FSOT Master 4 Flashcards
Sherman Silver Purchase Act (repeal of)
1890 - Directed the Treasury to buy even larger amounts of silver that the Bland-Allison Act and at inflated prices. The introduction of large quantities of overvalued silver into the economy lead to a run on the federal gold reserves, leading to the Panic of 1893. Repealed in 1893.
- 1893 - Act repealed by President Cleveland to protect gold reserves.
Sherman’s march to the sea
March by Union General in Georgia that sought to destroy anything the South could use for the war (railroads, factories, houses, livestock, etc.)
Shot heard round the world
A phrase from poem by Emerson about the first shots of the first battle of the Revolutionary War, encouraging worldwide movements towards democracy.
Silent majority
Term used by Nixon to indicate his belief that the majority supported his policies, not the vocal protesters.
Sioux
Native Americans in the Dakotas. Massacred Custer at Battle of Little Bighorn. Many were later massacred at Wounded Knee in 1890.
Sioux Wars
Series of clashes that insued as railroads intruded into Native American lands.
Sit ins
A form of non-violent protest in the 60s. Would sit in public place and refuse to leave. Provoked arrest, which was then used to gain attention to the demonstrators cause.
Sitting Bull
Sioux chief who took up arms against settlers in the Great Planes. Present at the Battle of Little Bighorn.
Sixteenth Amendment
(WW) , The constitutional amendment adopted in 1913 that explicitly permitted Congress to levy an income tax.
Slidell Mission
John Slidell was sent to Mexico City in 1845 to offer a $25 million maximum for California and other territory. Mexicans rejected.
Smith Act of 1940**
(HT) , made it illegal to advocate the overthrow of the US government by force or violence
Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act
Let the government seize and operate industries threatened by or under strikes.
SNCC
Organized in the fall of 1960 by Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. as a student civil rights movement inspired by sit-ins, it challenged the status quo and walked the back roads of Mississippi and Georgia to encourage Blacks to resist segregation and to register to vote.
Social Changes during (GC)
more industrial nation, child labor soared
Social Gospel
Movement aimed at making churches more responseive to social problems, such as poverty. Said Christ’s message was also about social reform.
Social Gospel
Movement led by Washington Gladden - taught religion and human dignity would help the middle class over come problems of industrialization
Social Issues under Reagan
New Right’s push for organized prayer public schools and ban on abortion ((RR) against) first female in SC, (RR) also opposed Equal Rights Movement
Social Reforms
Abolition of debtors’ prisons and changes in criminal codes allow people to be punished but also rehabilitated.
- Reforms of insane asylums.
- Pacificism – American Peace Society 1828
- American Temperance Society 1826
- Women’s Rights Movements – Seneca Falls 1848
- Utopian societies
Social Security Act
(FDR) 1935, guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health
Sons of Liberty
An organization established in 1765, these members (usually in the middle or upper class) resisted the Stamp Act of 765. Even though the Stamp Act was repealed in 1766, the Sons of Liberty combined with the Daughters of Liberty remained active in resistance movements.
South Carolina Exposition and Protest
A pamphlet published by the South Carolina legislature speaking against the “Tariff of Abominations.” It proposed nullification of the tariff to prevent secession.
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
(DDE), A regional defense pact pulled together by Dulles to prevent the “fall” to communism of South Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia.
Spanish-American war
- Spanish mistreatment of Cuban natives aroused resentment in the US, encouraged by yellow journalism. Trigger was explosion of the Battleship Maine in Havana harbor. Best remembered for Battle of San Juan Hill. US acquired Puerto Rico, Guam and Philippines in the war, and temporary control over Cuba. As a result, America became a world power. Yellow journalism had role in starting war.
Specie Circular
Issued by Jackson - attempt to stop states from speculating land with money they printed that was not backed by anything - required land speculation in speci; Provided that in payment for public lands, the government would accept only gold or silver
Spiro T. Agnew
(RN), , VP under Nixon, resigned for extortion and bribery charges
Spoils system
The practice of appointing applicants to public offices as a reward for their loyalty to the party in power. Replaced by the merit system after Garfield assassination.
Sputnik
October, 1957 - The first artificial satellite sent into space, launched by the Soviets.
Square Deal
Name of TR’s programs of reform. Focused on busting trusts, gov’t regulation of big biz, fair chance for labor, and environmental conservation
Stalwarts
(GC) , Bosses of Republic political machines who practiced patronage and elected officials due to status not experience.
Stamp Act
1765 law requiring payment of a tax to Britain on a great variety of papers and documents. Americans rioted in opposition, petitioned for repeal. Was repealed in 1766.
Standard Oil
Rockefeller’s oil monopoly, many held stocks in it. Exemplified “horizontal integration.”
Stanton, Anthony, Chapman Catt
All suffregettes
- Stanton was a suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women’s rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women’s Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.
- Anthony was an early leader of the women’s suffrage (right to vote) movement, co-founded the National Women’s Suffrage Association with Elizabeth Cady Stnaton in 1869.
- Catt was a suffragette who was president of the National Women’s Suffrage Association, and founder of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. Instrumental in obtaining passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920.
Star-Spangled Banner
National Anthem, written by Frances Scott Key during war of 1812.
Starving time
The winter of 1609 to 1610 was known as the “starving time” to the colonists of Virginia. Only sixty members of the original four-hundred colonists survived. The rest died of starvation because they did not possess the skills that were necessary to obtain food in the new world.
Stephen Douglas
Political who debated Lincoln prior to 1860 election - advocated annexation of Mexico and strong supporter for Compromise of 1850
Stimson Doctrine
(FDR) 1932, , 1932, Hoover’s Secretary of State said the US would not recognize territorial changes resulting from Japan’s invasion of Manchuria
Stock “Watering”
Price manipulation by strategic stock brokers of the late 1800s. The term for selling more stock than they actually owned in order to lower prices, then buying it back.
Stock Market Crash 1987
(RR) 1987, due to use of computerized program trading in stocks and stock-index futures by a few large institutional investors, however spring of 1988 steady growth but many jobs were lost
Stock market crash of 1929
This crash began the Great Depression.
Stonewall Jackson
Confederate General who lead victorys in the First Battle of Bull Run and the Chattle of Chancellorsville. He was accidentally shot by his own troops.
Stonewall Riot
Raid on gay club, where clients fought back. Led to the creation of the Gay Liberation Front and greater solidarity among homosexuals.
Stono Rebellion
One of the first and most successful slave rebellions in which twenty slaves met and killed many colonists before fleeing and being captured.
Strong Navy
(CAA)
Suez Crisis*
(DDE) 1956, , when President Nasser of Egypt announced his intention to build a damn in the Suez to provide power and irrigation to Egypt, the United States offered its financial support, withdrawing it when Nasser spoke with the Communists on the subject. Nasser responded by nationalizing the Suez canal, which was previously owned by British and French stockholders. This hurt Europe by crippling their oil supply, most of which came from the Persian Gulf. The French and British retaliated by striking Egypt, confident that the United States would supply them with the oil they needed while they foughtwith the Middle East. President Eisenhower refused to do so, forcing the allies to withdraw their troops. As a result, U.N. troops acted for the first time to maintain peace and order in the world. Soviets tried to interfere. Eisenhown put the Strategic Air Command on alert.
Suffolk Resolves
The First Continental Congress endorsed Massachusetts’s Suffolk Resolves, which declared that the colonies need not obey the 1773 Coercive Acts, since they infringed upon basic liberties.
Sugar and Currency Acts
Sugar - Established a number of new duties and contained provisions aimed at deterring molasses smugglers. It was explicity designed to generate revenue for the British government. (1764)
Currency - Forbade Americans from producing their own paper currency. (1764)
Summit Conference
(DDE), Eisenhower, discuss nuclear testing and disarmament with Soviet Union, but then U-2 incident, US first said it was just for meterological plan but the Russians caught Francis Powers, Khrushchev demanded apology, and violation of Russian territory, but Eisenhowr refused both demand.
Summit Conference in China*
(RN), America opposed entrance to UN of Mao-Tse-tung’s Communist People’s Republic of China, however they saw Kai-shek’s Nationalist CHina on island of Taiwan, but Nixon relaxed restricitons, also on trade, and US support People’s Republic of and General Assembly did to, and also expelled Nationlist China, from the UN, also after Nixon returned from China, Okinawa Island was returned to Japan, but US retained its military base there.
Summit Conference in USSR
(RN), along with two top advisiors, Henry Kissinger and Gerard Smith, talked with USSR about conduct joint space teams, scientists cures of cancer and heart disease, cease from any further incidents, warships, pretty much cooperate together, and also talked about SALT
Sumner-brooks Affair
1856 - Charles Sumner gave a two day speech on the Senate floor. He denounced the South for crimes against Kansas and singled out Senator Andrew Brooks of South Carolina for extra abuse. Brooks beat Sumner over the head with his cane, severely crippling him.
Susan B. Anthony
leader of woman suffrage movement, who helped to define the movement’s goals and beliefs and to lead its actions
Suspension of Habeas Corpus
Lincoln suspended this writ, which states that a person cannot be arrested without probable cause and must be informed of the charges against him and be given an opportunity to challenge them. Throughout the war, thousands were arrested for disloyal acts. Although the U.S. Supreme Court eventually helped the suspension edict to be unconstitutional, by the time the Court acted the Civil War was nearly over.
Sussex Pledge
(WW) , A promise Germany made to America, after Wilson threatened to sever ties, to stop sinking their ships without warning, Germany block promise
Sweatt vs. Painter
Segregated law school in Texas was held to be an illegal violation of civil rights, leading to open enrollment.
Taft-Hartley Act
Major law concerning labor passed in 1947. Was reversal of pro-labor policies of FDR.
Taft-Katsura Agreement
The US and Japan pledged to maintain the Open Door principles in China, Japan recognized US control over the Philippines, and the USgranted a Japanese protectorate over Korea.
Taiwan Quemoy Matsu**
(DDE) 1953, Eisenhower said that they would aid Nationalist China, but if they acted against Taiwan, they would repel
Tallmadge Amendment
(JMon) , This was an attempt to have no more slaves to be brought to Missouri and provided the gradual emancipation of the children of slaves. In the mind of the South, this was a threat to the sectional balance between North and South.
Tammany Hall?
The democratic political machine controlling New York City politics from the 1854 to the 1934 by Boss Tweed.
Tariff 1789
(GW) Hamilton, aka 10 percent tariff, protection of domestic manufacture by tariffs
Tariff of 1832
(AJ) , The Tariff of 1832 was a protectionist tariff in the United States. It was passed as a reduced tariff to remedy the conflict created by the tariff of 1828, but it was still deemed unsatisfactory by southerners and other groups hurt by high tariff rates. Southern opposition to this tariff and its predecessor, the Tariff of Abominations, caused the Nullification Crisis involving South Carolina. The tariff was later lowered down to 35 percent, a reduction of 10 percent, to pacify these objections.
Tariff of 1833*
(AJ) set up by henry clay, it was a way to prevent jackson from victory. clay aptly deserves his title as the great comprimiser. it allowed for the tariff of 1832, with a 10 percent decrease every year for 10 years, when the tariff rate would be back to where it was in 1816. it was squezed through congress.
Tariff of Abominations
An extremely high tariff that Jacksonian Democrats tried to get Adams to veto. Greatly angered Southerners, who were heavily reliant on manufacturing, were angered by what they considered to be the unfair tariff. (1828)
Tax Reform Act
(RR) 1986, wanted to lower taxes (progressive taxes), however impossible since lower rates was to be made up by losing previous tax loopholes. richest however didn’t suffer that much, only paid 28 not 33 percent.
Taxation without representation is tyranny
Important right since Magna Carta, not granted to colonists. Was one of the principal motivations for the declaration of independence.
Taxpayer Relief Act 1997
(WJC) Pres and Republicans agree to balanced federal budget, provide first federal tax, expanded coverage to uninsured children, helped with 70 billion, but failed with SS and Medicare
Tea Act
Only duty not repealed from Townshend Acts. Forced colonists to buy tea at high prices due to monopolies.
Teapot Dome
(CC), a government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921
Tehran Conference*
(FDR) December, 1943, a meeting between FDR, Churchill and Stalin in Iran to discuss coordination of military efforts against Germany, they repeated the pledge made in the earlier Moscow Conference to create the United Nations after the war’s conclusion to help ensure international peace
Teller Amendment
April 1896 - U.S. declared Cuba free from Spain, but this amendment disclaimed any American intention to annex Cuba
Teller Resolution*
(WMc) Congress granted the presiden the power to liberate Cuba, stating that the United States intended only to free Cuba from tyranny
Temperance
The American Temperance Society was formed in Boston in 1826. It persuaded people to stop drinking or lesson their drinking.
Ten Percent Plan*
(AL) , 1863, when 10 percent of the voters of a state took an oath of loyalty to the Union, the State could form a government and adopt a new constitution that banned slavery
Tennessee Valley Authority!*
(FDR) 1933, , A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil.
Tenure of Office Act
1866 - enacted by radical congress - forbade president from removing civil officers without senatorial consent - was to prevent Johnson from removing a radical republican from his cabinet (Johnson violated, led to impeachment)
Terrence Powderly
An American labor union originally established as a secret fraternal order and noted as the first union of all workers. It was founded in 1869 in Philadelphia by Uriah Stephens and a number of fellow workers. Powderly was elected head of the Knights of Labor in 1883.
Terrorist Plot
(WJC) garage - Twin Tower, Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Tim McVeigh and Terry Nichols, bomb Olympic Stadium because = abortion there
Tet Offensive*
(LBJ) , 1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment
Texas enters Union
Texas officially entered Union as slave state in 1848 after Mexican American War with Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
Thaddeus Stevens
A radical Republican who believed in harsh punishments for the South. Leader of the radical Republicans in Congress.
That National Recovery Administration
It was designed to assist industry, labor, and the unemployed. there were maximum hours of labor, minimum wages, and more rights for labor union members, including the right to choose their own representatives in bargaining.
The “Bloody Shirt”
The practice of reviving unpleasant memories from the past. Representative Ben F. Butler waved before the House a bloodstained nightshirt of a carpetbagger flogged by Klan members.
The “Bonus” Army
1932 - Facing the financial crisis of the Depression, WW I veterans tried to pressure Congress to pay them their retirement bonuses early. Congress considered a bill authorizing immediate assurance of $2.4 billion, but it was not approved. Angry veterans marched on Washington, D.C., and Hoover called in the army to get the veterans out of there.
The “Bull Moose” Campaign
Roosvelt’s campaing under the Progressive Party in the 1912 election. He ran as a Progressive against Republican Taft, beating him but losing to Democrat Woodrow Wilson. It was called “Bull Moose” because Roosevelt said he felt as strong as a bull moose.
The “island hopping” strategy
Take over one island after the other as American troops slowly moved closer to Japan.
The “Sun Belt”
“Smiling crescent” of 15 states in Southern America. The population increased in this area at double the rate of old industrial zones in the Northeast (Frostbelt)
The “tricle down” Theory
If the rich become richer then the money will “trickle down” to the middle and poor classes making them more wealthy.
The “triple wall of privilege”
Wilson called for a war against these three things, tariff, banks, and trusts.
The America First Committee
1940 - Formed by die-hard isolationists who feared the U.S. going to war. They wanted to do anything they could to stay out of war.
The American Crisis
Pamphlets written by Thomas Paine to rally support for the Revolutionary war.
The American System
Proposed after the War of 1812 by Clay. It included using federal money for internal improvements (roads, bridges, industrial improvements, etc.), enacting a protective tariff to foster the growth of American industries, and strengthening the national bank.
The Atlantic Charter
August 1941-Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill met and discussed common problems of the world. The two men came up with the eight-point Atlantic Charter, outlining the aspirations of the democracies for a better world at the war’s end. The Atlantic Charter promised that there would be no territorial changes contrary to the wishes of the inhabitants; it affirmed the right of a people to choose their own form of government and to regain the governments abolished by the dictators; and it declared for disarmament and a peace of security, pending a new League of Nations.
The Battle of the Bulge
December, 1944-January, 1945 - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile “bulge” into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses.
The Berlin Wall
1961 - The Soviet Union, under Nikita Khrushev, erected a wall between East and West Berlin to keep people from fleeing from the East, after Kennedy asked for an increase in defense funds to counter Soviet aggression.
The Budget, the National Debt , and the Overvalued Dollar
(RR) after FBD, became a debtor nation, closed gap between income and military expenditures, govt had to borrow money through selling bonds, so they borrowed from foreign nations, foreigners lent because interest rates were high in US, but Treasury only accepted “dollar”, price of the dollar increased 60 percent, “strong dollar” = good, “overvalued dollar” = severe economic problems
The counter-culture
Young hippies rose as a self-conscious culture that was opposed to traditional American ways.
The Destroyer Deal
1940 - U.S. agreed to “lend” its older destroyers to Great Britain. (Destroyers were major warships that made up the bulk of most countries’ navies.) Signaled the end of U.S. neutrality in the war.
The Dixicrats
A group of people from 15 southern states that were embittered by Truman’s nomination and nominated J. Strom Thurmond on a states’ Rights Party ticket.
The Eisenhower Doctrine
Eisenhower proposed and obtained a joint resolution from Congress authorizing the use of U.S. military forces to intervene in any country that appeared likely to fall to communism. Used in the Middle East.
The FHA
1934 - Created by Congress to insure long-term, low-interest mortgages for home construction and repair.
The Good Neighbor Policy
Franklin Roosevelt described his foreign policy as that of a “good neighbor.” The phrase came to be used to describe the U.S. attitude toward the countries of Latin America. Under Roosevelt’s “Good Neighbor Policy,” the U.S. took the lead in promoting good will among these nations.
The Grange/Oliver Kelley
Led the National Grange of the Pattrons of Husbandry, first real organization of the populist movement.
The Hitler-Stalin Pact 1939
On August 23, 1939, the Soviet Union signed a nonaggression treaty with Hitler. The Hitler-Stalin pact meant that Germany could make war on Poland and the Western democracies without fear of retaliation from the Soviet Union.
The Hundred Days
March 9, 1933 - At Roosevelt’s request, Congress began a special session to review recovery and reform laws submitted by the President for Congressional approval. It actually lasted only 99 days.
The Impending Crisis of the South
Hinton Helper of North Carolina spoke for poor, non-slave-owning Whites in his 1857 book, which was a violent attack on slavery. It wasn’t written with sympathy for Blacks, who Helper despised, but with a belief that the economic system of the South was bringing ruin on the small farmer.
The Jay Treaty
Treaty in which Britain agreed to evacuate its posts on the US western frontier (1794)
The League of Nations
Devised by President Wilson, it reflected the power of large countries. Although comprised of delegates from every country, it was designed to be run by a council of the five largest countries. It also included a provision for a world court.
The Marshall Plan
(HT) , 1947, by George Marshall, against “hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos” a massive aid package offered by US they gave food and economic assistance to europe to help countries rebuild
The Mexican War
(JP) 1846-1848 , Mexico broke relations with USA after annexation of Texas. Also, dispute over boundary of Texas (Rio Grande or Nueces River?) Americans interested in New Mexico and California, as well. Polk sent Slidell to try and buy off the Mexicans… they wouldn’t budge.Polk ordered Taylor to move army across Nueces River to the Rio Grande- stayed stationed for a while,finally Mexicans crossed river and attacked “MEXICANS” started the war (NOT). America got New Mexico and California, ended with Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
The National Bank
Part of Hamilton’s Plan, it would save the government’s surplus money until it was needed.
The National Road
Also called the Cumberland Road
- The first highway built by the federal government. Constructed during 1825-1850, it stretched from Pennsylvania to Illinois. It was a major overland shipping route and an important connection between the North and the West.
The National Security Act of 1947
1947 - Created the cabinet post of Secretary of Defense, the CIA, and the National Security Council. 1949 - Created NATO.
The Nazi Invasion of the Soviet Union
Hitler decided to crush the Soviet Union, seize the oil and other resources of the Soviet Union, and then have two free hands to battle Britain. On June 22, 1941, Hitler launched an attack on the Soviet Union. President Roosevelt immediately promised assistance and backed up his words by making some military supplies available.
The Neutrality Act of 1939
It stated that the European democracies could buy American war materials as long as they would transport the munitions on their own ships after paying for them in cash. America thus avoided loans, war debts, and the torpedoing of American arms-carriers. Overseas demand for war goods brought a sharp upswing from the recession of 1937-1938 and ultimately solved the decade-long unemployment crisis.
The nomination of Theodore Roosevelt as the presidential candidate for the “Bull Moose” party led to the election of which of the following presidents?
Woodrow Wilson
The only thing to fear is fear itself
Statement in FDR’s first inaugural, at one of the worst points of the Great Depression.
The Open Door Note
Asked Imperialist Nations to offer assurance that they would respect the principle of equal trade opportunities, specifically in the China market.
- Asked European nationas to keep fair competition open to all nations willing and wanting to participate. It “saved” China from being carved up.
The Panama Canal
Buit to make passage between Atlantic and Pacific oceans easier and faster because there were many Navy ships that needed to get from Gulf of Mexico out to the Pacific to help protect American islands in case of invasion.
The Philippines
Recieved these islands after S-A War. Although he considered giving them up after insurrections, McKinley ultimately kept them.
The Pinckney Treaty
Treaty with Spain which opened trade and redefined Florida boundary (1795)
The Potsdam Conference
July 26, 1945 - Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction.
The public be damned
Spoken by Vanderbilt (railroad executive). Used when business leaders are accused of shirking responsibility toward the public.
The Rights of Man
Thomas Paine wrote the Rights of Man in 1791, it is a work glorifying the French Revolution.
The Rome-Berlin Axis 1934
A series of treaties in 1936 and 37 between Germany, Italy, and Japan created what was called the “Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis.” The coutries were thereafter refered to as the Axis Powers.
The Rosenbergs
Arrested in the Summer of 1950 and executed in 1953, they were convicted of conspiring to commit espionage by passing plans for the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union.
The Settlement House Movement
At this time many settlement houses were created, which helped newcomers cope with American big-city life and exposed middle class women to American big city problems. the most prominent settlement house (but not first) was the Hull House.
The Smith Act
Required fingerprinting and registering of all aliens in the U.S. and made it a crime to teach or advocate the violent overthrow of the U.S. government.
The Social Security Act of 1935
One of the most important features of the Second New Deal established a retirement for persons over 65 funded by a tax on wages paid equally by employee and employer.
The Sussex Ultimatum and the Sussex Pledge
The ultimatum said that Germans must stop sinking ships or the US will break their neutrailty (and almost certainly neter the war). The Pledge was that the Germans promised to stop submarine warfare.
The Teapot Dome Scandal
1929 - The Naval strategic oil reserve at Elk Hills, also known as “Teapot Dome” was taken out of the Navy’s control and placed in the hands of the Department of the Interior, which leased the land to oil companies. Several Cabinet members received huge payments as bribes. Due to the investigation, Daugherty, Denky, and Fall were forced to resign.
The Teheran Conference
December, 1943 - A meeting between FDR, Churchill and Stalin in Iran to discuss coordination of military efforts against Germany, they repeated the pledge made in the earlier Moscow Conference to create the United Nations after the war’s conclusion to help ensure international peace.
The Truman Doctrine
1947 - Stated that the U.S. would support any nation threatened by Communism.
The United Nations
Only the Security Council could take action on substantive issues through investigation. The General Assembly met and talked. A secretariat, headed by a Secretary-General, was to perform the organization’s administrative work.
The Volstead Act (18th Amendment)
Prohibition - 1919: the 18th Amendment outlawed the manufacture or sale of intoxicating liquors. Volstead Act - 1919: Defined what drinks constituted “intoxicating liquors” under the 18th Amendment, and set penalties for violations of prohibition.
The Voting Rights Act of 1965
Passed by Congress in 1965, it allowed for supervisors to register Blacks to vote in places where they had not been allowed to vote before.
The Washington Conference of 1921
The U.S. and nine other countries discussed limits on naval armaments. They felt that a naval arms race had contributed to the start of WW I. They created quotas for different classes of ships that could be built by each country based on its economic power and size of existing navies.
The Whiskey Rebellion
group of farmers refused to pay federal excise tax on whiskey, Washington responds decisively with troops (1794)
The Wright Brothers
Launched the air age.
The XYZ Affair
Three French agents asked for over ten million dollars in tribute before they would begin diplomatic talks with America. When Americans heard the news, they were outraged. Adams decided to strengthen the Navy to show France that America was a force to be reckoned with
The Yalta Agreement
February, 1945 - Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta to make final war plans, arrange the post-war fate of Germany, and discuss the proposal for creation of the United Nations as a successor to the League of Nations. They announced the decision to divide Germany into three post-war zones of occupation, although a fourth zone was later created for France. Russia also agreed to enter the war against Japan, in exchange for the Kuril Islands and half of the Sakhalin Peninsula.
The Zimmerman Note
1917 - Germany sent this to Mexico instructing an ambassador to convince Mexico to go to war with the U.S. It was intercepted and caused the U.S. to mobilized against Germany, which had proven it was hostile.
Theodore Roosevelt
President 1901 to 1909. Lead the Rough Riders in Spanish-American war. Upheld many of the interests of the Progressive Movement. Was a Trust Buster. Said needed to ‘walk softly but carry a big stick.’ Received Nobel prize for negotiating peace in Russo-Japanese war. Began construction of the Panama Canal.
Theodore Roosevelt
(WMc) Assistant Secretary of Navy, Rough Rider (helped him gain fame after San Juan Hill), instructed Commodore Dewey to attack Philippines
These are the times that try men’s souls
By Thomas Paine in the America Crisis
Thirteenth Amendment
(AJohn) , abolished slavery
Thomas Jefferson
Founding father, principal author of the Declaration of Independence, President 1801-9. Arranged the Louisiana Purchase, founded the U. of VA. Champion of political and religious freedom.
Thomas Paine
Wrote Common Sense and American Crisis, urging American independence.
Three Mile Island
Location of a nuclear power plant accident in 1979. Caused panic and intense criticism of nuclear power programs in general.
Thurgood Marshall
First black appointed to the Supreme Court in 1967. Was lawyer in Brown vs. Board of Education. Consistently liberal record.
Tobacco
(WJC) Pres sued industry to stop marketing cigars to kids and accept great federal regulation
Tories
The Tories were colonists who disagreed with the move for independence and did not support the Revolution.
Townshend Acts
These acts put a light import duty on such things as glass, lead, paper, and tea. The acts met slight protest from the colonists, who found ways around the taxes such as buying smuggled tea. Due to its minute profits, the Townshend Acts were repealed in 1770, except for the tax on tea. The tax on tea was kept to keep alive the principle of Parliamentary taxation. (1767)
Trail of Tears
(AJ) , The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.
Transatlantic cable/telegraph
Cable from Newfoundland to Ireland to revolutionize international communication.
Transcendentalism
A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830’s and 1840’s, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions.
Transcontinental railroad
Union Pacific: Began in Omaha in 1865 and went west. Central Pacific: Went east from Sacramento and met the Union Pacific Railroad at Promontory Point, Utah on May 10, 1869, where the golden spike ceremony was held. Transcontinental railroad overcharged the federal government and used substandard materials.
Treaty of Alliance 1778
(JA) ended
Treaty of Ghent
: Treaty that ended the War of 1812 and maintained prewar conditions
Treaty Of Grenville
After their defeat at the Battle of the Fallen Timbers in 1794, 12 Native American tribes signed the Treaty of Grenville, which cleared the Ohio territory of tribes and opened it up to U.S. settlement
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
Ended Mexican War - US received Texas (with Rio Grande border) and other states - US paid Mexico $15 million dollars
Treaty of Paris (1763)
Ended French and Indian War
Treaty of Paris (1763):
The 1763 Treaty of Paris ended the Seven Years War in Europe and the parallel French and Indian War in North America. Under the treaty, Britain won all of Canada and almost all of the modern United States east of the Mississippi.
Treaty of Paris (1782)
The British recognized the independence of the United States. It granted boundaries, which stretched from the Mississippi on the west, to the Great Lakes on the north, and to Spanish Florida on the south. The Yankees retained a share of Newfoundland.
Treaty of Paris (1783)
While there have been many Treaties of Paris throughout history. The most important in American History is the treaty signed in September 1783 and ratified by Congress in January 1784, which ended the Revolutionary War and granted the United States its independence. It further granted the U.S. all land east of the Mississippi River. While generally accepted, the Treaty of Paris opened the door to future legislative and economic disputes.
Treaty of Paris (1898)
Ended the Spanish-American War and developed an American empire overseas. Spain agreed to abandon Cuba and exchange Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines to America for $20 million.
Treaty of Paris 1898
(WMc) , The treaty that concluded the Spanish American War, Commissioners from the U.S. were sent to Paris on October 1, 1898 to produce a treaty that would bring an end to the war with Spain after six months of hostilitiy. From the treaty America got Guam, Puerto Rico and they paid 20 million dollars for the Philipines. Cuba was freed from Spain.
Treaty of Portsmouth
Ended Russo-Japanese War. (1905)
Treaty of San Lorenzo
Signed with Spain in 1795, the Treaty of San Lorenzo – also known as Pinckney’s Treaty – gave the U.S. unrestricted access to the Mississippi River and established the border between the U.S. and Spanish Florida.
Treaty of Versailles
(WW) 1918, , Created by the leaders victorious allies Nations: France, Britain, US, and signed by Germany to help stop WWI. The treaty 1)stripped Germany of all Army, Navy, Airforce. 2) Germany had to rapair war damages(33 billion) 3) Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing WWI 4) Germany could not manefacture any weapons.
Trent Affair
Two Confederate diplomats were dispatched to go to Europe on a mail steamer to try and gain support from Britain and France. The Union stopped this steamer and removed the two Confederate diplomats.
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire
Accidentally killed 141 workers, prodded concerns that raised new questions of human and immigrant rights and of existing labor laws.
Triple Alliance
Original Allies in WWI: Britain, France, and Russia.
Triple Entente
Original Central Powers in WWI: Germany, Austria- Hungary, and Italy.
Truman Doctrine
(HT) , 1947, President Truman’s policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey
Truman-MacArthur controversy
MacArhur called for air strikes on China during Korean War. Truman said no, MacArthur disagreed publicly. Truman removed him for insubordination.
Tweed Ring
(USG) , the corrupt part of Tammany Hall in New York City, started by Burly “Boss” Tweed that Samuel J. Tilden, the reform governor of New York had been instrumental in overthrowing, Thomas Nast exposed through illustration in Harper’s Weekly
Twelfth Amendment
1804 (TJ) , Beginning in 1804, electors would vote separately for President and Vice President
Ty Cobb
Record for lifetime batting average.
Tydings McDuffie Act
(FDR) 1934, provided for the drafting and guidelines of a Constitution for a 10-year “transitional period” which became the government of the Commonwealth of the Philippines before the granting of Philippine independence, during which the US would maintain military forces in the Philippines. The nation did not want to have to support the Philippines if Japan attacked there.
U.S v. Butler
(FDR) 1936 as a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the processing taxes instituted under the 1933 Agricultural Adjustment Act were unconstitutional.
U.S. Steel Corporation
J.P. Morgan’s steel empire, first billion-dollar corporation.
U.S. v. Knight Co.
Let sugar refinery slip through loophole of Sherman Anti-Trust Act, thereby weakening it.
U.S.S. Maine
Ship that exploded in Havana harbor, blamed on Spanish, sparked war.
Ulysses S. Grant
U.S. president 1873-1877. Military hero of the Civil War, he led a corrupt administration, consisting of friends and relatives. Although Grant was personally a very honest and moral man, his administration was considered the most corrupt the U.S. had had at that time.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
(MF) 1852, , a novel published by harriet beecher stowe in 1852 which portrayed slavery as brutal and immoral (caused Civil War), Europe applauds
Undeclared naval war with France
The French were infuriated with the US after Jay’s Treaty, so began to attack American ships at sea.
Underground Railroad
(FP) 1830, Harriet Tubman, a system that helped enslaved African Americans follow a network of escape routes out of the South to freedom in the North
Underwood Tariff Bill
October 13, 1913 - Lowered tariffs on hundreds of items that could be produced more cheaply in the U.S. than abroad.
Union Advantages
in the Civil War – Larger number of troops, superior navy, better transportation, overwhelming financial and industrial reserves to create munitions and supplies, which eventually outstripped the South’s initial material advantage.
Union Pacific and Central Pacific joined/transcontinental line
Central Pacific and Union Pacific lines met at Ogden, Utah, creating the first transcontinental railroad line.
Union Pacific Railroad*
(USG) , railroad that started in Omaha, Nebraska and it connected with the Central Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, Utah; hired Chinese immigrants
United Food and Commercial Workers International Union?
A labor union representing approximately 1.3 million workers in the United States and Canada in many industries, including health care, meatpacking, poultry and food processing, manufacturing, textile and chemical trades, and retail food. Until July 2005, UFCW was affiliated with the AFL-CIO, where it was the second largest union by membership. Along with two other members of the Change to Win Coalition, the UFCW formally disaffiliated with the AFL-CIO on July 29, 2005.
United Nations
(FDR) an organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security
United States Embassy at Teheran, Iran
(JEC) Mohammed Reza Pahlavi became Iran “shah” and ayatollah khomeini didn’t like this, shah wanted “white revolution”, and shah exiled Khomeini, who later directed Islamic Republic, and kept hostages, Carter tried to help, he froze all Iranian assets in US, and also sent USS Nimitz in Gulf of Oman where 8 were killed, 2 events (1) Iran became victim of Iraq (2) 30 after RR became president, he talked tough on Carter’s policy and 52 hostages were sent free.
United States v. E.C. Knight Co
(1895) Congress wanted to bust a trust because it controled 98% of sugar manufacturing. Supreme court said no because it wasn’t interstate commerce which they do have the right to regulate. Severely weakend the Sherman Anti-Trust Act
University of Missippi and Alabama
(LBJ) Robert Kennedy sent marshalls to protect the right of qualified black there
Upton Sinclair/”The Jungle”
Described awful conditions of meat packing industry, led to Meat Inspection Act.
Urban Riots
(LBJ) , large scale rioting, summer 1966 and 1967, so Pres appointed National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, said democracy to all citizen, adequate financing by both the federal and local govt.
Utopian communities
Communities seeking cooperation, communism ideals, and communitarianism.
Valley Forge
Quarters of American army one winter in revolutionary war. Very cold, but Washington kept the morale of the troops up.
