FSOT Master 13 Flashcards
cultural imperialism
The attempt to impose your own value system on others, including judging others by how closely they conform to your norms. Relativists accuse universalists of doing this.
Cultural Revolution
1966–76: Upheaval launched by Mao Zedong to renew the spirit of revolution in China. Mao feared urban social stratification in a society as traditionally elitist as China and also believed that programs instituted to correct for the failed Great Leap Forward showed that his colleagues lacked commitment to the revolution. He organized China’s urban youths into groups called the Red Guards, shut down China’s schools, and encouraged the Red Guards to attack all traditional values and “bourgeois things.†They soon splintered into zealous rival groups, and in 1968 Mao sent millions of them to the rural hinterland, bringing some order to the cities. Within the government, a coalition of Mao’s associates fought with more moderate elements, many of whom were purged, were verbally attacked, were physically abused, and subsequently died; leaders Liu Shaoqi and Lin Biao both died under mysterious circumstances. From 1973 to Mao’s death in 1976, politics shifted between the hard-line Gang of Four and the moderates headed by Zhou Enlai and Deng Xiaoping. After Mao’s death the Cultural Revolution was brought to a close. By that time, nearly three million party members and countless wrongfully purged citizens awaited reinstatement. The Cultural Revolution subsequently was repudiated in China. See also Jiang Qing.
currency markets
markets in which traders buy and sell currencies; the values of currencies set in these markets have a powerful influence on foreign exchange rates
current dollars
The value of the dollar in the year for which it is being reported. Sometimes called inflated dollars. Any currency can be expressed in current value.
Czech Coup
Feb. 1948 – A Soviet supported coup in which the government of Czechoslavkia, the last independent government in Eastern Europe, was replaced by a communist regime that was a puppet of the Soviet Union.
D-Day
American and British invasion of German-occupied France during WWII on June 6, 1944. This marked the beginning of the victory of the Allies in Europe. Germany surrendered less than a year later.
Death of Stalin
1953 - He continued his repressive political measures to control internal dissent; increasingly paranoid, he was preparing to mount another purge after the so-called Doctors’ Plot when he died. Noted for bringing the Soviet Union into world prominence, at terrible cost to his own people, he left a legacy of repression and fear as well as industrial and military power. In 1956 Stalin and his personality cult were denounced by Nikita Khrushchev.
decolonization
the process by which colonial powers divested themselves of empires
dehumanization
Stigmatization of enemies as sub-human or nonhuman, leading frequently to widespread massacres or, in the worst cases, destruction of entire populations.
democratic peace
democracies almost never fight each other - trade creates interdependence
democratization
the spread of representative government to more countries and the process of making governments more representative
Dependency theory
The beleif that the industrialized North has created a neocolonial relationship with the South in which the less developed countries are dependent on and disadvantaged by their economic relations with the capital industrial countries.
dependent variable
the variable that you believe might be influenced or modified by some treatment or exposure. It is also the main object of study.
deterrence
The threat to punish another actor if it takes a certain negative action (especially attacking one’s own state or one’s allies). The term has a somewhat more specific meaning in the context of the nuclear balance between the superpowers during the Cold War.
developed countries
nation-states which have industrial and post-industrial economies
developing countries
nation-states which are industrializing
devolution
A process in which political power is “sent down” to lower levels of state and government.
Diego Garcia
Atoll in the Indian Ocean with a large runway that the US and Indian navies use for drills.
difference feminism
values the unique contributions of women as women, believes gender differences are not just socially constructed & that views women inherently less warlike than men
diplomatic immunity
Refers to diplomats’ activity being outside the jurisdiction of the host country’s national courts.
diplomatic recognition
The process by which the status of embassies and that of an ambassador as an official state representative are explicitly defined.
distributive policies
government policies that allocate valuable resources
dominance “status hierarchy”
a power hierarchy in which those at the top control those below
dominance advantage
like a government, it forces members of a group to contribute to the common good
dominance disadvantage
stability comes at a cost of constant oppression of, & resentment by, the lower-ranking members in the status hierachy
Dominican Republic occupied
1916 – the collapse of the government in the Dominican Republic similarly precipitated a U.S. intervention to restore order.
Donut Hole
Disputed area between Russia and the US in the Bering Strait
Dumbarton Oaks Conference
October 1944 - at an estate in the Georgetown area of Washington, D.C. Four powers participated: the United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and China. Because of Soviet neutrality in the Asian conflict, China only attended beginning 29 September, the day the Russians departed. The conference had the task of preparing a charter for a “general international organization,” as stipulated in the Moscow Declaration of 30 October 1943. The conference chose the name of the wartime alliance, the United Nations (UN), for the new body. In imitation of the League of Nations, the new UN would possess a Security Council, a General Assembly, a Secretariat, and an International Court of Justice. To avoid, however, the pitfalls of the League of Nations, the conferees concluded that unanimous votes should not be mandatory to reach decisions in the Security Councilor the General Assembly; all signatories must agree in advance to act on the Security Council’s findings; contingents of the armed forces of member states must be at Security Council disposal; and that the creation of an Economic and Social Council was necessary.
Durand Line
Established to separate Pashto people in Afghanistan and Pakistan (then India)
Duverget’s law
a 2-party system is created when parliament is elected by plurality in single-member districts; a multi-party system is created in proportional representation
economic liberalization
Philosophy that aims to limit the power of the state and increase the power of the market and private property in an economy.
EEC - European Economic Community
1957 - Economic entity, also known as the Common Market, originally formed in 1957 to work toward the regulation of European international trade. The EEC is made up of 15 member nations composed of over 300 million people, including Austria, Belgium, Britain, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden. Its agreements call for the elimination of tariffs and other trade restrictions among members and the establishment of uniform tariffs for nonmembers. The EEC also encourages common standards for food additives, labeling, and packaging. The combined gross national product of the EEC is nearly equal to that of the United States. Direct marketers operating in the EEC countries must adhere to stricter privacy laws than in the United States. See also euro dollar.
Eisenhower Doctrine
1957 - U.S. foreign policy pronouncement by Pres. Dwight D. Eisenhower (1957). The Eisenhower Doctrine promised military and economic aid to anticommunist governments, at a time when communist countries were providing arms to Egypt and offering strong support to Arab states. Part of the Cold War policy developed by John Foster Dulles to contain expansion of the Soviet sphere of influence, the doctrine continued pledges made under the Truman Doctrine.
Elima Triangle
Between Egypt and Sudan. No active dispute.
empirical analysis
consideration of agreed-upon facts gathered by observation or experiment
empirical data
data dreived from reliable measurement or observation.
ethnic cleansing
Forced displacement of an ethnic group or groups from a particular territory, accompanied by massacres and other human rights violations; it has occurred after the breakup of multinational states, notably in the former Yugoslavia.
ethnic groups
Large groups of people who share ancestral, language, cultural, or religious ties and a common identity.
ethnocentrism (in-group bias)
The tendency to see one’s own group (in-group) in favorable terms and an out-group in unfavorable terms.
European Economic Community
EEC - The regional trade and economic organization established in Western Europe by the Treaty of Rome in 1958; also known as the common market.
European Union
The Western European regional organization established in 1983 when the Maastricht Treaty went into effect. The EU encompasses the still legally existing European Community, the EEC and EURATOM.
exchange rate
The value of two currencies relative to each other- for example, how many yen equal a dollar or how many euro equal a pound.
executive
the people and agencies which implement or execute government policy (from the head of government to the lowest bureaucracies)
extractive policies
government efforts to gather valuable resources for public use (i.e. taxes)
extractive sector
that part of an economy which involves making use of natural resources for economic purposes (e.g. mining)
faction
a group organized on the grounds of self-perceived common interests within a political party, interest group, or government
failed state
a state within which the government has lost the ability to provide the most basic of public services
fascism
A political ideology that asserts the superiority and inferiority of different groups of people and stresses a low degree of both freedom and equality in order to achieve a powerful state.
FDI
Foreign direct investment - Buying stock, real estate, and other assets in another country with the aim of gaining a controlling interest in foreign economic enterprises. Different from portfolio investment.
federalism
a regime in which political authority is shared between a central government and local governments
feedback
The process through which people find out about public policy and the ways in which their reactions to recent political events help shape the next phase of political life.
Ferghana Valley
An area in Uzbekistan walled off by mountains with an extremely dense population. Some ethnic differences.
first past the post
An electoral system in which individual candidates compete in single member districts; voters choose between candidates and the candidate with the largest share of the vote wins the seat.
First peacetime draft
1940 – The Selective Training and Service Act required men between the ages of twenty-one and thirty-five to register at local draft boards across the country on October 16, 1940. Over sixteen million men registered. Two weeks later, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt watched as Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson plucked the first number in the draft from a bowl. The number was one hundred fifty-eight; 6,175 men across the nation held that honor and were required to report for duty.
fiscal policy
government decisions about total public spending and revenue that result in budgetary deficits or surpluses
fluid alliances
alliances that shift as national interests change
foreign direct investment
The purchase of assets in a country by a foreign firm.
foreign exchange (ForEx)
the rates at which the currency from one nation trades with others; affected by currency markets, balances of trade, and domestic government policies
Foreign Office.
An executive agency that formulates and implements foreign policy
foreign policy process
how policies are arrived and implemented
Foreign Policy.
The official strategy of a state regarding how it will relate to other states and international organizations.
formal alliances
alliances established between states through a written treaty, concerning a common threat and related issues of internatl security, and that endure across a range of lives and period of time
Foundation of Israel
1948 - The state of Israel is the culmination of nearly a century of activity in Zionism. Following World War I, Great Britain received (1922) Palestine as a mandate from the League of Nations. The struggle by Jews for a Jewish state in Palestine had begun in the late 19th cent. and had become quite active by the 1930s and 40s. The militant opposition of the Arabs to such a state and the inability of the British to solve the problem eventually led to the establishment (1947) of the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine, which devised a plan to divide Palestine into a Jewish state, an Arab state, and a small internationally administered zone including Jerusalem. The General Assembly adopted the recommendations on Nov. 29, 1947. The Jews accepted the plan; the Arabs rejected it. As the British began to withdraw early in 1948, Arabs and Jews prepared for war.
Founding of Pakistan
1947 - British as part of India and became a separate Muslim state in 1947. The country originally included the Bengalese territory of East Pakistan, which achieved its separate independence in 1971 as Bangladesh. Pakistan became a republic in 1956. Islamabad is the capital and Karachi the largest city.
Four Freedoms
January 1941: FDR freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want, and freedom from fear of physical aggression. He called for the last freedom to be achieved through a “worldwide reduction in armaments.†In August 1941 he and Winston Churchill included the four freedoms in the Atlantic Charter.
fourth world
Refers to a sub-population subjected to social exclusion in global society, but since the 1974 publication of The Fourth World: An Indian Reality of George Manuel, Cheif of the National Indian Brotherhood - Assembly of First Nations, fourth world has come to be known as a synonym for stateless nations
FPI
Foreign portfolio investment - Investment in the stocks and the public/private debt instruments (such as bonds) of another country below the level where the stock or bondholder can exercise control over the policies of the stock-issuing company or the bond-issuing debtor. Solely to gain capital appreciation through market fluctuations.
Free Assocation with the US
Federated States of Micronesia, Marshall Islands, Palau, Northern Marianas
Free Association with New Zealand
Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau (in process)
free riders
Those who benefit from someone else’s provision of a collective good without paying their share of costs.
free trade
A market model in which trade in goods and services between or within countries flows unhindered by government-imposed restrictions (like taxes, tariffs, and non-tariff barriers like subsidies).
French Overseas Departments
Martinique, Guadeloupe, French Guyana, Reunion Island, Mayotte (future)
functionalism & functional relations
Relations that include interaction in usually nonpolitical areas.
fusion of powers
a system of governance in which the authority of government is concentrated in one body
G77
Group of 77 - the group of 77 countries of the South that cosponsored the Joint Declaration of Developing Countries in 1963 calling for greater equity in N-S trade. Now includes 133 members and represents the interests of the less developed countries of the South.
Gabon vs. Equatorial Guinea
Disputes over continental shelf and mineral deposits.
game theory
A branch of mathematics concerned with predicting bargaining outcomes. Games such as Prisoner’s Dilemma and Chicken have been used to analyze various sorts of international interactions.
GATT
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade - the world’s primary organization promoting the expansion of free trade, established in 1947. Membership of over 119 countries
gender gap
Refers to polls showing women lower than men on average in their support for military actions (as well as for various other issues and candidates).
Geneva Conventions
The Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols are a series of treaties enumerating the laws of armed conflict that date from 1864 to 1977. The Geneva Conventions deal with the treatment of prisoners of war, civilians and sailors in times of conflict. The Conventions are the foremost, but not the only, international documents governing the conduct of warring states. The most widely adhered to Conventions are the Four Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their two Additional Protocols, which regulate most aspects of armed interstate conflict and address the need to accord humane treatment to combatants in noninternational conflicts through the Conventions’ Common Article 3. The Second Additional Protocol of 1977 addresses more aspects of noninterstate conflict, including the noninvolvement of civilians. The provisions of the Four Geneva Conventions of 1949 have been ratified by 192 states and are accepted as Customary International Law. The two Additional Protocols have been ratified by more than 160 countries, but not by the United States.
genocide
The intentional and systematic attempt to destroy a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group, in whole or in part. It was confirmed as a crime under international law by the UN Genocide Convention (1948).
geopolitics
The use of geography as an element of power, and the ideas about it held by political leaders and scholars.
German Joins NATO
1955 – Germany joined as West Germany in 1955 and German reunification in 1990 extended the membership to the new Federal Republic of Germany.
Gibraltar
English will never relinquish this piece of Spain.
Gini coefficient
measures ratio of rich people to poor people. Perfect equality=0 and maximum inequality=100
Gini index
A statistical formula that measures the amount of economic inequality within a country. “0” corresponds with perfect equality and “100” represents perfect inequality.
globalization
the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of people, cultures, economies, and nation-states facilitated by technology, trade, and cultural diffusion
Golan Heights, Gaza Strip, and West Bank
Many dispute Israel’s right to ownership
governance
the characteristics of a regime or government
government
the part of the state with legitimate public authority; the group of people and organizations that hold political authority in a state at any one time
government bargaining model
foreign policy decisions result from the bargaining process among various government agencies with somewhat divergent interests in the outcome
graft
corruption/ill-gotten money
grassroots politics
locally-organized activism; as opposed to top-down, hierarchical organizing
Great Leap Forward
1958 - Failed industrialization campaign undertaken by the Chinese communists between 1958 and early 1960. Mao Zedong hoped to develop labour-intensive methods of industrialization that would emphasize manpower rather than the gradual purchase of heavy machinery, thereby putting to use China’s dense population and obviating the need to accumulate capital. Rather than building large new factories, he proposed developing backyard steel furnaces in every village. Rural people were organized into communes where agricultural and political decisions emphasized ideological purity rather than expertise. The program was implemented so hastily and zealously that many errors occurred; these were exacerbated by a series of natural disasters and the withdrawal of Soviet technical personnel. China’s agriculture was severely disrupted, causing widespread famine in 1958–62. By early 1960 the government had begun to repeal the Great Leap Forward; private plots were returned to peasants, and expertise began to be emphasized again.
great power
states that can be defeated militarily only by another great power (US, Germany, Russia)
Great Purge
Late 30’s - The name given to campaigns of political repression and persecution in the Soviet Union orchestrated by Joseph Stalin during the late 1930s. It involved the purge of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the persecution of unaffiliated persons, both occurring within a period characterized by omnipresent police surveillance, widespread suspicion of “saboteurs”, show trials, imprisonment, and killings. In the West the term “the Great Terror” was popularized after the title of Robert Conquest’s The Great Terror. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn’s The Gulag Archipelago is also devoted to this period of Soviet history.
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
1940 - It is remembered today in the West largely as a front for the Japanese control of Axis-occupied countries during World War II, in which puppet governments manipulated local populations and economies for the benefit of wartime Japan. It was an Imperial Japanese Army concept which originated with General Hachiro Arita, who at the time was minister of foreign affairs and an army ideologist. “Greater East Asia” (大æ±äºœ, Dai-tÅ-a) was a Japanese term (banned during the post-war occupation) referring to East Asia, Southeast Asia and surrounding areas.
gross domestic product (GDP)
the total value of goods and services produced by an economy
Group of 7
The seven economically largest free market countries: Canada, France, Germany, UK, Italy, Japan, the US, and now also Russia, making it the group of 8.
groupthink
tendency for groups to reach decisions without accurately assessing their consequences, because individual members tend to go along with ideas they think the others support
guerilla war
Warfare without front lines and with irregular forces operating in the midst of, and often hidden or protected by, civilian populations.
Haiti occupied
1915 – Despite rhetoric opposing the interventionism of previous administrations, Wilson decided to try to restore order when revolutionary upheaval and bloodshed swept Haiti in the summer of 1915.
Hans Island
Canada and Denmark dispute this island near Greenland. Canada claims all NW passages as territorial waters.
Hard currency
Currencies, such as dollars, euros, and yen, that are acceptable in private channels of int’l economics.
He Kept Us Out of War
1916 – Wilson used this slogan in his 1916 campaign for the presidency. On April 6, 1917, the United States entered the war.
head of government
the office and the person occupying the office charged with leading the operation of a government
head of state
The executive role that symbolizes and represents the people both nationally and internationally.
hegemonic stability
hegemony provides stability similar to a central government by reducing anarchy, deterring aggression, promoting free trade, & providing a currency that can be used as a world standard
hegemonic war
War for control of the entire world order – the rules of the international system as a whole. Also known as world war, global war, general war, or systemic war.
hegemony
The holding by one state of a preponderance of power in the international system, so that it can single-handedly dominate the rules and arrangements by which international political and economic relations are conducted.
Hitler becomes chancellor
1933 - he suspended the constitution, forcibly suppressed all political opposition and brought the Nazis to power. He enforced policies with a brutal secret police (the Gestapo) and formed concentration camps for the organized murder of Jews, Gypsies and political opponents. Hitler’s aggressive foreign policy precipitated World War II in 1939. Although he had remarkable early success in the war, by 1942 the tide had turned. Hitler apparently committed suicide in an air-raid shelter in Berlin in 1945, after the Allied forces had invaded Germany.
home country
state where a multinational corporation has its headquarters
host country
state in which a foreign multinational corporation operates
How does Osama bin Laden translate?
Osama, son of Laden.
human rights
Rights of all persons to be free from abuses such as torture or imprisonment for their political beliefs (political and civil rights), and to enjoy certain minimum economic and social protections (economic and social rights).
hypothesis
A tentative explanation for a phenomenon used as a basis for further investigation
idealism
An approach that emphasizes international law, morality, and international organization, rather than power alone, as key influences on international relations.
identity
a principle for solving collective goods by changing participants’ preferences based on their shared sense of belonging to a community
identity politics
political activity and ideas based on the shared experiences of an ethnic, religious, or social group emphasizing gaining power and benefits for the group rather than pursuing ideological or universal or even statewide goals
ideology
guiding principles for a government/economic system. It defines what the nature and role of government should be and prescribes the main goals the people and society should pursue.
IGO
International/transnational actors that are composed of member-countries (IMF, WTO)
illiberal regime
rule by elected leadership through procedures of questionable democratic legitimacy.
IMF
International Monetary Fund - the world’s primary organization devoted to maintaining monetary stability by helping countries to fund balance-of-payment deficits. Established 1947, over 180 members.
immigration law
National laws that establish the conditions under which foreigners may travel and visit within a state’s territory, work within the state, and sometimes become citizens of the state (naturalization).
imperialism
the practice of one nation-state taking control of nations and territory of other countries
import substitution
a government policy that uses trade restrictions and subsidies to encourage domestic production of manufactured goods
Independence of India
1947 - The British Labour government of Prime Minister Attlee in 1946 offered self-government to India, but it warned that if no agreement was reached between the Congress and the Muslim League, Great Britain, on withdrawing in June, 1948, would have to determine the apportionment of power between the two groups. Reluctantly the Congress agreed to the creation of Pakistan, and in Aug., 1947, British India was divided into the dominions of India and Pakistan. The princely states were nominally free to determine their own status, but realistically they were unable to stand alone. Partly by persuasion and partly by coercion, they joined one or the other of the new dominions. Hyderabad, in S central India, with a Muslim ruler and Hindu population, held out to the last and was finally incorporated (1948) into the Indian union by force. The future of Kashmir was not resolved.
independent variable
any one of the inputs, institutions, or processes that shape the results of government policymaking
Indus River Treaty
States that the Indus and all tributaries must flow unblocked to the ocean
industrial policy
a government’s decisions and actions, which define goals and methods for the manufacturing sectors of an economy
industrial sector
that part of the economy which manufactures finished and secondary products
informal economy
That portion of the economy that is not taxed.
information screens
the subconscious or unconscious filters through which people put the information coming in about the world around them
inputs
demands and support by individuals and groups upon the policymaking process of government
interdependence
a situation, brought about by specialization and/or limited resources, in which nation-states rely on one another for economic resources, goods, and services and political assets such as security and stability
interest aggregation
ways in which demands of citizens and groups are amalgamated into proposed policy packages (e.g., leadership, political parties, etc.
interest articulation
the methods by which citizens and groups can express their desires and make demands upon government (e.g., political participation, lobbying, protest, etc.)
interest group
any organization that seeks to influence government policy making to better serve the self-perceived wants and needs of its members
intergovernmental organizations (IGOs)
Organizations (such as the United Nations and its agencies) whose members are state governments.
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)
A nongovernmental organization (NGO) that provides practical support, such as medical care, food, and letters from home, to civilians caught in wars and to prisoners of war (POWs). Exchanges of POWs are usually negotiated through the ICRC.
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, another of the primary international human rights treaties, provides that states parties shall avoid the practice or sponsorship of racial discrimination including “any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on race, color, descent or national or ethnic origin” which has the effect of nullifying or impairing the exercise of basic human rights in any field of public life (Article 1). The Convention also establishes the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination to monitor and report on state compliance. Entered into force in 1969, the Convention had 170 state parties in 2006.
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) is one of the basic documents contained in the International Bill of Human Rights, along with its two optional Protocols (which provide for a complaints mechanism to address violations and for elimination of the death penalty, neither of which have been ratified by the United States). The ICCPR enumerates the core principles that underlie legal rights and the rights of due process for accused persons. It specifies that individuals have on an equal basis the right to life, freedom from cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention, freedom of movement and freedom of religion and expression, among many others. The Convention established the Human Rights Committee to monitor state compliance. Entered into force in 1976, it had 156 state parties as of 2006.
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights is one of the basic documents contained in the International Bill of Human Rights. Article 1 states that “All peoples have the right of self-determination, including the right to determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development.” The Convenant also affirms individuals’ rights to food, work, housing and education. The Covenant, entered into force in 1976, does not count the United States as a signatory.
International Criminal Court (ICC)
Permanent tribunal for war crimes and crimes against humanity.
international norms
The expectations held by participants about normal relations among states.
international organizations (IO)
They include intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) such as the UN, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) such as the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC).
international political economy
the study of the politics of trade, monetary, & other economic relations among nations, & their connection to other transnational forces
international regime
A set of rules, norms, and procedures around which the expectations of actors converge in a certain international issue area (such as oceans or monetary policy).
international relations (IR)
The relationships among the world’s state governments and the connection of those relationships with other actors (such as the United Nations, multinational corporations, and individuals), with other social relationships (including economics, culture, and domestic politics), and with geographic and historical influences.
international security
a subfield of IR that focuses on questions of war and peace
international system
the set of relationships among the world’s states structured by certain rules & patterns of interaction
intervening variable
a factor influenced by an independent variable that affects the changes in a dependent variable
interventionist
describing an activist government and/or state that is involved in a wide range of political, economic, and social arenas
Iran & Iraq (Gulf)
Dispute over access to the Gulf. In the Algiers Accord, Iraq gave up the territory to Iran.
Iran-Iraq War
1980-1988: Saddam Hussein attempted to gain more land. The US backed Iran.
Iron Curtain Speech
March 5, 1946 speech by Winston Churchill at Westminster College in Fulton, MO, in which he called attention to the burgeoning Cold War. “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an ‘iron curtain’ has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe…â€
iron triangle
mutually beneficial relationships between private interests, bureaucrats, and legislators–sometimes called an “integrated elite”
irredentism
A form of nationalism whose goal is the regaining of territory lost to another state; it can lead directly to violent interstate conflicts.
Is islamic society patriarchal, or matriarchal?
patriarchal.
Is North Ireland part of the UK?
Yes.
Is the North Ireland conflict a religious or political one at heart?
Is the North Ireland conflict a religious or political one at heart?
Islam, Muslims
A broad and diverse world religion whose divergent populations include Sunni Muslims, Shiite Muslims, and many smaller branches and sects, practiced by Muslims, from Nigeria to Indonesia, centered in the Middle East.
Israel vs. Lebanon
Israel has invaded Lebanon 3 times, most recently in 2006
issue areas
Distinct spheres of international activity (such as global trade negotiations) within which policy makers of various states face conflicts and sometimes achieve cooperation.
Iwo Jima
1945 – The Battle of Iwo Jima was fought between the United States and Japan during February and March of 1945. As a result of the battle, the United States gained control of the island of Iwo Jima and the airfield there. The battle is famous for the raising of the US flag by U.S. Marines.
Japanese occupation of Manchuria
1931 - Japan occupied Manchuria in 1931–32, when Chinese military resistance, sapped by civil war, was weak. The seizure of Manchuria was, in effect, an unofficial declaration of war on China. Manchuria was a base for Japanese aggression in N China and a buffer region for Japanese-controlled Korea. In 1932, under the aegis of Japan, Manchuria with Rehe prov. was constituted Manchukuo, a nominally independent state. During World War II the Japanese developed the Dalian, Anshan, Fushun, Shenyang, and Harbin areas into a huge industrial complex of metallurgical, coal, petroleum, and chemical industries. Soviet forces, which occupied Manchuria from July, 1945, to May, 1946, dismantled and removed over half of the Manchurian industrial plant.
Jihad
“strive” or “struggle” in Arabic. An Islamic term, considered to be a duty by most faithful Muslims to struggle in the way of God or to struggle to improve one’s self and/or society. Often used in reference to military combat.
judicial review
power of courts to modify or nullify the actions of legislatures, executives, and lower courts
June 1967 War (six days war)
A war fought in 1967 by Israel on one side and Egypt, Syria, and Jordan on the other. Israel, victorious, took over the Golan Heights, the Jordanian portion of Jerusalem, the Jordanian West Bank of the Jordan River, and a large piece of territory in northeastern Egypt, including the Sinai Peninsula, which contains Mount Sinai. Israel still occupies all of these territories except the Sinai Peninsula, which it gave back to Egypt in 1982. Israel maintains that its security would be enormously endangered if it withdrew from the other places.
just war doctrine
A branch of international law and political theory that defines when wars can be justly started (jus ad bellum) and how they can be justly fought (jus in bello).
just wars
category in international law & political theory that defines when wars can be justly started & how they can be justly fought
Kashmir
4 wars over Kashmir between Pakistan and India, including the Kargil Conflict
Katyn forest massacre
1940 - Mass killing of Polish military officers by the Soviet Union in World War II. After the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact (1939) and Germany’s defeat of Poland, Soviet forces occupied eastern Poland and interned thousands of Polish military personnel. After the German invasion of the Soviet Union (1941), the Polish government-in-exile agreed to cooperate with the Soviets against Germany, and the Polish general forming the new army asked to have the Polish prisoners placed under his command, but the Soviet government informed him in December 1941 that most of those prisoners had escaped to Manchuria and could not be located.
Keynsian economics
the idea that governments can manipulate macroeconomic demand through taxation and spending policies in order to foster stable growth
Korean War Begins
N. Korea launched attack on South Korea across the 38th parallel on June 25, 1950. First test of the 1947 Truman Doctrine. Because of Soviet boycott of U.N. Security Council (due to U.S. refusal to recognize PRC), U.N. approved a defensive force. U.S.-led U.N. force entered the war in July.
Kurds
25 million Kurds split across 4 countries
Kuril Islands
Russia took posession of the islands after the Russo-Japanese War but they are still in dispute.
Kwame Nkrumah
Nationalist leader and president of Ghana (1960–66). Nkrumah worked as a teacher before going to the U.S. to study literature and socialism (1935–45). In 1949 he formed the Convention People’s Party, which advocated nonviolent protests, strikes, and noncooperation with the British authorities. Elected prime minister of the Gold Coast (1952–60) and then president of independent Ghana, Nkrumah advanced a policy of Africanization and built new roads, schools, and health facilities. After 1960 he devoted much of his time to the Pan-African movement, at the expense of Ghana’s economy. Following an attempted coup in 1962, he increased authoritarian controls, withdrew from public life, increased contacts with communist countries, and wrote works on political philosophy. With the country facing economic ruin, he was deposed in 1966 while visiting Beijing.
Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is an international agreement that attempts to address global warming and climate change. In 2006, 162 countries were parties to the Protocol, which provides for the modernization of greenhouse gas-producing facilities, as well as the buying and selling of “pollution credits” known as “emission reduction units” to stabilize and reduce the amounts of greenhouse gasses emitted into the atmosphere. The United States is not a state party to the Protocol because, spokespersons say, it does not equitably distribute the burden of reducing emissions and thus would unfairly disadvantage U.S. economic interests.
laissez-faire
The principle that the economy should be “allowed to do” what it wishes; a liberal system of minimal state interference in the economy.
lateral pressure (theory of)
It holds that the economic and population growth of states fuels geographic expansion as they seek natural resources beyond their borders, which in turn leads to conflicts and sometimes to war.
Law of the Sea Convention
Officially known as the United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), this agreement was opened for signature in 1982 and entered into force in 1994. As of June 2006, 149 countries had signed on to the Convention. Seeking to govern the peaceful use of the seas, the measure covers deep sea drilling, straits used for international navigation, the oceanic rights of landlocked nations and many other aspects of international oceanic interaction. The United States is not an official signatory to the Law of the Sea Convention, but adheres to most of its provisions. The main point of disagreement heretofore has been the limits on deep sea drilling. However, with support from both the White House and the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, in 2006 the United States appeared close to acceding to UNCLOS.
LDCs
Least developed countries - Countries, located mainly in Africa, Asia and Latin America, with economics that rely heavily on the production of agriculture and raw materials and whose per capita GDP and standard of living are substantially below Western standards.
League of Nations
an organization established after WW1 & a forerunner of today’s UN; it achieved certain humanitarian & other successes but was weakened by the absence of US membership & by its own lack of effectiveness in ensuring collective security
League of Nations Mandate System
Used to categorize states after WWI based on their readiness for independence
legitimacy
the belief that a regime is a proper one and that the government has a right to exercise authority
Lend Lease
1941 – arrangement for the transfer of war supplies, including food, machinery, and services, to nations whose defense was considered vital to the defense of the United States in World War II. The Lend-Lease Act, passed (1941) by the U.S. Congress, gave the President power to sell, transfer, lend, or lease such war materials. Originally intended for China and Britain, though the USSR was added later.
Liancourt Rocks
Aka Dokdo. Disputed between Japan and South Korea in the Sea of Japan.
liberal democracy
A political system that promotes participation, competition, and liberty and emphasizes individual freedom and civil rights.
Liberal Democrats
Most disadvantaged party because of the British FPTP/SMD
Liberal feminism
emphasizes gender equality & views the “essential” differences in men’s & women’s abilities/perspectives as trivial or nonexistent
liberalism
An ideology and political system that favors a limited state role in society and the economy, and places a high priority on individual political and economic freedom.
limited war
Military actions that seek objectives short of the surrender and occupation of the enemy
lobbying
the process of talking with legislators or officials to influence their decisions on some set of issues
Locarno, Pact of
1925 - Multilateral treaty signed in Locarno, Switz., intended to guarantee peace in western Europe. Its signatories were Belgium, Britain, France, Germany, and Italy. Germany’s borders with France and Belgium as set by the Treaty of Versailles were decreed inviolable, but its eastern borders were not. Britain promised to defend Belgium and France. Other provisions included mutual defense pacts between France and Poland and between France and Czechoslovakia. The treaty led to the Allied troops’ departure from the Rhineland by 1930, five years ahead of schedule. See also Kellogg-Briand Pact.
logic of appropriateness
“How should I behave in this situation?”
logic of consequences
“What will happen to me if I behave this way?”
London Naval Treaty
1930 - Two conferences in London sought to continue and extend naval armaments pacts initially agreed upon at the Washington Naval Conference of 1921–1922. At this conference, the United States, Great Britain, Japan, France, and Italy agreed on ratios for battleship and aircraft carrier tonnage in a successful effort to halt what might have been an expensive arms race; the resulting treaty also allowed the British to let the Anglo-Japanese Treaty of 1902 terminate. Britain thus avoided being caught in a possible future Japanese-American conflict as an ally of each power.
Louisa Reef
Disputed between Malaysia and Brunei; Brunei claims an EEZ around the reef.
Lusitania
1915 – British liner sunk off the Irish coast by a German submarine on May 7, 1915. 1,198 people lost their lives, 128 of whom were U.S. citizens. A warning to Americans against taking passage on British vessels, signed by the Imperial German Embassy, appeared in morning papers on the day the vessel was scheduled to sail from New York, but too late to accomplish its purpose. The vessel was unarmed, though the Germans made a point of the fact that it carried munitions for the Allies.
