. VOA began broadcasting on February 24, 1942. Voice of America began to transmit radio broadcasts into the Soviet Union on February 17, 1947. Under United States law (the Smith-Mundt Act of 1948), the Voice of America is forbidden to broadcast directly to American citizens. The original intent of this legislation is to keep the federal government from having a direct outlet to their domestic public, unlike many European countries.

Answer 315

The 1846 Walker tariff was a Democratic bill that reversed the high rates of tariffs imposed by the Whig-backed "Black Tariff" of 1842 under president John Tyler. It was one of the lowest tariffs in American history. The tariff's reductions (35% to 25%) coincided with Britain's repeal of the Corn Laws earlier that year, leading to a decline in protection in both and an increase in trade. The bill resulted in a moderate reduction in many tariff rates and was considered a success in that it stimulated trade and brought needed revenue into the U.S. Treasury, as well as improved relations with Britain that had soured over the Oregon boundary dispute.

Answer 316

"Just and amicable feelings towards all nations" "No permanent attachments or hate for any nations" "Troubles seperating economic and political ties"

Answer 317

nuclear, biological, or chemical weapons that can kill a whole lotta peeps

Answer 318

with Great Britain delimited northeastern U.S. (Maine) boundary.

Answer 319

The Executive, subject to the approval of the senate.

Answer 320

Puerto Rico, The phillipines, and Cuba. it took place starting in 1898. The phillipinos, and later the cubans would fight for their independance.

Answer 321

Only the president.

Answer 322

Presented at Peace Talks (1919) at end of WWI: Versailles. St. Germain and Trianon Treaties. Free trade and lower tariffs. Reductions is armaments. Decolonization of empires. Self determination with trusteeships. CREATE INTERNATIONAL PEACEKEEPING FORCE WITH COLLECTIVE SECURITY PROVISION (LEAGUE OF NATIONS AND ARTICLE 10 OF LEAGUE CHARTER)

Answer 323

economic institution that makes large low-cost loans with long repayment terms to countries, primarily for infrastructure construction or repairs

Answer 324

Confrences that established Soviet Union as a reasonable rational power that can be dealt with with diplomatically

Answer 325

Single idea bullet.

Answer 326

language that describes the speakers position without evaluating others

Answer 327

language that judges another person increasing the likely hood of a defensive reaction

Answer 328

material, social, spiritual, cyber?

Answer 329

open the channels of communication, preview the message, altercast and disdain

Answer 330

1. identify yourself with a strong opinion of self 2. find positive role models to guide you 3. take time to reflect and become aware of your personal needs and motivations 4. try different experiences

Answer 331

physical, physiological, psychological, semantic

Answer 332

emblems, illustrators, affect displays, regulators, adaptors

Answer 333

positive-negative, person-focused message, immediate-delayed, low-monitored-high-monitored and supportive-critical

Answer 334

An identity assigned to you by others

Answer 335

a range of more to less abstract terms describing an event or object

Answer 336

meaning resulting from inability to experience a referent with one of senses

Answer 337

language that lacks or does not refer to observable behavior or other sensory data

Answer 338

Meaning that refers to something that con not be preceived or experienced with one of the senses.

Answer 339

Ensure you: (1) Double space text. (2) Ensure all main points are adequately supported; paper lengths will vary depending on the topic and/or requirements. (3) If computer-generated, use a 12-point, Times New Roman font; maintain one-inch margins all around; align text to left margin; do not center or justify text. (4) If handwritten, print or write legibly; use standard 8.5" by 11" college-ruled notebook paper; remove any frayed, spiral, or perforated edges; ensure letter are distinguishable from lower case letters.

Answer 340

Quality, intelligibility and variety.

Answer 341

learning about other cultures through interaction

Answer 342

Those who perfer that the message communocated by others contain information that is functional, well organized, breif and accurate

Answer 343

speaker has no time to organize ideas and responds immediately when answering a question, volunteering an opinion, or interacting during a question-and-answer session

Answer 344

To adjust both what is communicated and how a message is communicated to make choices about how best to formulate a message and respond to others to achieve your communication goals.

Answer 345

nonverbal behaviors that help satisfy a personal need or help a person adapt or respond to immediate situation; movements that are unintentional body movements in reaction to boredom or stress

Answer 346

Making things better

Answer 347

helping response in which the reciever offers suggestions about how the speaker should deal with a problem

Answer 348

the combination of two or more expressions each following a different emotion

Answer 349

A non verbal behavior that communicates emotions.

Answer 350

movements that reflect the intensity of our emotions of feelings

Answer 351

the degree to which people like or appreciate eachother; normally expressed nonverbally

Answer 352

language reflecting unqualified, often untrue, generalization denying individual differences

Answer 353

deception that was intended to be unmalicious

Answer 354

messages with more than one potential meaning

Answer 355

a style in which the reciever listens carefully to gather information to use in an attack on the speaker

Answer 356

Fat housebound whore with low self-esteem cause she's a frickin' glacier

Answer 357

a helping style in which the listener offers an interpertation of a speakers message

Answer 358

Non verbal behaviors such as vocal expression facial expression and gesters that communicate feelings of intrest and excitement.

Answer 359

Clothing or another element of apperance (e.g. jewelry tattoos, pericings, make-up, clogne.)

Answer 360

direct perception of sender's needs, thoughts, or feelings delievered in a way that does not attack the reciever's dignity

Answer 361

people should leave their native culture and go to a new one.

Answer 362

communication in which timing is out of sync there is a time delay between when you send a message and when you receive it.

Answer 363

listening to recorded messages such as those on an answering machine or voice mail which do not allow you to get an opportunity for you to get a response to your feedback.

Answer 364

To maintain a sustained focus on a particular message.(primary listening pattern0

Answer 365

the process of focusing on certain stimuli from the enviorment

Answer 366

what you attend to or notice in your environment

Answer 367

A learned predisposition to respond to a person, object, or idea in a favorable or unfavorable way.

Answer 368

It should be specific, accurate and concise.

Answer 369

very general causal attributions (crying-sad, laughing-happy)

Answer 370

consists of assessing the demographics psychographic, and rhetorographic characteristics of your prospective listeners

Answer 371

judgement about your own culture

Answer 372

An identity you assign to yourself and portray

Answer 373

A vocal cue that signals when we want to talk and when we don't.

Answer 374

They are organizational, language, managerial, and psychological. Organizational barriers are a result of personnel not understanding their responsibilities and the lines of authority within a given organizational structure. Language barriers result from our inability to use yhe proper words to communicate with our receiver. Managerial barriers stem from managers not listening and not taking an understanding attitude toward information and suggestions that reach them. Psychological barriers result from psychological needs not beeing met. These needs are a feeling of security, opportunity for advancement, a desire to be treated fairly, and a realization that one's work is both useful and important.

Answer 375

making a fundamental attribution error, exhibiting a self-serving bias, imposing consistency

Answer 376

All of the paragraph parts should be arranged so that their relationship is clear to the reader.

Answer 377

The primary objective is to get your ideas down on paper in some form so you can edit and revise.

Answer 378

an account that refers only to observable phenomena

Answer 379

The way in which you structure your understanding of reality- what is true and what is false.

Answer 380

develops through major points as well as any sub-points needed to develop the speaker's central idea

Answer 381

the range of topics at which an individual discloses

Answer 382

I-IT(impersonal) and I-Thou(interpersonal) communications

Answer 383

A concise, written statement of a single idea or a single accomplishment and the impact.

Answer 384

A comminication problem that arises when the same words mean different things to different people.

Answer 385

in which the speaker discusses the central idea without breaking it into sub points

Answer 386

cause for behavior is person, stimulus, circumstance

Answer 387

shows how two or more events are connected in such a way that if one occurs, the other will necessarily follow

Answer 388

messages that imply that the speakers position is correct and that the other person's ideas are not worth listening to

Answer 389

message is sent from source to reciever by some sort of pathway. - talking on phone: auditory channel - face to face has many channels (visual, auditory, smell (olfactory), touch (tactile)

Answer 390

the study of how humans use and structure time

Answer 391

The formation of a clique is the direct result of our social instinct to band together in groups. A clique can bind people together by enhancing unit moral. However, a clique can also take on a life of its own and become independent of organization objectives.

Answer 392

The preceptual process or filling in missing information

Answer 393

benevolence, tradition and conformity (group values) your responsible for contributing to the success of the group

Answer 394

ethnic identity

Answer 395

(1) Faulty order of sentence parts and misplaced modifiers-sentence parts are not in the correct order. (2) Faulty parallelism-similar ideas or parts are not expressed in a parallel way. (3) Faulty relationship of ideas-reader cannot tell the relationship of sentence parts due to dangling modifiers or omissions.

Answer 396

theoretical perspective that suggest commmunication behavior can be predicted based on personal traits and characteristics that result from people's genetic or biological backround

Answer 397

is the process of making sense out of the world and sharing that sense with others by creating meaning through the use of verbal and nonverbal messages

Answer 398

adjustment of behavior to fit the behavior of others

Answer 399

Ways of Communicating, Can be rich(face to face) or poor(e-mail)

Answer 400

inescapable, irreversible, complicated, emphasizes content and relationship, governed by rules

Answer 401

emotional tone of relationship as it is expressed in the messages that the partners send and receive

Answer 402

the message should: 1. be understood as the communicator intended it to be understood 2. Achieve the intended effect the communicator intended to achieve 3. Be ethical

Answer 403

one: be aware of communication with yourself and others 2: effectively use and interpret verbal msg 3: effectively use and interpret nonverbal msg 4: listen and respond thoughtfullly to others 5: appropriately adapt messages others

Answer 404

the act by one or more persons, of sending and receiving messages distorted by noise, occur within a context and provide feedback

Answer 405

which you would tell how the two types of institutions are alike

Answer 406

speech that shows both similarities and differences

Answer 407

bringing your own ideas to the conversation and how you build on others ideas/sayings

Answer 408

source, message, receiver, channel

Answer 409

an approach to conflict resoloution in which both parties attain atleast part of what they seek through self sacrifice

Answer 410

can be used to summarize and/or motivate listeners to take a prescribed action

Answer 411

related to being able to experience a referent with one of our senses

Answer 412

Meaning that refers to something that cannot be perceived with one of the senses.

Answer 413

a response that conveys valueing caring and or respecting another person

Answer 414

an expressed struggle atleast between two parties who percieve incompatible goals

Answer 415

The personal and subjective meaning of a word.

Answer 416

conveys feelings, people create personal and subjective meaning

Answer 417

The second person is the person spoken to; using the second person allows the writer to maintain some personal relationship with the reader.

Answer 418

thin/fat smart/dumb opposites and no in-between

Answer 419

The information, ideas or suggested actions that a communicatior wishes to express what is said.

Answer 420

a message that communicates information about the subject being discussed

Answer 421

a listening style that focuses on the content of the message

Answer 422

physical and psychological environment for communication.

Answer 423

any communication between two people

Answer 424

Based on other's goals

Answer 425

developing the ideas by giving specific examples of differences between the two types of institutions

Answer 426

the social need to influence others

Answer 427

messages in which the sender tries to impose some sort of out come on the reciever usually resulting in a defence reaction

Answer 428

accomodating ones speaking style to another person who usually is desirable or has higher status

Answer 429

a question that disguises the speakers true motive which doesn't include a genuine desire to understand the other person

Answer 430

passive aggressive messages sent in indirect ways that frustrate and confuse the recipiant

Answer 431

Consequences begin to be noticeable

Answer 432

listening in which the goals are to judge the quality or accuracy of the speaker's remarks

Answer 433

emotional expression is severely restricted when we communicate online because sending messages via internet filters out non-verbal cues.

Answer 434

the beliefs, values and ways of behaving that are shared by a group of people and passed down from one generation to the next

Answer 435

opening and closing conversations, interrupting, knowing when to use humor, using nonverbal behavior, knowing proper balance of speech and listening

Answer 436

A learned system of knowledge, behavior, attitude, beliefs, values, rules, and norms that is shared by a group of people and shaped from one generation to the next.

Answer 437

Honeymoon, crisis, recovery, adjustment, reverse

Answer 438

surprise, anger, disgust, fear, interest, sadness, happiness

Answer 439

The process of interpreting ideas, feelings, and thoughts that have been translated into a code.

Answer 440

a communication spiral in which each party slowly lessens their dependence on one another and become less invested in the relationship

Answer 441

Language that creates a climate of hostility and mistrust.

Answer 442

a response style in which the receiver perceives the speaker's comments as an attack

Answer 443

your listeners' characteristics based on their descriptions and backgrounds--include such factors as age, gender, religion, ethnicity, education, occupation, and race

Answer 444

conveys content and is literal and restrictive meaning of a word

Answer 445

The restrictive, or literal, meaning of a word.

Answer 446

a level of personal information a person reveals on a particular topic

Answer 447

messages that describe the seekers position without evaluating others

Answer 448

these models propose that the nature of communication is different in various stages of interpersonal relationships

Answer 449

Transitions and interim summaries are used to ensure the continuity of thought.

Answer 450

ugly: dumb, poor, dishonest

Answer 451

a model claiming that throughout their lifetime people in virtually all interpersonal relationships must deal with equally important opposing forces

Answer 452

inherent conflicts that arise when two opposing or incompatible forces exsist simulaneously

Answer 453

A concrete noun refers to objects that humans can directly experience. They usually convey the same meaning to everybody. an abstract noun is one that tends to be vague and open to interpretation. As such, its use often leads to confusion.

Answer 454

masc./femm. low/high power distance uncertainty avoidance individualism/collectivism

Answer 455

an expression of the speakers thoughts or feelings that attack the position and dignity of the reciever

Answer 456

Asking someone else whether your interpretations of what you preceive are correct.

Answer 457

a communication pattern in which we ignore someone's presence as well as what they are communicating

Answer 458

a message that expresses a lack of caring or respect for another person

Answer 459

Revising is a finishing step to improve the communication based on the editing phase and the feedback from the reveiwers. You revise or rewrite your draft to make it into a more formal presentation.

Answer 460

(1) Past-express actions or make a statement about something that happened in the past. (2) Present-expresses action or makes a statement about something happening inthe present time. (3) Future-expresses action or make a statement about something happening at a future time.

Answer 461

a non linguistic verbalization

Answer 462

a linguistic strategy in which speakers empathise differences between their comunicative style in others in order to create distance

Answer 463

Non- Verbal behaviors such as relaxed posture, greater personal spaces, and protected personal spaces that communicates power status, and control.

Answer 464

Look for basic grammatical errors and correct format. Check for complete paragraphs and sentences, then compare it to your outline to ensure you have included all of the main points and subpoints you intended to cover.

Answer 465

2 interacting people

Answer 466

Acknowledgement of Dyadicness

Answer 467

Content, arrangement and flow, and readability and mechanics.

Answer 468

The process of translating ideas feelings, and thoughts that have been translated into a code.

Answer 469

Any communication that results in the receiver interpreting your message as you intended.

Answer 470

person who creates messages without giving much thought to the person who is listening; a communicator who is felf focused and self-absorbed.

Answer 471

deliberate non verbal behaviors with precise meanings known to virtually all members of a cultural group

Answer 472

A form of communication noises caused by emotional arousal