FSOT Master 13 Flashcards
1
Q
cultural imperialism
A
The attempt to impose your own value system on others, including judging others by how closely they conform to your norms. Relativists accuse universalists of doing this.
2
Q
Cultural Revolution
A
1966–76: Upheaval launched by Mao Zedong to renew the spirit of revolution in China. Mao feared urban social stratification in a society as traditionally elitist as China and also believed that programs instituted to correct for the failed Great Leap Forward showed that his colleagues lacked commitment to the revolution. He organized China’s urban youths into groups called the Red Guards, shut down China’s schools, and encouraged the Red Guards to attack all traditional values and “bourgeois things.†They soon splintered into zealous rival groups, and in 1968 Mao sent millions of them to the rural hinterland, bringing some order to the cities. Within the government, a coalition of Mao’s associates fought with more moderate elements, many of whom were purged, were verbally attacked, were physically abused, and subsequently died; leaders Liu Shaoqi and Lin Biao both died under mysterious circumstances. From 1973 to Mao’s death in 1976, politics shifted between the hard-line Gang of Four and the moderates headed by Zhou Enlai and Deng Xiaoping. After Mao’s death the Cultural Revolution was brought to a close. By that time, nearly three million party members and countless wrongfully purged citizens awaited reinstatement. The Cultural Revolution subsequently was repudiated in China. See also Jiang Qing.
3
Q
currency markets
A
markets in which traders buy and sell currencies; the values of currencies set in these markets have a powerful influence on foreign exchange rates
4
Q
current dollars
A
The value of the dollar in the year for which it is being reported. Sometimes called inflated dollars. Any currency can be expressed in current value.
5
Q
Czech Coup
A
Feb. 1948 – A Soviet supported coup in which the government of Czechoslavkia, the last independent government in Eastern Europe, was replaced by a communist regime that was a puppet of the Soviet Union.
6
Q
D-Day
A
American and British invasion of German-occupied France during WWII on June 6, 1944. This marked the beginning of the victory of the Allies in Europe. Germany surrendered less than a year later.
7
Q
Death of Stalin
A
1953 - He continued his repressive political measures to control internal dissent; increasingly paranoid, he was preparing to mount another purge after the so-called Doctors’ Plot when he died. Noted for bringing the Soviet Union into world prominence, at terrible cost to his own people, he left a legacy of repression and fear as well as industrial and military power. In 1956 Stalin and his personality cult were denounced by Nikita Khrushchev.
8
Q
decolonization
A
the process by which colonial powers divested themselves of empires
9
Q
dehumanization
A
Stigmatization of enemies as sub-human or nonhuman, leading frequently to widespread massacres or, in the worst cases, destruction of entire populations.
10
Q
democratic peace
A
democracies almost never fight each other - trade creates interdependence
11
Q
democratization
A
the spread of representative government to more countries and the process of making governments more representative
12
Q
Dependency theory
A
The beleif that the industrialized North has created a neocolonial relationship with the South in which the less developed countries are dependent on and disadvantaged by their economic relations with the capital industrial countries.
13
Q
dependent variable
A
the variable that you believe might be influenced or modified by some treatment or exposure. It is also the main object of study.
14
Q
deterrence
A
The threat to punish another actor if it takes a certain negative action (especially attacking one’s own state or one’s allies). The term has a somewhat more specific meaning in the context of the nuclear balance between the superpowers during the Cold War.
15
Q
developed countries
A
nation-states which have industrial and post-industrial economies
16
Q
developing countries
A
nation-states which are industrializing
17
Q
devolution
A
A process in which political power is “sent down” to lower levels of state and government.
18
Q
Diego Garcia
A
Atoll in the Indian Ocean with a large runway that the US and Indian navies use for drills.
19
Q
difference feminism
A
values the unique contributions of women as women, believes gender differences are not just socially constructed & that views women inherently less warlike than men
20
Q
diplomatic immunity
A
Refers to diplomats’ activity being outside the jurisdiction of the host country’s national courts.
21
Q
diplomatic recognition
A
The process by which the status of embassies and that of an ambassador as an official state representative are explicitly defined.
22
Q
distributive policies
A
government policies that allocate valuable resources
23
Q
dominance “status hierarchy”
A
a power hierarchy in which those at the top control those below
24
Q
dominance advantage
A
like a government, it forces members of a group to contribute to the common good
25
dominance disadvantage
stability comes at a cost of constant oppression of, & resentment by, the lower-ranking members in the status hierachy
26
Dominican Republic occupied
1916 – the collapse of the government in the Dominican Republic similarly precipitated a U.S. intervention to restore order.
27
Donut Hole
Disputed area between Russia and the US in the Bering Strait
28
Dumbarton Oaks Conference
October 1944 - at an estate in the Georgetown area of Washington, D.C. Four powers participated: the United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and China. Because of Soviet neutrality in the Asian conflict, China only attended beginning 29 September, the day the Russians departed. The conference had the task of preparing a charter for a "general international organization," as stipulated in the Moscow Declaration of 30 October 1943. The conference chose the name of the wartime alliance, the United Nations (UN), for the new body. In imitation of the League of Nations, the new UN would possess a Security Council, a General Assembly, a Secretariat, and an International Court of Justice. To avoid, however, the pitfalls of the League of Nations, the conferees concluded that unanimous votes should not be mandatory to reach decisions in the Security Councilor the General Assembly; all signatories must agree in advance to act on the Security Council's findings; contingents of the armed forces of member states must be at Security Council disposal; and that the creation of an Economic and Social Council was necessary.
29
Durand Line
Established to separate Pashto people in Afghanistan and Pakistan (then India)
30
Duverget's law
a 2-party system is created when parliament is elected by plurality in single-member districts; a multi-party system is created in proportional representation
31
economic liberalization
Philosophy that aims to limit the power of the state and increase the power of the market and private property in an economy.
32
EEC - European Economic Community
1957 - Economic entity, also known as the Common Market, originally formed in 1957 to work toward the regulation of European international trade. The EEC is made up of 15 member nations composed of over 300 million people, including Austria, Belgium, Britain, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden. Its agreements call for the elimination of tariffs and other trade restrictions among members and the establishment of uniform tariffs for nonmembers. The EEC also encourages common standards for food additives, labeling, and packaging. The combined gross national product of the EEC is nearly equal to that of the United States. Direct marketers operating in the EEC countries must adhere to stricter privacy laws than in the United States. See also euro dollar.
33
Eisenhower Doctrine
1957 - U.S. foreign policy pronouncement by Pres. Dwight D. Eisenhower (1957). The Eisenhower Doctrine promised military and economic aid to anticommunist governments, at a time when communist countries were providing arms to Egypt and offering strong support to Arab states. Part of the Cold War policy developed by John Foster Dulles to contain expansion of the Soviet sphere of influence, the doctrine continued pledges made under the Truman Doctrine.
34
Elima Triangle
Between Egypt and Sudan. No active dispute.
35
empirical analysis
consideration of agreed-upon facts gathered by observation or experiment
36
empirical data
data dreived from reliable measurement or observation.
37
ethnic cleansing
Forced displacement of an ethnic group or groups from a particular territory, accompanied by massacres and other human rights violations; it has occurred after the breakup of multinational states, notably in the former Yugoslavia.
38
ethnic groups
Large groups of people who share ancestral, language, cultural, or religious ties and a common identity.
39
ethnocentrism (in-group bias)
The tendency to see one’s own group (in-group) in favorable terms and an out-group in unfavorable terms.
40
European Economic Community
EEC - The regional trade and economic organization established in Western Europe by the Treaty of Rome in 1958; also known as the common market.
41
European Union
The Western European regional organization established in 1983 when the Maastricht Treaty went into effect. The EU encompasses the still legally existing European Community, the EEC and EURATOM.
42
exchange rate
The value of two currencies relative to each other- for example, how many yen equal a dollar or how many euro equal a pound.
43
executive
the people and agencies which implement or execute government policy (from the head of government to the lowest bureaucracies)
44
extractive policies
government efforts to gather valuable resources for public use (i.e. taxes)
45
extractive sector
that part of an economy which involves making use of natural resources for economic purposes (e.g. mining)
46
faction
a group organized on the grounds of self-perceived common interests within a political party, interest group, or government
47
failed state
a state within which the government has lost the ability to provide the most basic of public services
48
fascism
A political ideology that asserts the superiority and inferiority of different groups of people and stresses a low degree of both freedom and equality in order to achieve a powerful state.
49
FDI
Foreign direct investment - Buying stock, real estate, and other assets in another country with the aim of gaining a controlling interest in foreign economic enterprises. Different from portfolio investment.
50
federalism
a regime in which political authority is shared between a central government and local governments
51
feedback
The process through which people find out about public policy and the ways in which their reactions to recent political events help shape the next phase of political life.
52
Ferghana Valley
An area in Uzbekistan walled off by mountains with an extremely dense population. Some ethnic differences.
53
first past the post
An electoral system in which individual candidates compete in single member districts; voters choose between candidates and the candidate with the largest share of the vote wins the seat.
54
First peacetime draft
1940 – The Selective Training and Service Act required men between the ages of twenty-one and thirty-five to register at local draft boards across the country on October 16, 1940. Over sixteen million men registered. Two weeks later, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt watched as Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson plucked the first number in the draft from a bowl. The number was one hundred fifty-eight; 6,175 men across the nation held that honor and were required to report for duty.
55
fiscal policy
government decisions about total public spending and revenue that result in budgetary deficits or surpluses
56
fluid alliances
alliances that shift as national interests change
57
foreign direct investment
The purchase of assets in a country by a foreign firm.
58
foreign exchange (ForEx)
the rates at which the currency from one nation trades with others; affected by currency markets, balances of trade, and domestic government policies
59
Foreign Office.
An executive agency that formulates and implements foreign policy
60
foreign policy process
how policies are arrived and implemented
61
Foreign Policy.
The official strategy of a state regarding how it will relate to other states and international organizations.
62
formal alliances
alliances established between states through a written treaty, concerning a common threat and related issues of internatl security, and that endure across a range of lives and period of time
63
Foundation of Israel
1948 - The state of Israel is the culmination of nearly a century of activity in Zionism. Following World War I, Great Britain received (1922) Palestine as a mandate from the League of Nations. The struggle by Jews for a Jewish state in Palestine had begun in the late 19th cent. and had become quite active by the 1930s and 40s. The militant opposition of the Arabs to such a state and the inability of the British to solve the problem eventually led to the establishment (1947) of the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine, which devised a plan to divide Palestine into a Jewish state, an Arab state, and a small internationally administered zone including Jerusalem. The General Assembly adopted the recommendations on Nov. 29, 1947. The Jews accepted the plan; the Arabs rejected it. As the British began to withdraw early in 1948, Arabs and Jews prepared for war.
64
Founding of Pakistan
1947 - British as part of India and became a separate Muslim state in 1947. The country originally included the Bengalese territory of East Pakistan, which achieved its separate independence in 1971 as Bangladesh. Pakistan became a republic in 1956. Islamabad is the capital and Karachi the largest city.
65
Four Freedoms
January 1941: FDR freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want, and freedom from fear of physical aggression. He called for the last freedom to be achieved through a “worldwide reduction in armaments.†In August 1941 he and Winston Churchill included the four freedoms in the Atlantic Charter.
66
fourth world
Refers to a sub-population subjected to social exclusion in global society, but since the 1974 publication of The Fourth World: An Indian Reality of George Manuel, Cheif of the National Indian Brotherhood - Assembly of First Nations, fourth world has come to be known as a synonym for stateless nations
67
FPI
Foreign portfolio investment - Investment in the stocks and the public/private debt instruments (such as bonds) of another country below the level where the stock or bondholder can exercise control over the policies of the stock-issuing company or the bond-issuing debtor. Solely to gain capital appreciation through market fluctuations.
68
Free Assocation with the US
Federated States of Micronesia, Marshall Islands, Palau, Northern Marianas
69
Free Association with New Zealand
Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau (in process)
70
free riders
Those who benefit from someone else’s provision of a collective good without paying their share of costs.
71
free trade
A market model in which trade in goods and services between or within countries flows unhindered by government-imposed restrictions (like taxes, tariffs, and non-tariff barriers like subsidies).
72
French Overseas Departments
Martinique, Guadeloupe, French Guyana, Reunion Island, Mayotte (future)
73
functionalism & functional relations
International cooperation in specific areas such as communications, trade, travel, health, or environmental protection activity. Reflected in specialized agencies like the World Health Organization.
------
Relations that include interaction in usually nonpolitical areas.
74
fusion of powers
a system of governance in which the authority of government is concentrated in one body
75
G77
Group of 77 - the group of 77 countries of the South that cosponsored the Joint Declaration of Developing Countries in 1963 calling for greater equity in N-S trade. Now includes 133 members and represents the interests of the less developed countries of the South.
76
Gabon vs. Equatorial Guinea
Disputes over continental shelf and mineral deposits.
77
game theory
A branch of mathematics concerned with predicting bargaining outcomes. Games such as Prisoner’s Dilemma and Chicken have been used to analyze various sorts of international interactions.
78
GATT
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade - the world's primary organization promoting the expansion of free trade, established in 1947. Membership of over 119 countries
79
gender gap
Refers to polls showing women lower than men on average in their support for military actions (as well as for various other issues and candidates).
80
Geneva Conventions
The Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols are a series of treaties enumerating the laws of armed conflict that date from 1864 to 1977. The Geneva Conventions deal with the treatment of prisoners of war, civilians and sailors in times of conflict. The Conventions are the foremost, but not the only, international documents governing the conduct of warring states. The most widely adhered to Conventions are the Four Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their two Additional Protocols, which regulate most aspects of armed interstate conflict and address the need to accord humane treatment to combatants in noninternational conflicts through the Conventions’ Common Article 3. The Second Additional Protocol of 1977 addresses more aspects of noninterstate conflict, including the noninvolvement of civilians. The provisions of the Four Geneva Conventions of 1949 have been ratified by 192 states and are accepted as Customary International Law. The two Additional Protocols have been ratified by more than 160 countries, but not by the United States.
81
genocide
The intentional and systematic attempt to destroy a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group, in whole or in part. It was confirmed as a crime under international law by the UN Genocide Convention (1948).
82
geopolitics
The use of geography as an element of power, and the ideas about it held by political leaders and scholars.
83
German Joins NATO
1955 – Germany joined as West Germany in 1955 and German reunification in 1990 extended the membership to the new Federal Republic of Germany.
84
Gibraltar
English will never relinquish this piece of Spain.
85
Gini coefficient
measures ratio of rich people to poor people. Perfect equality=0 and maximum inequality=100
86
Gini index
A statistical formula that measures the amount of economic inequality within a country. "0" corresponds with perfect equality and "100" represents perfect inequality.
87
globalization
the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of people, cultures, economies, and nation-states facilitated by technology, trade, and cultural diffusion
88
Golan Heights, Gaza Strip, and West Bank
Many dispute Israel's right to ownership
89
governance
the characteristics of a regime or government
90
government
the part of the state with legitimate public authority; the group of people and organizations that hold political authority in a state at any one time
91
government bargaining model
foreign policy decisions result from the bargaining process among various government agencies with somewhat divergent interests in the outcome
92
graft
corruption/ill-gotten money
93
grassroots politics
locally-organized activism; as opposed to top-down, hierarchical organizing
94
Great Leap Forward
1958 - Failed industrialization campaign undertaken by the Chinese communists between 1958 and early 1960. Mao Zedong hoped to develop labour-intensive methods of industrialization that would emphasize manpower rather than the gradual purchase of heavy machinery, thereby putting to use China's dense population and obviating the need to accumulate capital. Rather than building large new factories, he proposed developing backyard steel furnaces in every village. Rural people were organized into communes where agricultural and political decisions emphasized ideological purity rather than expertise. The program was implemented so hastily and zealously that many errors occurred; these were exacerbated by a series of natural disasters and the withdrawal of Soviet technical personnel. China's agriculture was severely disrupted, causing widespread famine in 1958–62. By early 1960 the government had begun to repeal the Great Leap Forward; private plots were returned to peasants, and expertise began to be emphasized again.
95
great power
states that can be defeated militarily only by another great power (US, Germany, Russia)
96
Great Purge
Late 30's - The name given to campaigns of political repression and persecution in the Soviet Union orchestrated by Joseph Stalin during the late 1930s. It involved the purge of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the persecution of unaffiliated persons, both occurring within a period characterized by omnipresent police surveillance, widespread suspicion of "saboteurs", show trials, imprisonment, and killings. In the West the term "the Great Terror" was popularized after the title of Robert Conquest's The Great Terror. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's The Gulag Archipelago is also devoted to this period of Soviet history.
97
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
1940 - It is remembered today in the West largely as a front for the Japanese control of Axis-occupied countries during World War II, in which puppet governments manipulated local populations and economies for the benefit of wartime Japan. It was an Imperial Japanese Army concept which originated with General Hachiro Arita, who at the time was minister of foreign affairs and an army ideologist. "Greater East Asia" (大æ±äºœ, Dai-tÅ-a) was a Japanese term (banned during the post-war occupation) referring to East Asia, Southeast Asia and surrounding areas.
98
gross domestic product (GDP)
the total value of goods and services produced by an economy
99
Group of 7
The seven economically largest free market countries: Canada, France, Germany, UK, Italy, Japan, the US, and now also Russia, making it the group of 8.
100
groupthink
tendency for groups to reach decisions without accurately assessing their consequences, because individual members tend to go along with ideas they think the others support
101
guerilla war
Warfare without front lines and with irregular forces operating in the midst of, and often hidden or protected by, civilian populations.
102
Haiti occupied
1915 – Despite rhetoric opposing the interventionism of previous administrations, Wilson decided to try to restore order when revolutionary upheaval and bloodshed swept Haiti in the summer of 1915.
103
Hans Island
Canada and Denmark dispute this island near Greenland. Canada claims all NW passages as territorial waters.
104
Hard currency
Currencies, such as dollars, euros, and yen, that are acceptable in private channels of int'l economics.
105
He Kept Us Out of War
1916 – Wilson used this slogan in his 1916 campaign for the presidency. On April 6, 1917, the United States entered the war.
106
head of government
the office and the person occupying the office charged with leading the operation of a government
107
head of state
The executive role that symbolizes and represents the people both nationally and internationally.
108
hegemonic stability
hegemony provides stability similar to a central government by reducing anarchy, deterring aggression, promoting free trade, & providing a currency that can be used as a world standard
109
hegemonic war
War for control of the entire world order -- the rules of the international system as a whole. Also known as world war, global war, general war, or systemic war.
110
hegemony
The holding by one state of a preponderance of power in the international system, so that it can single-handedly dominate the rules and arrangements by which international political and economic relations are conducted.
111
Hitler becomes chancellor
1933 - he suspended the constitution, forcibly suppressed all political opposition and brought the Nazis to power. He enforced policies with a brutal secret police (the Gestapo) and formed concentration camps for the organized murder of Jews, Gypsies and political opponents. Hitler's aggressive foreign policy precipitated World War II in 1939. Although he had remarkable early success in the war, by 1942 the tide had turned. Hitler apparently committed suicide in an air-raid shelter in Berlin in 1945, after the Allied forces had invaded Germany.
112
home country
state where a multinational corporation has its headquarters
113
host country
state in which a foreign multinational corporation operates
114
How does Osama bin Laden translate?
Osama, son of Laden.
115
human rights
Rights of all persons to be free from abuses such as torture or imprisonment for their political beliefs (political and civil rights), and to enjoy certain minimum economic and social protections (economic and social rights).
116
hypothesis
A tentative explanation for a phenomenon used as a basis for further investigation
117
idealism
An approach that emphasizes international law, morality, and international organization, rather than power alone, as key influences on international relations.
118
identity
a principle for solving collective goods by changing participants' preferences based on their shared sense of belonging to a community
119
identity politics
political activity and ideas based on the shared experiences of an ethnic, religious, or social group emphasizing gaining power and benefits for the group rather than pursuing ideological or universal or even statewide goals
120
ideology
guiding principles for a government/economic system. It defines what the nature and role of government should be and prescribes the main goals the people and society should pursue.
121
IGO
International/transnational actors that are composed of member-countries (IMF, WTO)
122
illiberal regime
rule by elected leadership through procedures of questionable democratic legitimacy.
123
IMF
International Monetary Fund - the world's primary organization devoted to maintaining monetary stability by helping countries to fund balance-of-payment deficits. Established 1947, over 180 members.
124
immigration law
National laws that establish the conditions under which foreigners may travel and visit within a state’s territory, work within the state, and sometimes become citizens of the state (naturalization).
125
imperialism
the practice of one nation-state taking control of nations and territory of other countries
126
import substitution
a government policy that uses trade restrictions and subsidies to encourage domestic production of manufactured goods
127
Independence of India
1947 - The British Labour government of Prime Minister Attlee in 1946 offered self-government to India, but it warned that if no agreement was reached between the Congress and the Muslim League, Great Britain, on withdrawing in June, 1948, would have to determine the apportionment of power between the two groups. Reluctantly the Congress agreed to the creation of Pakistan, and in Aug., 1947, British India was divided into the dominions of India and Pakistan. The princely states were nominally free to determine their own status, but realistically they were unable to stand alone. Partly by persuasion and partly by coercion, they joined one or the other of the new dominions. Hyderabad, in S central India, with a Muslim ruler and Hindu population, held out to the last and was finally incorporated (1948) into the Indian union by force. The future of Kashmir was not resolved.
128
independent variable
any one of the inputs, institutions, or processes that shape the results of government policymaking
129
Indus River Treaty
States that the Indus and all tributaries must flow unblocked to the ocean
130
industrial policy
a government's decisions and actions, which define goals and methods for the manufacturing sectors of an economy
131
industrial sector
that part of the economy which manufactures finished and secondary products
132
informal economy
That portion of the economy that is not taxed.
133
information screens
the subconscious or unconscious filters through which people put the information coming in about the world around them
134
inputs
demands and support by individuals and groups upon the policymaking process of government
135
interdependence
a situation, brought about by specialization and/or limited resources, in which nation-states rely on one another for economic resources, goods, and services and political assets such as security and stability
136
interest aggregation
ways in which demands of citizens and groups are amalgamated into proposed policy packages (e.g., leadership, political parties, etc.
137
interest articulation
the methods by which citizens and groups can express their desires and make demands upon government (e.g., political participation, lobbying, protest, etc.)
138
interest group
any organization that seeks to influence government policy making to better serve the self-perceived wants and needs of its members
139
intergovernmental organizations (IGOs)
Organizations (such as the United Nations and its agencies) whose members are state governments.
140
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)
A nongovernmental organization (NGO) that provides practical support, such as medical care, food, and letters from home, to civilians caught in wars and to prisoners of war (POWs). Exchanges of POWs are usually negotiated through the ICRC.
141
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, another of the primary international human rights treaties, provides that states parties shall avoid the practice or sponsorship of racial discrimination including “any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on race, color, descent or national or ethnic origin” which has the effect of nullifying or impairing the exercise of basic human rights in any field of public life (Article 1). The Convention also establishes the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination to monitor and report on state compliance. Entered into force in 1969, the Convention had 170 state parties in 2006.
142
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) is one of the basic documents contained in the International Bill of Human Rights, along with its two optional Protocols (which provide for a complaints mechanism to address violations and for elimination of the death penalty, neither of which have been ratified by the United States). The ICCPR enumerates the core principles that underlie legal rights and the rights of due process for accused persons. It specifies that individuals have on an equal basis the right to life, freedom from cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention, freedom of movement and freedom of religion and expression, among many others. The Convention established the Human Rights Committee to monitor state compliance. Entered into force in 1976, it had 156 state parties as of 2006.
143
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights is one of the basic documents contained in the International Bill of Human Rights. Article 1 states that “All peoples have the right of self-determination, including the right to determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development.” The Convenant also affirms individuals’ rights to food, work, housing and education. The Covenant, entered into force in 1976, does not count the United States as a signatory.
144
International Criminal Court (ICC)
Permanent tribunal for war crimes and crimes against humanity.
145
international norms
The expectations held by participants about normal relations among states.
146
international organizations (IO)
They include intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) such as the UN, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) such as the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC).
147
international political economy
the study of the politics of trade, monetary, & other economic relations among nations, & their connection to other transnational forces
148
international regime
A set of rules, norms, and procedures around which the expectations of actors converge in a certain international issue area (such as oceans or monetary policy).
149
international relations (IR)
The relationships among the world’s state governments and the connection of those relationships with other actors (such as the United Nations, multinational corporations, and individuals), with other social relationships (including economics, culture, and domestic politics), and with geographic and historical influences.
150
international security
a subfield of IR that focuses on questions of war and peace
151
international system
the set of relationships among the world's states structured by certain rules & patterns of interaction
152
intervening variable
a factor influenced by an independent variable that affects the changes in a dependent variable
153
interventionist
describing an activist government and/or state that is involved in a wide range of political, economic, and social arenas
154
Iran & Iraq (Gulf)
Dispute over access to the Gulf. In the Algiers Accord, Iraq gave up the territory to Iran.
155
Iran-Iraq War
1980-1988: Saddam Hussein attempted to gain more land. The US backed Iran.
156
Iron Curtain Speech
March 5, 1946 speech by Winston Churchill at Westminster College in Fulton, MO, in which he called attention to the burgeoning Cold War. “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an ‘iron curtain’ has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe…â€
157
iron triangle
mutually beneficial relationships between private interests, bureaucrats, and legislators--sometimes called an "integrated elite"
158
irredentism
A form of nationalism whose goal is the regaining of territory lost to another state; it can lead directly to violent interstate conflicts.
159
Is islamic society patriarchal, or matriarchal?
patriarchal.
160
Is North Ireland part of the UK?
Yes.
161
Is the North Ireland conflict a religious or political one at heart?
Is the North Ireland conflict a religious or political one at heart?
162
Islam, Muslims
A broad and diverse world religion whose divergent populations include Sunni Muslims, Shiite Muslims, and many smaller branches and sects, practiced by Muslims, from Nigeria to Indonesia, centered in the Middle East.
163
Israel vs. Lebanon
Israel has invaded Lebanon 3 times, most recently in 2006
164
issue areas
Distinct spheres of international activity (such as global trade negotiations) within which policy makers of various states face conflicts and sometimes achieve cooperation.
165
Iwo Jima
1945 – The Battle of Iwo Jima was fought between the United States and Japan during February and March of 1945. As a result of the battle, the United States gained control of the island of Iwo Jima and the airfield there. The battle is famous for the raising of the US flag by U.S. Marines.
166
Japanese occupation of Manchuria
1931 - Japan occupied Manchuria in 1931–32, when Chinese military resistance, sapped by civil war, was weak. The seizure of Manchuria was, in effect, an unofficial declaration of war on China. Manchuria was a base for Japanese aggression in N China and a buffer region for Japanese-controlled Korea. In 1932, under the aegis of Japan, Manchuria with Rehe prov. was constituted Manchukuo, a nominally independent state. During World War II the Japanese developed the Dalian, Anshan, Fushun, Shenyang, and Harbin areas into a huge industrial complex of metallurgical, coal, petroleum, and chemical industries. Soviet forces, which occupied Manchuria from July, 1945, to May, 1946, dismantled and removed over half of the Manchurian industrial plant.
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Jihad
"strive" or "struggle" in Arabic. An Islamic term, considered to be a duty by most faithful Muslims to struggle in the way of God or to struggle to improve one's self and/or society. Often used in reference to military combat.
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judicial review
power of courts to modify or nullify the actions of legislatures, executives, and lower courts
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June 1967 War (six days war)
A war fought in 1967 by Israel on one side and Egypt, Syria, and Jordan on the other. Israel, victorious, took over the Golan Heights, the Jordanian portion of Jerusalem, the Jordanian West Bank of the Jordan River, and a large piece of territory in northeastern Egypt, including the Sinai Peninsula, which contains Mount Sinai. Israel still occupies all of these territories except the Sinai Peninsula, which it gave back to Egypt in 1982. Israel maintains that its security would be enormously endangered if it withdrew from the other places.
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just war doctrine
A branch of international law and political theory that defines when wars can be justly started (jus ad bellum) and how they can be justly fought (jus in bello).
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just wars
category in international law & political theory that defines when wars can be justly started & how they can be justly fought
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Kashmir
4 wars over Kashmir between Pakistan and India, including the Kargil Conflict
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Katyn forest massacre
1940 - Mass killing of Polish military officers by the Soviet Union in World War II. After the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact (1939) and Germany's defeat of Poland, Soviet forces occupied eastern Poland and interned thousands of Polish military personnel. After the German invasion of the Soviet Union (1941), the Polish government-in-exile agreed to cooperate with the Soviets against Germany, and the Polish general forming the new army asked to have the Polish prisoners placed under his command, but the Soviet government informed him in December 1941 that most of those prisoners had escaped to Manchuria and could not be located.
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Keynsian economics
the idea that governments can manipulate macroeconomic demand through taxation and spending policies in order to foster stable growth
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Korean War Begins
N. Korea launched attack on South Korea across the 38th parallel on June 25, 1950. First test of the 1947 Truman Doctrine. Because of Soviet boycott of U.N. Security Council (due to U.S. refusal to recognize PRC), U.N. approved a defensive force. U.S.-led U.N. force entered the war in July.
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Kurds
25 million Kurds split across 4 countries
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Kuril Islands
Russia took posession of the islands after the Russo-Japanese War but they are still in dispute.
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Kwame Nkrumah
Nationalist leader and president of Ghana (1960–66). Nkrumah worked as a teacher before going to the U.S. to study literature and socialism (1935–45). In 1949 he formed the Convention People's Party, which advocated nonviolent protests, strikes, and noncooperation with the British authorities. Elected prime minister of the Gold Coast (1952–60) and then president of independent Ghana, Nkrumah advanced a policy of Africanization and built new roads, schools, and health facilities. After 1960 he devoted much of his time to the Pan-African movement, at the expense of Ghana's economy. Following an attempted coup in 1962, he increased authoritarian controls, withdrew from public life, increased contacts with communist countries, and wrote works on political philosophy. With the country facing economic ruin, he was deposed in 1966 while visiting Beijing.
179
Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is an international agreement that attempts to address global warming and climate change. In 2006, 162 countries were parties to the Protocol, which provides for the modernization of greenhouse gas-producing facilities, as well as the buying and selling of "pollution credits" known as "emission reduction units" to stabilize and reduce the amounts of greenhouse gasses emitted into the atmosphere. The United States is not a state party to the Protocol because, spokespersons say, it does not equitably distribute the burden of reducing emissions and thus would unfairly disadvantage U.S. economic interests.
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laissez-faire
The principle that the economy should be "allowed to do" what it wishes; a liberal system of minimal state interference in the economy.
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lateral pressure (theory of)
It holds that the economic and population growth of states fuels geographic expansion as they seek natural resources beyond their borders, which in turn leads to conflicts and sometimes to war.
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Law of the Sea Convention
Officially known as the United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), this agreement was opened for signature in 1982 and entered into force in 1994. As of June 2006, 149 countries had signed on to the Convention. Seeking to govern the peaceful use of the seas, the measure covers deep sea drilling, straits used for international navigation, the oceanic rights of landlocked nations and many other aspects of international oceanic interaction. The United States is not an official signatory to the Law of the Sea Convention, but adheres to most of its provisions. The main point of disagreement heretofore has been the limits on deep sea drilling. However, with support from both the White House and the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, in 2006 the United States appeared close to acceding to UNCLOS.
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LDCs
Least developed countries - Countries, located mainly in Africa, Asia and Latin America, with economics that rely heavily on the production of agriculture and raw materials and whose per capita GDP and standard of living are substantially below Western standards.
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League of Nations
an organization established after WW1 & a forerunner of today's UN; it achieved certain humanitarian & other successes but was weakened by the absence of US membership & by its own lack of effectiveness in ensuring collective security
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League of Nations Mandate System
Used to categorize states after WWI based on their readiness for independence
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legitimacy
the belief that a regime is a proper one and that the government has a right to exercise authority
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Lend Lease
1941 – arrangement for the transfer of war supplies, including food, machinery, and services, to nations whose defense was considered vital to the defense of the United States in World War II. The Lend-Lease Act, passed (1941) by the U.S. Congress, gave the President power to sell, transfer, lend, or lease such war materials. Originally intended for China and Britain, though the USSR was added later.
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Liancourt Rocks
Aka Dokdo. Disputed between Japan and South Korea in the Sea of Japan.
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liberal democracy
A political system that promotes participation, competition, and liberty and emphasizes individual freedom and civil rights.
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Liberal Democrats
Most disadvantaged party because of the British FPTP/SMD
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Liberal feminism
emphasizes gender equality & views the "essential" differences in men's & women's abilities/perspectives as trivial or nonexistent
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liberalism
An ideology and political system that favors a limited state role in society and the economy, and places a high priority on individual political and economic freedom.
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limited war
Military actions that seek objectives short of the surrender and occupation of the enemy
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lobbying
the process of talking with legislators or officials to influence their decisions on some set of issues
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Locarno, Pact of
1925 - Multilateral treaty signed in Locarno, Switz., intended to guarantee peace in western Europe. Its signatories were Belgium, Britain, France, Germany, and Italy. Germany's borders with France and Belgium as set by the Treaty of Versailles were decreed inviolable, but its eastern borders were not. Britain promised to defend Belgium and France. Other provisions included mutual defense pacts between France and Poland and between France and Czechoslovakia. The treaty led to the Allied troops' departure from the Rhineland by 1930, five years ahead of schedule. See also Kellogg-Briand Pact.
196
logic of appropriateness
"How should I behave in this situation?"
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logic of consequences
"What will happen to me if I behave this way?"
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London Naval Treaty
1930 - Two conferences in London sought to continue and extend naval armaments pacts initially agreed upon at the Washington Naval Conference of 1921–1922. At this conference, the United States, Great Britain, Japan, France, and Italy agreed on ratios for battleship and aircraft carrier tonnage in a successful effort to halt what might have been an expensive arms race; the resulting treaty also allowed the British to let the Anglo-Japanese Treaty of 1902 terminate. Britain thus avoided being caught in a possible future Japanese-American conflict as an ally of each power.
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Louisa Reef
Disputed between Malaysia and Brunei; Brunei claims an EEZ around the reef.
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Lusitania
1915 – British liner sunk off the Irish coast by a German submarine on May 7, 1915. 1,198 people lost their lives, 128 of whom were U.S. citizens. A warning to Americans against taking passage on British vessels, signed by the Imperial German Embassy, appeared in morning papers on the day the vessel was scheduled to sail from New York, but too late to accomplish its purpose. The vessel was unarmed, though the Germans made a point of the fact that it carried munitions for the Allies.
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Maastricht Treaty
The most significant agreement in the recent history of the EU - signed by leaders of the EU's 12 member countries in 1991 and outlines steps toward further political-economic integration.
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manchukou
1932 - Puppet state created in 1932 by Japan out of the three historic provinces of Manchuria (northeastern China). After the Russo-Japanese War (1895), Japan gained control of the Russian-built South Manchurian Railway, and its army established a presence in the region; expansion there was seen as necessary for Japan's status as an emerging world power. In 1931 the Japanese army created an excuse to attack Chinese troops there, and in 1932 Manchukuo was proclaimed an “independent†state. The last Qing emperor was brought out of retirement and made Manchukuo's ruler, but the state was actually rigidly controlled by the Japanese, who used it as their base for expansion into Asia. An underground guerrilla movement composed of Manchurian soldiers, armed civilians, and Chinese communists opposed the occupying Japanese, many of whom had come over to settle in the new colony. After Japan's defeat in 1945 the settlers were repatriated.
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Manhattan Project
1942–45: U.S. government research project that produced the first atomic bomb. In 1939 U.S. scientists urged Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt to establish a program to study the potential military use of fission, and $6,000 was appropriated. By 1942 the project was code-named Manhattan, after the site of Columbia University, where much of the early research was done. Research also was carried out at the University of California and the University of Chicago. In 1943 a laboratory to construct the bomb was established at Los Alamos, N.M., and staffed by scientists headed by J. Robert Oppenheimer. Production also was carried out at Oak Ridge, Tenn., and Hanford, Wash. The first bomb was exploded in a test at Alamogordo air base in southern New Mexico. By its end the project had cost some $2 billion and had involved 125,000 people.
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Marshall Plan
Also known as the European Recovery Program, this plan of Western assistance was hatched at the Paris Economic Conference in July 1947. U.S. Secretary of State George Marshall had urged the development of a plan to foster economic recovery in Germany and other European countries in the wake of the war. In April 1948, President Truman signed the act establishing the Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA) to administer the program.
205
Marxism
power dominate classes oppress the power sub-ordinate classes by denying them access to surplus they create; includes both communism & other approaches
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Massive Retaliation
1954 – U.S. nuclear strategy under Eisenhower. Eisenhower’s Secretary of State John Foster Dulles said in a speech on January 12, 1954, to the Council on Foreign Relations: 'Local defense must be reinforced by the further deterrent of massive retaliatory power.'
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Mayotte
Part of the Comoros Islands. It is the only Catholic island; recently voted to become the 5th overseas department of France.
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mediation
The use of a third party (or parties) in conflict resolution.
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Mein Kampf
1925 - An autobiography written by Adolf Hitler. In it, Hitler outlines his plan for the revival of Germany from the losses of World War I and blames Germany's problems on capitalists (see capitalism), communists, and Jews.
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mercantilism
economic theory & a political ideology opposed to free trade; it shares with realism the belief that each state must protect its own interests without seeking mutual gains through international organizations
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merchandise trade
The import and export of tangible manufactured goods and raw materials.
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Merchants of Death
book of the 1930s which attributed U.S. entry into World War I to the influence of northeastern business interests who wanted to sell Britain arms.
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middle powers
States that rank somewhat below the great powers in terms of their influence on world affairs (for example, Brazil and India).
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Midway
The World War II Battle of Midway was fought on June 5, 1942. The U.S. Navy defeated a Japanese attack against Midway Atoll, marking a turning point in the war in the Pacific theatre.
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militarism
The glorification of war, military force, and violence.
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military-industrial complex
a huge interlocking network of governmental agencies, industrial corporations, and research institutions, working together to supply a nation's military forces
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misperceptions
mistaken processing of the available information about a decision; one of several ways-along with affective & cognitive bias-in which individual decision making diverges from the rational model
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MNCs
Multinational corporations - Private enterprises that have production subsidiaries or branches in more than one country.
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modernization theory
A theory asserting that as societies developed they
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monetarism
A theory holding that economic variations within a given system, such as changing rates of inflation, are most often caused by increases or decreases in the money supply; A policy that seeks to regulate an economy by altering the domestic money supply, especially by increasing it in a moderate but steady manner (dictionary.com definition)
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monetary policy
domestic government policies affecting interest rates and the supply of money available within an economy.
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monetary relations
The entire scope of int'l money issues, such as exchange rates, interest rates, loan policies, balance of payments and regulating institutions (for example, the IMF).
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multiple causality
the simultaneous effects of a number of independent and intervening variables that bring about changes in dependent variables
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multipolar system
an international system with typically 5 or 6 centers of power that are not grouped into alliances
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Munich Agreement
1938 - Settlement reached by Germany, France, Britain, and Italy permitting German annexation of Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland. Adolf Hitler's threats to occupy the German-populated part of Czechoslovakia stemmed from his avowed broader goal of reuniting Europe's German-populated areas. Though Czechoslovakia had defense treaties with France and the Soviet Union, both countries agreed that areas in the Sudetenland with majority German populations should be returned. Hitler demanded that all Czechoslovaks in those areas depart; when Czechoslovakia refused, Britain's Neville Chamberlain negotiated an agreement permitting Germany to occupy the areas but promising that all future differences would be resolved through consultation. The agreement, which became synonymous with appeasement, was abrogated when Hitler annexed the rest of Czechoslovakia the next year.
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Myanmar
Political instability and human rights abuses
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NAFTA
North American Free Trade Agreement - An economic agreement among Canada, Mexico and the US that wen into effect on Jan 1, 1994. It will eliminate most trade barriers by 2009 and will also eliminate or reduce restrictions on foreign investments and other financial transactions among the NAFTA countries.
228
Name some countries with a federalist system of government.
Switzerland, US, Belgium, Germany, Canada.
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Name some elements of national power.
Size, location, climate, topography of a national territory, natural resources and production, population and demographics, size and efficiency of industry, extent/effectiveness of transportation and the media, science and technology, military, political economic and social system, quality of diplomacy, policies/attitudes of leadership, national character/moale.
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nation
A group of people bound together by a common set of political aspirations.
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national debt or surplus
the historic total of yearly government budgetary deficits and surpluses for a nation-state
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national interest
The interests of a state overall (as opposed to particular parties or factions within the state).
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nationalization
the process of making the government the owner of productive resources
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nation-states
states whose population share a sense of national identity, usually including a language & culture
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NATO
1948 - International military alliance created to defend western Europe against a possible Soviet invasion. A 1948 collective-defense alliance between Britain, France, The Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg was recognized as inadequate to deter Soviet aggression, and in 1949 the U.S. and Canada agreed to join their European allies in an enlarged alliance. A centralized administrative structure was set up, and three major commands were established, focused on Europe, the Atlantic, and the English Channel (disbanded in 1994). The admission of West Germany in 1955 led to the Soviet Union's creation of the opposing Warsaw Treaty Organization, or Warsaw Pact. France withdrew from military participation in 1966.
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naturalist school of law
Humans, by nature, have certain rights and obligations. Lockian thought.
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negative correlation
an inverse association between two variables. As one variable become larger, the other one becomes smaller.
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negotiation
The process of formal bargaining, usually with the parties talking back and forth across a table.
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neocolonialism
The notion that EDCs continue to control and exploit LDCs through indirect means, such as economic dominance and co-opting the local elite.
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neocorporatism
A system of social democratic policy making in which a limited number of organizations representing business and labor work with the state to set economic policy.
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neo-imperialism
a pejorative label given to a variety of attempts to achieve hegemony over other nations; some people tend to use the term to describe the use of corporate power and wealth to gain influence in Third World countries; others use it to describe attempts by international organizations to impose change upon rich and powerful nations
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neoliberalism
Shorthand for “neoliberal institutionalismâ€, an approach that stresses the importance of international institutions in reducing the inherent conflict that realists assume in an international system; the reasoning is based on the core liberal idea that seeking long-term mutual gains is often more rational than maximizing individual short-term gains.
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neorealism
A version of realist theory that emphasizes the influence on state behavior of the system’s structure, especially the international distribution of power.
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Neutrality act
1937 - a law that unsuccessfully attempted to keep the United States out of international conflicts, including civil wars. Major provisions included:
a prohibition of exporting arms to belligerent nations
a ban on loans to belligerents, except short-term credits
American citizens were prohibited from travelling on belligerent vessels
American ships trading with belligerents were required to remain unarmed
American ships were forbidden from carrying arms to belligerents (see Cash and Carry)
belligerent governments and rebels were forbidden from soliciting funds from American citizens
In addition, the President had the optional authority to:
require all exports to belligerents be on a Cash and Carry basis
ban the export of selected goods and raw material to belligerents
block American ports from use by belligerent warships
exclude belligerent submarines and armed merchant vessels from American waters.
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newly-industrializing countries
nation-states that began developing economic industrial sectors relatively recently
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NGO
A national or international group, independent of any state, that pursues policy objectives and fosters public participation.
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NICs
Newly industrialized countries - Less developed countries whose economies and whose trade now include significant amounts of manufactured products. As a result, these countries have a per capita GDP significantly higher than the average per capita GDP for less developed countries.
248
Night of the long Knives
1934 - Purge of Nazi leaders by Adolf Hitler. Fearing that the paramilitary SA had become too powerful, Hitler ordered his elite SS guards to murder the organization's leaders, including Ernst Röhm. Also killed that night were hundreds of other perceived opponents of Hitler, including Kurt von Schleicher and Gregor Strasser.
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nonaligned movement
Movement of third world states, led by India and Yugoslavia, that attempted to stand apart from the U.S.-Soviet rivalry during the Cold War.
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nonstate actors
Actors other than state governments that operate either below the level of the state (that is, within states) or across state borders.
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nonviolence/pacifism
A philosophy based on a unilateral commitment to refrain from using any violent forms of leverage. More specifically, pacifism refers to a principled opposition to war in general rather than simply to particular wars.
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normative analysis
consideration based upon preferences and values about what things should be like
253
norms (of behavior)
The shared expectations about what behavior is considered proper.
254
North American Free Trade Agreement
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), ratified by Canada, Mexico and the United States in 1992, is a regional trade accord within the WTO structure. It facilitates the cross-border movement of goods and services by reducing tariffs, duties and transportation costs, as well as by easing investment restrictions and the movement of workers within the free-trade zone.
255
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
A U.S.-led military alliance formed in 1949 with mainly West European members, to oppose and deter Soviet power in Europe. It is currently expanding into the former Soviet bloc.
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Northern China
Ethnic conflicts
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North-South gap
The disparity in resources (income, wealth, and power) between the industrialized, relatively rich countries of the West (and the former East) and the poorer countries of Africa, the Middle East, and much of Asia and Latin America.
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Norway vs. Russia
Continental shelf dispute, Norway claims fishing areas around Svalbard Islands.
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NPT
1968 - International agreement intended to prevent the spread of nuclear technology. It was signed by the U.S., Britain, the Soviet Union, and 59 other countries in 1968. The three major signatories agreed not to assist states lacking nuclear weapons to obtain or produce them; the nonnuclear signatories agreed not to attempt to obtain nuclear weapons in exchange for assistance in developing nuclear power for peaceful purposes. France and China, both nuclear powers, declined to ratify the treaty until 1992, and some nuclear powers, including Israel and Pakistan, have never signed it. In 1995, when the treaty was due to expire, it was extended indefinitely by a consensus vote of 174 countries at the United Nations.
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NSC 68
1950 – A classified document written by Paul Nitze and issued by the Truman National Security Council on April 14, 1950. Inspired by Kennan’s Long Telegram, the report outlined a strategy of communist containment. NSC-68 would shape government actions in the Cold War for the next 20 years and has subsequently been labeled the "blueprint" for the Cold War.
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NTB
non-tariff barrier - a non-monetary restriction on trade, such as quotas, technical specifications, or unnecessarily lengthy quarantine and inspection procedures.
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Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
Entered into force in 1970, the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) now has 186 signatories. Pakistan, India and Israel are notable nonsignatories, and the Democratic Peoples’ Republic of Korea (North Korea) withdrew from the accord in 2006. The Treaty calls for nuclear states to submit documentation on their nuclear facilities to the International Atomic Energy Association (IAEA), as well as permit periodic IAEA inspections, and forbids them to sell, transmit or share nuclear technology or devices with nonnuclear states. Nonnuclear states are proscribed from attempting to develop their own weapons technologies. Nuclear technology for peaceful purposes is allowed for all signatories, provided safeguards are put in place to prevent the weaponization of materials, technology and facilities.
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Nuremberg Trials
1945-46: International Military Tribunal tried high Nazi officials for actions committed during World War II that contravened the accepted laws of war. Among the practices condemned were plotting and waging aggressive war, using slave labor, looting occupied countries, and abusing and murdering civilians (especially the Jews) and prisoners of war. The Allies' decision to try major Axis officials for war crimes had been announced in October 1943, when the American, British, and Russian foreign ministers met in Moscow. Planning for the trials began soon after V-J Day, and the tribunal opened in Nuremberg, Germany, on November 20, 1945, before a board of distinguished judges from the Allied countries. Adolf Hitler, Heinrich Himmler, and Josef Goebbels had committed suicide by that time, but Hermann Goering, Joachim Ribbentrop, Wilhelm Keitel, Alfred Jodl, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Julius Streicher, Hjalmar Schacht, Martin Bormann (in absentia), and sixteen others were tried one by one for individually specified crimes.
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oligarchy
a system of governance dominated by a small powerful group in the state
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Oman vs. UAE
Dispute over islands in the strait of Hormuz
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optimizing
picking the very best option; contrasts with satisficing, or finding a satisfactory but less than best solution to a problem. The model of "bounded rationality" postulates that decision makers generally "satisfice" rather than optimize
267
Oslo Accords
1993 agreement between Israel and the PLO that promised Palestine its own state one day.
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Pact of Paris (Kellog-Briand Treaty)
June 1927 – Pact condemning “recourse to war for the solution of international controversies.†Aristide Briand foreign minister of France, proposed to the U.S. government a treaty outlawing war between the two countries. Frank B. Kellogg, the U.S. Secretary of State, returned a proposal for a general pact against war, and after prolonged negotiations the Pact of Paris was signed by 15 nations.
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Pacta sunta servanda
Latin - "agreements must be kept." The oldest principle of international law. Without it, no int'l agreement would be binding or enforceable. Directly referred to in many int'l agreements governing treaties.
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Panama Canal Construction Begins
1904 – Construction lasted until 1914 and thousands died of disease and injury.
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Panama Taken
1903 – After Columbia balked at the terms of the Hay-Herrán Treaty, which would have allowed the United States to take control of a Canal Zone across the Isthmus of Panama to construct a canal, Roosevelt found another way. He sent signals to Panamanian insurrectionists that the U.S. would support a revolt against Columbian rule of the province. When the insurrection came in November 1903, U.S. warships blocked Columbian troops from reinforcing a weak force on the Isthmus and Roosevelt hastily recognized the new country. The U.S. signed a more favorable treaty with the new Panama, giving the U.S. rights to a ten-mile wide Canal Zone “in perpetuity.â€
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parastatal
a government-owned corporation to compensate for the lack of private economic development or to ensure complete and equitable service to the whole country (can be anything from a national airline or a railroad to a postal system or manufacturing and marketing operations)
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parliamentary system
head of government is chosen by and serves at the pleasure of the legislature
274
parochials
#NAME?
275
participants
#NAME?
276
particularistic party
a political party that deos not attempt to appeal to voters beyond an identifiable group within a population
277
patron-client relationships
a usually informal alliance between a person holding power and less powerful or lower status people; the powerful patron provides power, status, jobs, land, goods, and/or protection in exchange for loyalty and political support
278
peace movements
Movements against specific wars or against war and militarism in general, usually involving large numbers of people and forms of direct action such as street protests.
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Peace of Galilee
Agreement between Israel and Lebanon that was successful until 2000
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peak association
an interest group organization whose membership is other organizations with parallel interests and goals; frequently a nationwide organization of specialized or localized smaller organizations
281
Pedra Branca
Singapore and Malaysia dispute ownership of the islands in the Singapore strait. ICJ ruled the Malaysia has no title to the Pedra Branca.
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Pershing invades Mexico
1916 - A U.S. expeditionary force under Gen. John Pershing invaded Mexico in pursuit of Mexican rebel leader Pancho Villa, who had raided the border town of Columbus, New Mexico.
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Platt Amendment
1901 – Amendment to the Cuban Constitution based on a clause in a bill drafted by Senator Orville H. Platt. It said the United States could intervene in Cuban affairs to keep order or maintain independence and could buy or lease sites for naval and coaling stations (the main one was Guantánamo Bay). The amendment also barred Cuba from making a treaty that gave another nation power over its affairs, going into debt, or stopping the United States from imposing a sanitation program on the island.
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plurality system
an electoral system in which election winners are determined by which candidate receives the largest number of votes (regardless of whether or not a majority is received)
285
Point Four
1949 - a foreign aid program to assist the poor in so-called underdeveloped countries. In his second inaugural address in 1949, President Harry S. Truman called for this "bold new program" as part of an overall effort to promote peace and freedom. Inviting other nations to participate, he called for the program to be a "worldwide effort" for the achievement of "peace, plenty, and freedom" through technical assistance, private foreign investment, and greater production. In the first phase of the Cold War, and in the wake of the TRUMAN DOCTRINE, the MARSHALL PLAN, and the creation of the NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION, Point Four was designed as an offer to the emerging nations to decide against communism—to become neutral or non-aligned.
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polarity
refers to number of independent power centers in system
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police powers
government powers to regulate public safety and enforce laws
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political communication
the flow of information from and about government to its constituents and feedback from constituents to people in government
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political culture
the collection of history, values, beliefs, assumptions, attitudes, traditions, and symbols that define and influence political behavior within a nation-state
290
political economy
refers broadly to the relationship between politics and economics. How are economic resources dealt with through political processes. How much of a role does the government have in the economy.
291
political integration
the process of promoting loyalty to and identity with the nation-state over more parochial loyalties
292
political participation
the actions by citizens which involve them in the process of selecting leaders and making policies
293
political party
an organized group of people with the primary purpose of electing its members to government office (alternatively, some parties exist to represent and promote a point of view or ideology regardless of electoral successes)
294
political recruitment
the processes by which people become public participants and leaders
295
political socialization
the institutions and methods of developing and reinforcing significant public beliefs, attitudes, and practices (how does a culture get its people to be good political citizens or subjects?)
296
politics
the processes through which groups of people govern themselves or are governed; activities associated with the exercise of authority
297
Polycentrism.
A balance of power situation involving multiple power centers and participants
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positive correlation
a direct association between two variables. As one becomes larger the other one does as well.
299
positive peace
A peace that resolves the underlying reasons for war; not just a cease-fire but a transformation of relationships, including elimination or reduction of economic exploitation and political oppression.
300
positivist school of law
Those who believe that law reflects society and the way that people want the society to operate.
301
post-industrial
describing an economy in which the service sector has become more important than the industrial sector
302
post-materialist values
beliefs in the importance of policy goals beyond one's immediate self interest (e.g. environmentalism and cultural diversity) as well as one's prosperity and security; sometimes labeled "post-modern values"
303
postmodern feminism
An effort to combine feminist and postmodernist perspectives with the aim of uncovering the hidden influences of gender in IR and showing how arbitrary the construction of gender roles is.
304
postmodern voters
Characterized by a set of values that center on "quality of life" considerations.
305
postmodernism
An approach that denies the existence of a single fixed reality, and pays special attention to texts and to discourses -- that is, to how people talk and write about a subject.
306
Potsdam
Jul.-Aug. 1945 -- A city of northeast Germany on the Havel River near Berlin. The city was the site of the Potsdam Conference, at which American, British, and Soviet leaders drew up preliminary plans for the postwar administration of Germany and assigned various captured territories to Poland.
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power
The ability or potential to influence others’ behavior, as measured by the possession of certain tangible and intangible characteristics.
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power strategies
plans actors use to develop & deploy power capabilities to achieve their goals
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power transition theory
the largest wars result from challenges to the top position in the status hierarchy, when a rising power is surpassing the most powerful state
310
Prague Spring
1968 - Brief period of liberalization in Czechoslovakia under Alexander Dubcek. In April 1968 he instituted agricultural and industrial reforms, a revised constitution to guarantee civil rights, autonomy for Slovakia, and democratization of the government and the Communist Party. By June, many Czechs were calling for more rapid progress toward real democracy. Although Dubcek believed he could control the situation, the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact countries, alarmed by the threat of a social-democratic Czechoslovakia, invaded the country in August, deposed Dubcek, and gradually restored control by reinstalling hard-line communists as leaders.
311
Preah Vihear Temple
Cambodia & Thailand disputed ownership of the temple; it was awarded to Cambodia
312
prebendalism
the form of patron-client politics that legitimizes the exploitation of government power for the benefit of office holders and their followers
313
primary products
Agricultural products and raw materials, such as minerals.
314
prisoner's dilemma
a situation modeled by game theory in which rational actors pursuing their individual interests all achieve worse outcomes than they could have by working together
315
prisoners of war (POWs)
Soldiers who have surrendered (and who thereby receive special status under the laws of war).
316
proliferation
the spread of weapons of mass destruction into the hands of more actors
317
proportional representation
An electoral system in which political parties compete in multimember districts and voters choose between parties. The seats are divided according to the number of votes each party garners.
318
prospect theory
an alternative explanation of decisions made under risk or uncertainty
319
protectionism
Using tariffs and non-tariff barriers such as quotas subsidies to protect a domestic economic sector from competition from imported goods or services.
320
proxy wars
wars in the 3rd world-often civil wars in which the US & Soviet Union jockeyed for position by supplying & advising opposing factions
321
public opinion
range of views on foreign policy issues held by citizens of a state
322
public structure
an organization or process by which a government carries out its public policies
323
Qemony & Matsu
Two islands remained a Chinese Nationalist outpost after the Communist victory on the mainland in 1949. The People's Republic of China began bombarding the island again in 1958, but the deployment of the U.S. 7th Fleet prevented an escalation of the hostilities. After 1990 Taiwan reduced the military forces stationed on Matsu, civilian rule was restored in 1993, and restrictions on travel to the island were ended in 1994. Limited direct travel to and trade with the mainland has been permitted since Jan., 2001.
324
Qualitative method/analysis
Study through an in-depth investigation of a limited number of cases.
325
quantitative research
statistical studies which seek correlations and causations between data
326
Quarantine Speech
1937 – A response to Japanese actions in Manchuria and Italian actions in Abyssinia, in the face of which the League of Nations was impotent. In this speech in Chicago, FDR called for an international "quarantine of the aggressor nations" through economic pressure. This was an attempted alternative to American neutrality and isolationism, though it intensified America's isolationist mood.
327
Rape of Nanking
1937-1938 – describes Japanese treatment of the citizens of Nanking, China, during the Japanese occupation of China. A 1997 book by Iris Chang of the same name extensively documents Japanese conduct, which included the slaughter of more than 300,000 people and the rape of thousands of women and girls.
328
rational actors
actors conceived of as single entities that can "think" about their actions coherently, make choices, identify their interests, & rank the interests in terms of priority
329
rational choice theory
When making political decisions or voting, people calculate the expected gains and costs of a particular action and choose accordingly.
330
rational-legal legitimacy
Legitimacy based on a system of laws and procedures that are highly institutionalized.
331
real dollars
The value of dollars expressed in terms of a base year. This is determined by taking current value and subtracting the amount of inflation between the base year and the year being reported. Sometimes called uninflated dollars. Any currency can be valued in real terms.
332
realignment
a significant change in the party or policy loyalties of substantial groups within a nation-state
333
realism
theory in terms of power, competition, self-interest, individuals turn to animalistic behavior in absence of government
334
reciprocity
rewarding behavior that contributes to the group & punishing behavior that pursues self-interest at the expense of the group
335
Red Guards
1966-76: were a mass movement of civilians, mostly students and other young people, who were mobilized by Mao Zedong and his allies to defeat their enemies within the struggle for power officially called the Cultural Revolution, between 1966 and 1976.
Initially under the control of the Cultural Revolution Group within the Communist Party leadership, led by Mao's principal allies, Vice-Chairman Lin Biao and Mao's wife Jiang Qing, the Red Guards soon got out of control and divided into many factions, some of which fought against each other, bringing the country to the brink of civil war by 1969.
336
redistributive policies
government policies that take valuable resources from one or more groups in society and allocate them to other groups
337
reductivism
the attempt to explain complex correlations and causations using a single independent variable; oversimplification
338
referendum
A national vote called by a government to address a specific proposal, often a change to the constitution..
339
refugees
people fleeing their countries to find refuge from war, natural disaster, or political persecution. International law distinguishes them from migrants
340
Refugees in SW Asia
4 million have been displaced since the US invasion of Afghanistan. Pashtos have moved into western Pakistan.
341
regime
The fundamental rules and norms of politics, embodying long-term goals regarding individual freedom and collective equality, where power should reside, and the use of that power.
342
regulatory policies
government policies designed to control practices and behavior of citizens and organizations and prevent harmful results and/or ensure civic benefits of those behaviors
343
relative power
ratio of the power that 2 states can bring to bear against each other
344
Remilitarization of rhineland
1936 - German Fuhrer Adolf Hitler made up his mind to reoccupy the Rhineland. On 12 February he informed his War Minister, General Werner von Blomberg, of his intentions and asked the head of the Army, General Werner von Fritsch, how long it would take to transport a few infantry battalions and a artillery battery into the Rhineland. Fritsch answered that it would take three days organisation but he was in favour of negotiation as he believed that the German Army was in no state for armed combat with the French Army.[2] General Ludwig Beck warned Hitler that the German Army would be unable to successfully defend Germany against a possible retaliatory French attack.[3] Hitler reassured Fritsch that he would ensure that the German forces would leave at once if the French intervened militarily to halt their advance.
345
rent seeking
a process in which political leaders essentially rent out parts of the state to their own patrons, who as a result control public goods that would otherwise be distributed in a nonpolitical manner.
346
republic
a political regime in which government citizens choose leaders directly or indirectly
347
revolution
Public seizure of the state in order to overturn the existing government and regime.
348
Rio Pact
1947 – the Inter-American Reciprocal Assistance Treaty was signed in Rio de Janeiro in 1947 by the United States and 19 Latin American countries. The Rio Pact, which served as a model for NATO, provides for collective defense against aggression from outside the region. Clearly aimed at the Soviet Union, the Rio Pact became the cornerstone of hemispheric security during the Cold War; 23 countries eventually became members.
349
Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
The Rome Statute created the International Criminal Court (ICC), located at the Hague, Netherlands. The ICC states that it is "a permanent institution and shall have the power to exercise its jurisdiction over persons for the most serious crimes of international concern, as referred to in this Statute, and shall be complementary to national criminal jurisdictions." The court's jurisdiction covers four specific areas of international law: genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes (violations of international law, such as the Geneva conventions) and crimes of aggression. The Court, which was entered into force in 2002, has 120 participants. The United States, which was committed to the Treaty under President Bill Clinton, "unsigned" the treaty early in the Administration of George W. Bush, because of expressed concerns over the possibility that American military service members and political officials could be indicted on unfair charges based on political motivations.
350
Roosevelt Corollary
December 1904 – Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine in which the U.S. declared its right to exercise an international police power when Western Hemisphere countries, by not keeping their debts or other affairs in order, invited foreign aggression.
351
rule of law
A system in which all individuals and groups, including those in government, are subject to the law, irrespective of their power and authority.
352
run-off elections
an electoral system that requires winners to earn a majority of votes cast; in cases where no candidate wins a majority in the election, least successful candidates are removed form the ballot and another election is held
353
Russia, Nigeria, Mexico
Which of the states we have studied are federal systems.
354
Russian Provisional Government
Mar 1917 - The Russian Provisional Government was formed in Petrograd after the deterioration of the Russian Empire and the tsar's abdication.
When the authority of the Tsar's government began disintegrating in the February Revolution of 1917, two rival institutions, the Duma and the Petrograd Soviet, competed for power. When Tsar Nicholas II abdicated on March 15 and his brother, Grand Duke Michael refused the throne the next day. According to the will of the Grand Duke, the provisional government should rule until the Constituent Assembly determines the form of government in Russia. Provisional government should provide elections to the Assembly. Its power was effectively limited by the Petrograd Soviet's growing authority. The Soviet controlled the army, factories and railways and had the support of the workers, so this was a period of dual authority, although at first the Soviet had given support to the Provisional Government.
355
schlieffen Plan
Plan of attack used by the German armies at the outbreak of World War I. It was named after its developer, Count Alfred von Schlieffen (1833–1913), former chief of the German general staff. To meet the possibility of Germany's facing a war against France in the west and Russia in the east, Schlieffen proposed that, instead of aiming the first strike against Russia, Germany should aim a rapid, decisive blow with a large force at France's flank through Belgium, then sweep around and crush the French armies against a smaller German force in the south. The plan used at the beginning of World War I had been modified by Helmuth von Moltke, who reduced the size of the attacking army and was blamed for Germany's failure to win a quick victory.
356
SDRs
Special drawing rights - Reserves held by the IMF that central banks of member-countries can draw on to help manage the values of the currencies. SDR value is based on a "market-base" of currencies, and SDRs are acceptable in transactions between central banks.
357
SEATO
1955–77: comprising Australia, France, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand, Britain, and the U.S. It was founded as part of the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty in order to protect the region from communism. Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos were not considered for membership, and other countries in the region preferred membership in the nonaligned movement. SEATO had no standing forces, but its members engaged in combined military exercises. Pakistan withdrew in 1968, and France suspended financial support in 1975. The organization was disbanded officially in 1977.
358
secular (state)
A state created apart from religious establishments and in which there is a high degree of separation between religious and political organizations.
359
security community
a situation in which low expectations of interstate violence permit a high degree of political cooperation-as for example, among NATO members
360
security dilemma
a situation in which actions states take to ensure their own security (such as deploying more military forces) are perceived as threats to the security of other states
361
semipresidential system
An executive system that divides power between two strong executives, a president and a prime minister.
362
Senate Rejects Versailles Treaty
1919 -- Republican Majority Leader and Foreign Relations Committee Chairman Henry Cabot Lodge led opposition to the aspect of Wilson’s League of Nations proposal that would commit the United States to the defense of other members of the League, but Lodge did not oppose the League outright. With Wilson's refusal to compromise, the Senate overwhelmingly rejected the Treaty by wide margins in two votes on November 19.
363
separation of powers
government power is divided into several bodies with the ability to check the power of other bodies.
364
service sector
that part of the economy which organizes and provides services at an economic cost
365
services trade
Trade based on the purchase (import) from or sale (export) to another country of intangibles such as architectural fees, insurance premiums, royalties on movies, books, patents and other intellectual properties, shipping services, advertising fees, and educational programs.
366
settlement
The outcome of a bargaining process.
367
Shebaa Farms
A disputed area between Israel and Lebanon on the border of the Golan Heights and Lebanon
368
simple majority
the most votes cast (does not have to be a majority of all votes cast)
369
single-member district
an electoral system in which voters choose an individual running for office in each legislative district (also called "first past the post" if the winner is chosen by a plurality)
370
Sino-Indian War
1962: Dispute over the Himalayan border between India and China.
371
Smoot Hawley Tariff
1930 - U.S. legislation that raised import duties by as much as 50%, adding considerable strain to the worldwide economic climate of the Great Depression. Despite a petition from 1,000 economists urging Pres. Herbert Hoover to veto the act, it was passed as a protective measure for domestic industries. It contributed to the early loss of confidence on Wall Street and signaled U.S. isolationism. Other countries retaliated with similarly high protective tariffs, and overseas banks began to collapse. In 1934 Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Trade Agreements Act, which reduced such tariffs.
372
snap elections
parliamentary elections that take place before the expiration of the legislature's full term. (Also called "anticipated elections."
373
social contract
the basic agreement between group members and the group as a whole as to rights, privileges, duties, benefits, and costs; often partially explicit in a constitution; usually implicit, in part, in the history and politics of a group
374
social Darwinism
A theory that competition between all individuals, groups, nations or ideas drives social evolution in human societies. The term is an extension of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution where competition between individual organisms drives biological evolutionary change (speciation) through the survival of the fittest.
375
social democracy
a political philosophy centered on electoral politics, egalitarian social policies, and the creation of social welfare systems
376
social movements
#NAME?
377
social welfare
the material condition of the members of a group; may also refer to the group-supplied material benefits in a society (e.g. health care)
378
socialism
a political/economic system in which the government plays a major role (usually ownership) in determining the use of productive resources and the allocation of valuable goods and services; may be democratic or authoritarian
379
soft power
if a state's values become widely shared among other states, it will easily influence others
380
Solutions to being land-locked
1. negotiate or take a secure land corridor
2. use an international river
3. negotiate transit rights with a coastal state
381
Somalia
Ethnicities overlap across regions and cause conflict.
382
South Ossetia
Ossetia is split between Russia (north) and Georgia (south). Many ethnic Russians live in South Ossetia.
383
sovereignty
independent legal authority over a population in a particular place; the degree to which a state controls its own territory and independently make and carry out policy
384
Soviet New Economic Policy
Restored private ownership to small parts of the economy, loosened trade restrictions, and tried to regain alliances with foreign countries. Succeeded in creating an economic recovery after the devastating effects of WWI.
385
Soviet Union explodes A bomb
1949 – On August 29, the Soviet Union became the second country to test an atomic bomb, ending the U.S. monopoly on the weapon.
386
Soviet-Finnish War
1939–40 - War waged by the Soviet Union against Finland at the start of World War II, following the signing of the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact. When Finland refused to grant the Soviets a naval base and other concessions, Soviet troops attacked on several fronts in November 1939. The heavily outnumbered Finns under Carl Gustav Emil Mannerheim put up a skillful defense until February 1940, when heavy Russian bombardments breached the Finns' southern defenses. A peace treaty in March 1940 ceded western Karelia to Russia and allowed construction of a Soviet naval base on the Hanko peninsula.
387
Spanish Civil War
1936–39: Military revolt against the government of Spain. After the 1936 elections produced a Popular Front government supported mainly by left-wing parties, a military uprising began in garrison towns throughout Spain, led by the rebel Nationalists and supported by conservative elements in the clergy, military, and landowners as well as the fascist Falange. The ruling Republican government, led by the socialist premiers Francisco Largo Caballero and Juan NegrÃn (1894–1956) and the liberal president Manuel Azaña y DÃaz, was supported by workers and many in the educated middle class as well as militant anarchists and communists. Government forces put down the uprising in most regions except parts of northwestern and southwestern Spain, where the Nationalists held control and named Francisco Franco head of state.
388
Spratly Islands
Claimed by China but disputed by claims from Brunei, Vietnam, Malaysia, others
389
stagflation
an inflationary period accompanied by rising unemployment and lack of growth in consumer demand and business activity
390
Stalingrad
1942–43: Unsuccessful German assault on the Soviet city in World War II. German forces invaded the Soviet Union in 1941 and had advanced to the suburbs of Stalingrad (now Volgograd) by the summer of 1942. Met by a determined Red Army defense commanded by Vasily Chuikov, they reached the city's centre after fierce street fighting. In November the Soviets counterattacked and encircled the German army led by Friedrich Paulus, who surrendered in February 1943 with 91,000 troops. The Axis forces (Germans, Romanians, Italians, and Hungarians) suffered 800,000 deaths; in excess of 1,000,000 Soviet soldiers died. The battle marked the farthest extent of the German advance into the Soviet Union.
391
state
the organization that maintains a monopoly of force over a given territory
392
state corporatism
a form of corporatism whose adherents hold that the corporate group which is the basis of society is the state (Wikipedia)
393
statecraft
the art of managing state affairs & effectively maneuvering in a world of power politics among sovereign states
394
States with claims in Antarctica
Argentina, Australia, Britain, Chile, France, New Zealand, Norway
395
state-sponsored terrorism
The use of terrorist groups by states, usually under control of a state’s intelligence agency, to achieve political aims.
396
Statute of the International Court of Justice
The International Court of Justice, created in 1945 as the judicial arm of the United Nations, was designed to provide a forum for hearing disputes under international law between member states. It functions as an independent court, and also issues advisory opinions on various questions of law. Article 38 (1) of the Statute establishes the sources of international law that it applies: international conventions or treaties, customary international law, general principles of law recognized by civilized nations, judicial decisions and distinguished scholarly writings.
397
Stimson Doctrine
January 1932 – a U.S. policy enunciated in a note to Japan and China from U.S. Secretary of State Henry Stimson following Japan’s unilateral seizure of Manchuria in Northeast China. The note said the United States did not recognize territorial changes effected by force.
398
strong state
a state with extensive capacity to carry out policies adopted or a state in which there are few limitations on the actions of one or more parts of the state
399
structural adjustment
World Bank programs which offer financial and management aid to poor countries while demanding privatization, trade liberalization, and governmental fiscal restraint
400
structural adjustment program
A policy of economic liberalization adopted in exchange for financial support from the International Monetary Fund, often coming with conditions imposed.
401
structural violence
A term used by some scholars to refer to poverty, hunger, oppression, and other social and economic sources of conflict.
402
subjects
--accept government, obey laws, don't often take time or effort to participate in government.
403
subsidiarity
an organizing principle that matters ought to be handled by the smallest, lowest or least centralized competent authority (Wikipedia definition)
404
subtext
Meanings that are implicit or hidden in a text rather than explicitly addressed.
405
Sudan
Darfur region: oil potential causes conflict in this region. Chadian rebels near the border also cause problems.
406
Suez Crisis
1956 - International crisis that arose when Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal after Western countries withdrew promised financial aid to build the Aswan High Dam. The French and British, who had controlling interests in the company that owned the canal, sent troops to occupy the canal zone. Their ally Israel seized the Sinai Peninsula. International opposition quickly forced the French and British out, and Israel withdrew in 1957. The incident led to the resignation of Britain's prime minister, Anthony Eden, and was widely perceived as heralding the end of Britain as a major international power. Nasser's prestige, by contrast, soared within the developing world. See also Arab-Israeli Wars.
407
summit meeting
a meeting between heads of state, often referring to leaders of great powers, as in Cold War superpower summits between the US & Soviet Union or today's meetings of the Group of 8 on economic coordination
408
supply side economics
the economy theory that 1. markets are the most efficient and fair way to allocate productive resources and valuable products; 2. government should interfere in the production of goods and services as little as possible; and 3. economic actors will negate any actions by government to manipulate demand by anticipating the actions and taking counter measures
409
supranational
organizations or events in which nations are not totally sovereign actors (e.g. the European Union or global warming)
410
supranational organization
Founded/operates on the idea that international organizations can or should have authority higher than individual states and that those states should be subordinate to the supranational organization (EU? UN? disputed)
411
supranationalism
The subordination of state authority or national identity to larger institutions and groupings such as the European Union.
412
sustainable development
The ability to continue to improve the quality of life of those in the industrialized countries and, particularly, those in the less developed countries while simultaneously protecting the Earth's biosphere.
413
Taiwan (Quemoy)
Taiwan occupes Quemoy, 3 miles from the Chinese mainland, which heightens tensions
414
Tamil Tigers
A Sri Lankan terrorist group fighting for an independent Tamil homeland.
415
tariff
A tax, usually based on the percentage of value, that importers must pay on items purchased abroad; also known as an important tax or import duty.
416
technocrats
highly-educated bureaucrats who make decisions based on their perceptions of technical issues rather than political ones
417
Teheran Conference
1943 - From 28 November to 1 December 1943, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Marshal Joseph Stalin met at Teheran, the capital of Iran, to coordinate Western military plans with those of the Soviet Union. Most important of all, the "big three" drew up the essential victory strategy in Europe, one based on a cross-channel invasion called Operation Overlord and scheduled for May 1944. The plan included a partition of Germany, but left all details to a three-power European Advisory Commission. It granted Stalin's request that Poland's new western border should be at the Oder River and that the eastern one follow the lines drafted by British diplomat Lord Curzon in 1919. The conference tacitly concurred in Stalin's conquests of 1939 and 1940, these being Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and a slice of Finland. Stalin reiterated his promise, made in October 1943 at Moscow, to enter the war against Japan upon the defeat of Germany, but he expected compensation in the form of tsarist territories taken by Japan in 1905. On 1 December 1943, the three powers issued a declaration that welcomed potential allies into "a world family of democratic nations" and signed a separate protocol recognizing the "independence, sovereignty, and territorial integrity" of Iran.
418
territorial waters
The waters near states’ shores generally treated as part of national territory. The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea provides for a 12-mile territorial sea (exclusive national jurisdiction over shipping and navigation) and a 200-mile exclusive economic zone (EEZ) covering exclusive fishing and mineral rights (but allowing for free navigation by all).
419
Tet Offensive
1968 - The offensive began spectacularly during celebrations of the Lunar New Year and lasted about two months however sporadic operations associated with the offensive continued into 1969. The Tet offensive was a tactical defeat for the Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese army, but it is widely seen as the turning point of the war that led to the eventual withdrawal of American forces.
420
Thalweg Principle
States that the border between 2 states in water lies along the thalweg, the line of fastest flow of a river.
421
The Balfour Declaration
1917 - made in a letter dated November 2 1917, from the British Foreign Secretary Arthur James Balfour to Lord Rothschild (Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild), a leader of the British Jewish community, for transmission to the Zionist Federation, a private Zionist organization, on the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of the World War I. The letter stated the position, agreed at a British Cabinet meeting on October 31 1917, that the British government supported Zionist plans for a Jewish "national home" in Palestine, with the condition that nothing should be done which might prejudice the rights of existing communities there. The document is kept at the British Library. Later declaration (26) of the same name established British commonwealth.
422
The Bulge
1944 – The last major offensive by the German army in World War II. In late 1944, the invasion of Belgium by the Allies was temporarily stopped by a German counterattack in which the Germans broke through the Allied defenses, seizing territory that caused a large “bulge†in their lines. The Allies, led by General George Patton, drove the German forces back with heavy casualties on both sides.
423
The Congo, Burundi, & Rwanda
Ethnic violence between Huutus and Tutsis in Burundi in the 1980s pushes Tutsi refugees into Rwanda. Tensions rose in Rwanda, where 800,000 Tutsis were killed in 1994. The Huutu militants fled to the DRC, causing more unrest and civil war there.
424
The Int'l. Court of Justice
States must bring the contention to the ICJ.
They pay for the costs of litigation.
Both states must agree to abide by the ICJ decision.
425
The Long Telegram
1946 - a cable sent by George Kennan while serving at the U.S. embassy to the Soviet Union in Moscow, in which he outlined the policy of containment that the US would adopt for most of the Cold War. Later, Kennan would anonymously publish a version of the telegram as the X Article in the journal Foreign Affairs.
426
The Six Day War
1967: Israel struck its Arab neighbors (Egypt, Jordan, and Syria) pre-emptively. Israel gained Sinai, West Bank, Gaza.
427
Tibet
Separatist movement for independence from China.
428
tit for tat
A strategy of strict reciprocity (matching the other player’s response) after an initial cooperative move; it can bring about mutual cooperation in a repeated Prisoner’s Dilemma game, since it ensures that defection will not pay.
429
total war
Warfare by one state waged to conquer and occupy another; modern total war originated in the Napoleonic Wars, which relied upon conscription on a mass scale.
430
traditional legitimacy
Legitimacy that accepts aspects of politics because they have been institutionalized over a long period of time.
431
Traety of Rapallo
1920 - treaty between Italy and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes), issued to solve the dispute over some territories in current Slovenia and Croatia. It was signed on 12 November 1920 in Rapallo near Genoa in Italy. Tension between the kingdoms of Italy and Yugoslavia arose at the end of World War I, when the Empire of Austria-Hungary dissolved and Italy wanted to implement the borders agreed upon in the London Pact.
1922 - Treaty between Germany and the Soviet Union, signed at Rapallo, Italy. Negotiated by Germany's Walther Rathenau and the Soviet Union's Georgy V. Chicherin, it reestablished normal relations between the two nations. The nations agreed to cancel all financial claims against each other, and the treaty strengthened their economic and military ties. As the first agreement concluded by Germany as an independent agent since World War I, it angered the Western Allies.
432
Transdniester Republic
Separatist movement in Moldova
433
transparency
the full, accurate, and timely disclosure of information (dictionary.com definition)
434
Treaty of Portsmouth
1905 – Treaty negotiated by Roosevelt in Portsmouth, New Hampshire between Russia and Japan, ending the Russo-Japanese War. Key was that it preserved the “Open Door†to China, a U.S. policy to allow free trade with that country.
435
Truman Doctrine
1947. To contain communism, Truman, in an address to Congress, said the U.S. would support "free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.†Congress appropriate $400 million in economic assistance for Greece and Turkey.
436
Two Camps Doctrine (Zhdanov Doctrine)
1946 - was a Soviet cultural doctrine developed by the Central Committee secretary Andrei Zhdanov in 1946. It proposed that the world was divided into two camps: the imperialistic, headed by the United States and "democratic", headed by the Soviet Union. Zhdanovism soon became a Soviet cultural policy, meaning the injunction on all Soviet artists, writers and intelligentsia in general to conform to the party line and has been continued until the "thaw" under Khrushchev. Zhdanovism also penetrated and took thorough control of what was left of Albanian literature in the 1950's.
437
U-2 Incident
1960 - Confrontation between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. On May 1, 1960, the Soviet Union shot down a U.S. U-2 reconnaissance plane and called the flight an “aggressive act.†The U.S. denied Soviet claims that the pilot, F. Gary Powers, had stated that his mission was to collect Soviet intelligence data. Nikita Khrushchev declared that the Soviet Union would not take part in a scheduled summit conference with the U.S., Britain, and France unless the U.S. immediately stopped flights over Soviet territory, apologized, and punished those responsible. Pres. Dwight D. Eisenhower agreed only to the first stipulation, and the conference was adjourned. Powers was tried in the Soviet Union and sentenced to 10 years in prison; in 1962 he was exchanged for the Soviet spy Rudolf Abel.
438
UN Charter
The founding document of the United Nations; it is based on the principles that states are equal, have sovereignty over their own affairs, enjoy independence and territorial integrity, and must fulfill international obligations. The Charter also lays out the structure and methods of the UN.
439
UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
A structure established in 1964 to promote third world development through various trade proposals.
440
UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
1. territorial waters: 12 nautical miles
2. EEZ: 200 n.m., 350 with extension of continental shelf.
3. Rights of passage through straits and territorial waters
4. right of innocent passage
5. freedom of scientific research
441
UN General Assembly
Comprised of representatives of all states, it allocates UN funds, passes non-binding resolutions, and coordinates third world development programs and various autonomous agencies through the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC).
442
UN Secretariat
The UN’s executive branch, led by the secretary-general.
443
UN Security Council
A body of five great powers (which can veto resolutions) and ten rotating member states, which makes decisions about international peace and security including the dispatch of UN peacekeeping forces.
444
UNCPD
UN Conference on Population and Development in Cairo, Egypt in 1994. Called for a program of action to foster family planning and improve the access of women in such areas of education.
445
unicameral
describing a legislative body consisting of one house
446
unitary actor assumption
the actor exercising power is a single entity that can "think" about its actions coherently & make choices
447
unitary state
concentration of political power in a central government as opposed to federalism
448
United Nations (UN)
An organization of nearly all world states, created after World War II to promote collective security.
449
United Nations Charter
The United Nations Charter, which entered into force in 1945, is the founding document of the United Nations. Its preamble states that the goals of the organization are “to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind, reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small, to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained, and promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom.” In 2006, the United Nations had 192 member states.
450
United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes Against Internationally Protected Persons, Including Diplomatic Agents
This Convention was adopted in response to an increase in the number of kidnappings and attacks on diplomats, state officials and representatives of international organizations, and provides for enhanced criminal penalties for such crimes. It requires states to adopt strict national laws against attacks on diplomats and to either try perpetrators or agree to their extradition. The Convention entered into force in 1977.
451
United Nations Security Council Resolution 242
1967 - adopted unanimously by the UN Security Council on November 22, 1967 in the aftermath of the Six Day War. It was adopted under Chapter VI of the United Nations Charter. [1] The resolution was framed by Supreme Court Justice Arthur Goldberg and British ambassador Lord Caradon.
It calls for the "withdrawal of Israeli armed forces from territories occupied in the recent conflict" (see semantic dispute) and the "[t]ermination of all claims or states of belligerency".
It also calls for the recognition of all established states by belligerent parties (Israel, Egypt, Syria, Jordan) of each other and calls for the establishment of peace and secure and recognized boundaries for all parties.
452
UNSC
UN Security Coucil - main peacekeeping organ of the UN. Made up of 15 members, 5 of which are permanent: China, France, Russia, US and UK.
453
US-Japanese Security Treaty
A bilateral alliance between the United States and Japan, created in 1951 against the potential Soviet threat to Japan. The United States maintains troops in Japan and is committed to defend Japan if attacked, and Japan pays the United States to offset about half the cost of maintaining the troops.
454
Uzbekistan conflicts
Some ethnic problems. The Islamic Movement of Uzbek. causes some instability.
455
variable sum games
games in which the outcome can at times be beneficial for all or most of the players.
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Venezuelan Crisis (vs. Britain)
1902-1903 – In December and January 1902-1903, “in an attempt to force payments on debts owed their nationals, Britain and Germany seized Venezuelan gunboats, bombarded some of its forts, and blockaded five ports,†according to Dallek. A public outcry against European intervention in Latin America convinced Teddy Roosevelt that he should try to prevent further interventions, leading eventually to the Roosevelt Corollary, announced in December 1904.
457
veto
A negative vote cast in the UNSC by one of the five permanent members that defeats the issue being voted on.
458
Vienna Convention on Consular Relations
The Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, signed in Vienna on April 24, 1963, was created by the United Nations Conference on Diplomatic Intercourse and Immunities to further the development of friendly relations among nations. The treaty states that consular relations between nations take place by mutual consent. It also states that consular functions consist of protecting the interests of a country’s nationals in the receiving state, furthering the development of relations and ascertaining the conditions of the receiving state. The consul will also issue passports, travel documents and visas, as well as safeguard its nationals in the event of war or other crisis. The treaty provides for the exemption of the consular officer from municipal, state and federal taxes of the host state. It also forbids the prosecution of an officer except in cases of grave criminal misconduct.
459
Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations
The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, which was signed and entered into force in 1961, establishes the rights, privileges and roles of a diplomatic officer of a sending state in a host state. The Convention covers such areas as diplomatic immunity, exemptions from local, state and federal taxes, and the establishment of diplomatic posts. Essentially, the Convention establishes a framework for the protection of each state’s sovereignty in diplomatic relations.
460
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
This Convention codifies customary international law with regard to the entry, modification, revocation and enforcement of international agreements. It entered into force in 1980. The United States is not a party to this Convention, but does recognize its principles as a restatement of customary international law.
461
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties Between States and International Organizations or Between International Organizations
The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties Between States and International Organizations or Between International Organizations was signed in 1986, but has not yet entered into force. It sets forth the rules for the agreements, modifications and revocations of treaties between states and international organizations. This treaty therefore acts in parallel with the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, which applies only to state contracting parties.
462
vote of confidence
a vote in a parliament expressing support for a government; a government losing a vote of confidence is expected to resign
463
war crimes
Violations of the law governing the conduct of warfare, such as by mistreating prisoners of war or unnecessarily targeting civilians.
464
Warsaw Pact
1955 - Military alliance of the Soviet Union, Albania (until 1968), Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania, formed in 1955 in response to West Germany's entry into NATO. Its terms included a unified military command and the stationing of Soviet troops in the other member states. Warsaw Pact troops were called into action to suppress uprisings in Poland (1956), Hungary (1956), and Czechoslovakia (1968). The alliance was dissolved in 1991 after the collapse of the Soviet bloc, and Soviet troops departed. Several Warsaw Pact members later joined NATO.
465
Washington Naval Disarmament Conference
November 1921-February 1922 – U.S., China, Japan and the powers of Europe attended. Three treaties resulted. The Five-Powers Treaty, adopted by France, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, and the United States, established a ratio for the size of each navy, placed a ten-year ban on the building of warships, put restrictions on submarine warfare, and outlawed poisonous gas. The other treaties dealt with issues in the Pacific, including the Open Door Policy and China’s territorial integrity.
466
weak state
a state with little capacity for carrying out policies adopted or a state in which teh extent of any part of the state is limited
467
welfare state
a state which provides a wide array of social services to its members
468
Western Sahara
Claims itself as independent from Morocco; not widely recognized.
469
What are Alliances?
Alliances are groups of states in opposition to other groups of states. Each alliance is developed to help the member states promote their national interests and achieve foreign policy objectives.
470
What are Foreign Policy Objectives?
Foreign Policy Objectives are the goals of a foreign policy, derived by relating a state's national interest to the international situation and the power available to the state.
471
What are islam's three holy books?
The quran, hadith, and sunna. Respectively gods words to Muhammed, Muhammed's sayings, and Muhammed's deeds.
472
What are North-South relations?
North-South relations are the relationship between industrialized, developed countries (the North) and mostly poor, developing countries (the South). Most developed countries are geographically north of Lesser Developed Countries
473
What are the 5 pillars of Islam?
the 5 Pillars of Islam are: 1. Profession of faith, 2. Fasting during Ramadan, 3. Praying 5 times a day, 4. giving alms to the poor, 5. Doing the Hajj
474
What country used to be known as Siam?
Thailand. The name was changed in 1949. The Thais are very proud that they were never colonized by a European power. There are two main reasons for this: it was left as a buffer state between parts of Asia that were colonised by the French and the British and Thailand had a series of very able rulers in the 1800s.
475
What excuses do jewish and islamic men need to divorce their wives?
None. They can divorce with no explanation. Women can only divorce in a few circumstances.
476
What is a Capability Analysis?
A Capability Analysis is an evaluation by the state of its military, political, diplomatic, and economic abilities to see if it has the means to achieve national interest and foreign policy objectives.
477
What is a Colony?
A Colony is a noncontiguous possession of a sovereign state, established by settlement, cession, and/or conquest.
478
What is a Leasehold?
A Leasehold is an area used by a foreign state under an agreement with the sovereign state that owns the area.
479
What is a Nation?
A Nation is a social group that shares a common ideology, institutions, customs, and a sense of homogeneity. It may be a state, part of a state, or extend beyond the borders of a state.
480
What is a National Style?
A National Style is the behavior pattern of a state dealing with its foreign policy problems.
481
What is a Protectorate?
A Protectorate is a relationship between a strong sovereign state and a semisovereign state or an area not recognized as a state. Two traditional reasons for their establishment:
- To thwart the interests of third states
- To administer law in order in an area where no responsible government exists
482
What is a Sphere of Influence?
A Sphere of Influence is an area dominated by the national interests of a foreign power.
483
What is ANZUS?
The Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty (ANZUS or ANZUS Treaty) is the military alliance which binds Australia and the United States, and separately Australia and New Zealand to cooperate on defense matters in the Pacific Ocean area, though today the treaty is understood to relate to attacks in any area. The treaty came about following the close cooperation of the United States, Australia and New Zealand during World War II, during which time Australia had come perilously close to invasion by Japan. Following the end of World War II, the United States was eager to normalize relations with Japan, particularly as the Korean War was still raging a short distance from Japan. With the involvement of China and possibly the Soviet Union in Korea, the Cold War was threatening to become a full-scale war. However, Australia and New Zealand in particular were extremely reluctant to finalize a peace treaty with Japan which would allow for Japanese rearmament. Both countries relented only when an Australian and New Zealand proposal for a three-way security treaty was accepted by the United States. The resulting treaty was concluded at San Francisco on 1 September 1951, and entered into force on 29 April 1952.
484
What is Apartheid?
Apartheid is South Africa's FORMER racial segregation policy which was designed to keep the white European minority in power over the African majority and other racial minorities.
485
What is APEC?
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is a group of Pacific Rim countries who meet with the purpose of improving economic and political ties. It holds annual meetings in each of the member countries and has standing committees on a wide range of issues, from communications to fisheries. Currently, most countries with a coastline on the Pacific Ocean are members of the organization, with the exception of Colombia and Ecuador in South America, the six Central American countries of Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Honduras, Costa Rica and Panama, Cambodia and North Korea in Asia and the Pacific Islands, such as Fiji, Tonga and Samoa. Guam has also been actively requesting a separate membership, citing the example of Hong Kong and Taiwan, but the request is objected by USA, which currently represents Guam. The heads of government of all APEC members meet annually in a summit.
486
What is Authoritarianism?
Authoritarianism describes a form of government characterized by strict obedience to the authority of the state, which often maintains and enforces social control through the use of oppressive measures. In an authoritarian state, citizens are subject to state authority in many aspects of their lives, including many that other political philosophies would see as matters of personal choice. There are various degrees of authoritarianism; even very democratic and liberal states will show authoritarianism to some extent, for example in areas of national security.
487
What is Charismatic Leadership?
Charismatic Leadership is usually headed by an individual who is revered by the people of a state and generates widespread and emotional popular support.
488
What is Chauvinism?
Chauvinism is an extreme superpatriotism which implies an uncritical devotion to a state, jealousy of its honor, and an exaggerated sense of its glory.
489
What is Christian Democracy?
Christian Democracy is a political ideology, born at the end of the 19th century, largely as a result of the papal encyclical Rerum Novarum of Pope Leo XIII, in which the Vatican recognized workers' misery and agreed that something should be done about it, in reaction to the rise of the socialist and trade-union movements. Though the Christian Democratic movement is very heterogeneous, there is general agreement on certain issues. The proposed design of the Christian Democratic state is decentralized, made up by various bodies, but having an unquestionable capacity. Christian Democracy sees the economy as being at the service of humanity; however, most Christian Democratic Parties do not call capitalism itself into question. The duty of the state to care for its citizens is of some importance for Christian Democrats, but they generally oppose Christian socialism. In recent decades, Christian Democratic parties in Europe have shifted more towards a right-wing policy of economic liberalism, based on reducing the role of the state in the economy. Meanwhile, Christian Democratic parties in Latin America are generally more inclined to support left-wing economic views than their European counterparts. On issues of public morality and tradition, Christian Democrats are conservative, and often tend to follow the views of the Vatican on such issues as abortion and same-sex marriage. However, most of them have accepted separation of church and state and divorce.
490
What is Collective Security?
Collective Security is a power system in which each state would guarantee the security and independence of every other state.
491
What is Colonialism?
Colonialism is the rule of an area and its people by an external nation with an Imperialist policy. Two major types:
- The transportation of emigrants from the mother country to form a new political entity at a distant location
- The imposition of rule over technologically lesser-developed peoples
492
What is Cultural Imperialism?
Cultural Imperialism is the imposition of an alien ideology or civilization on an unwilling society.
493
What is Economic Imperialism?
Economic Imperialism is the involvement of one state in the economy of another so that the power of the sovereign state is impaired.
494
What is Ethnocentrism?
Ethnocentrism is the belief that one's own group and culture is superior to all others.
495
What is Imperialism?
A relationship in which an area and its people are made subject to the will of a foreign state.
496
What is Integral Nationalism?
Integral Nationalism glorifies the state as the highest focus of individual loyalties.
497
What is Intelligence?
Intelligence is information gathered by the state about another state's capabilities and intentions.
498
What is Intelsat?
The world’s largest commercial satellite communications services provider. On July 18, 2001, Intelsat became a private company, 37 years after being formed as International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (INTELSAT), an intergovernmental consortium owning and managing a constellation of communications satellites (Intelsats) to provide international broadcast services. The consortium began on August 20, 1964, with 11 participating countries. On April 6, 1965, Intelsat’s first satellite, the Early Bird, was placed in geostationary orbit above the Atlantic Ocean by a Delta D rocket. In 1973, the name was changed and there were 80 signatories. Intelsat provides service to over 600 Earth stations in more than 149 countries, territories and dependencies. By 2001, INTELSAT had over 100 members.
499
What is Irredentism?
Irredentism is the desire of the people of a state to annex the contiguous territories of another state that are inhabited by mostly members of linguistic and/or cultural minorities of the first state.
500
What is LAFTA?
The Latin American Free Trade Association was created in 1960 by Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay. The signatories hoped to create a common market in Latin America. By 1970, LAFTA expanded to include Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela. In 1980, LAFTA reorganized into the Latin American Integration Association. Membership remained unchanged until Cuba joined in 1999.
