FSOT Master 3 Flashcards
Hartford Convention
A secret convention of Federalists held in Hartford to discuss their party status and War of 1812. When they wrote their “resolutions†and considered secession, many viewed them as traitors, which ultimately led to the downfall of their party. (1814)
Harvard College
Founded in 1636, it was the first college in the colonies.
Hawaiian Incident
(GC2) 1893, Queen Liliuokalani had Hawaii, Americans wanted land to grow sugar, Queen was depost, US govt petitioned to annex Haiwaii, but Cleveland against it, did it in favor of Queen, but it was annexed anyways in 1898
Hawley-Smoot Act?
Tarriff act enacted in 1930, it imposed record tariffs to protect US companies. Some say it made the depression worse.
Hay Bunau Varillia Treaty
(TR) Panama allowed US a 10 mile strip of land, work down under the army of Colonel Gorgas and direction under Colonel Goethals. U.S. garantee of independence for newly created Republic of Panama
Hay Pauncefote Treaty
(TR) , negotiations with Colombia, six mile strip of land in Panama, $10 million, US could dig canal without British involvement
Haymarket Riot?
Began in 1886 with a riot at the McCormick Harvester plant in Chicago where unionized workers were striking for shorter work days and then a few days later moved to Haymarket Square where a protest meeting was called to denounce the events of the previous day; resulted in several deaths.
Healthcare Coverage
(GB1) cost of health care rose as well as those without it
Hearst
Newspaper publisher who adopted a sensationalist style. His reporting was partly responsible for igniting the Spanish-American War. The most famous yellow journalist.
Helen Keller
Blind and deaf, overcame her adversities. Known for her persistence and courage.
Helent Hunt Jackson/”A Century of Disorder”
Detailed the injustices of the reservation system, and inspired reformers to push for a change.
Helsinki Accords
(GF) first signed by Canada, US, Soviet Union, and 32 others which pledged cooperation between East and West Europe and to reduce tension associated with the Cold War, eventually Communist Party died in East Europe in 1991
Henry Cabot Lodge
Lodge was against the League of Nations, so he packed the foreign relations committee with critics and was successful in convincing the Senate to reject the treaty.
Henry Clay
Helped orchestrate the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850 to hold the Union together.
Henry Clay’s American System
Plan for economic growth: establish a protective tariff, establish a national bank, and improve the country’s transporation system
Henry Ford
1913 - Ford developed the mass-produced Model-T car, which sold at an affordable price. It pioneered the use of the assembly line. Also greatly increased his workers wages and instituted many modern concepts of regular work hours and job benefits. Sloan, an American industrialist, helped found project.
Henry Kissinger
Secretary of State to Nixon, opened diplomatic relations with China. Helped negotiate end of Vietnam war. Won Nobel prize in 1973.
Henry L. Stimson and Manchuria
1932 - Japan’s seizure of Manchuria brought this pronouncement by Hoover’s Secretary of State, Henry Stimson, that the U.S. would not recognize any changes to China’s territory, nor any impairment of China’s sovereignty.
Hepburn Act
(TR) 1906, , Gives the ICC the power to set maximum railroad rates, finally giving the agency enforcement power
Herbert Hoover
1929-1933, Republican, “rugged individualism”, first time Catholic runs for president (Alfred E. Smith), “pump priming”
Hessians
German mercenaries who, because they were lured by booty and not duty, had large numbers desert and remained in America to become respectful citizens.
Hinton R. Helper
Hinton Helper of North Carolina spoke for poor, non-slave-owing Whites in his 1857 book, which as a violent attack on slavery. It wasn’t written with sympathy for Blacks, who Helper despised, but with a belief that the economic system of the South was bringing ruin on the small farmer.
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
(FDR following death) nuclear attacks during World War II against the Empire of Japan by the United States of America at the order of U.S. President Harry S. Truman
HMOS
(WJC) care come from large range of doctors and hospitals, large businesses and ogvt, trouble getting health care when needed, managed care sure patients get better, not sicker, he failed to reform nation’s healthcare system
Ho Chi Minh
North Vietnamese leader who had lead the resistance against the Japanese during WW II and at the end of the war had led the uprising against the French Colonial government. He had traveled in Europe, was an ardent Communist, and became President of the North Vietnamese government established after the French withdrawal. Often called the George Washington of North Vietnam.
Home Owners Loan Act
(FDR) 1934, refinancing mortgages at lower rates, preventing foreclosure of home mortgages
Homestead Act
Allowed a settler to acquire as much as 160 acres of land by living on it for five years, improving it, and paying $30. Urged many to move out West.
Homestead Strike
Strike that turned violent at Carnegie’s Homestead steel plant. (1892)
Hoovervilles
Encampments of the poor and homeless that sprang p during the Great Depression.
Horace Mann
Secretary of Massachusetts Board of Education - created public school system in MASS - became model for nation
Horatio Alger
Writer of novels stressing rags to riches stories of boys
Horizontal Integration
Owning many different businesses who sell the same thing.
- Ex: Gap owns Forth and Towne, Banana Republic, Old Navy, and the GAP company itself.
House Divided speech
Speech given by Lincoln early on saying that crisis was inevitable on issue of slavery.
House of Burgesses
The House of Burgeses was the first representative assembly in the New World. The London Company authorized the settlers to summon an assembly, known as the House of Burgeses. A momentous precedent was thus feebly established, for this assemblage was the first of many miniature parliaments to sprout form the soil of America.
How did the AFL and CIO differ historically?
The AFL was a craft union, while the CIO was an industrial union.
How long did reconstruction last?
1865 to 1877 the states of the Confederacy were controlled by the federal government before being readmitted to the Union. First were occupied by Union armies, then readmitted to the union after elections which saw many former slaves vote, and blacks even win positions of power.
HUAC
Committee in the House of Representatives founded on a temporary basis in 1938 to monitor activities of foreign agents. Made a standing committee in 1945. During World War II it investigated pro-fascist groups, but after the war it turned to investigating alleged communists. From 1947-1949, it conducted a series of sensational investigations into supposed communist infiltration of the U.S. government and Hollywood film industry.
Huey Long
The Share the Wealth society was founded in 1934 by Senator Huey Long of Louisiana. He called for the confiscation of all fortunes over $5 million and a 100% tax on annual incomes over $1 million. He was assassinated in 1935 and his successor Gerald K. Smith lacked the ability to be a strong head of the society.
Hugo Black
Supreme court justice 1937-1971, strong defender of civil liberties.
Hurrican Andrew
(GB1) 1992, delayed so critizied Federal Emergency Managment Agency (FEMA)
I shall return
Words of MacArthur when he left Phillipines to invading Japanese. He returned in 1944.
Ida Tarbell
Wrote History of the Standard Oil Company in 1904 which exposed the monpolistic practices of the Standard Oil Company. Strengthened the movement for outlawing monopolies. A muckraker novel.
Immigration Act
(LBJ) 1965, law discontinued quota based on national origin
immigration act of 1924?
Set immigration quotas of 2 percent of the number of foreign-born persons from a given nation, based on the Census of 1890. Drastically cut immigration from south and east europe, as well as asia.
Immigration act of 1986?
In 1986, Congress passed the Immigration Reform and Control Act, a comprehensive overhaul of immigration policy designed to nationalize all of the country’s permanent inhabitants and prevent illegal entrance in the future. The bill granted temporary resident status to illegal aliens who had lived continuously in the United States since before January 1, 1982. With a basic understanding of English and American civics, these temporary residents could become permanent residents after 18 months. Illegal aliens who had lived in the United States for three years and worked at least 90 days each year in American agriculture could also claim temporary resident status and could become permanent residents three years after the bill’s enactment if they worked in agriculture at least one more year. To discourage people from entering the country illegally, Congress authorized over $400 million per year for two years to the INS and strengthened penalties for knowingly hiring an illegal immigrant or smuggling illegal immigrants into the United States.
Immigration act of 1990?
In 1990, Congress passed the Immigration Act, approving a substantial increase in immigration. The United States would now admit 700,000 new immigrants annually, up from 500,000 before the bill’s passage. The new system continued to favor people with family members already in the United States, but added 55,000 “diversity visas” for countries from which few were emigrating as well as 40,000 permanent job-related visas and 65,000 temporary worker visas. Additional provisions strengthened the U.S. Border Patrol and altered language regarding disease restrictions in a way that permitted the secretary of Health and Human Services to remove AIDS from the list of illnesses making a prospective immigrant ineligible to enter the country.
Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965?
The Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965 (also known as the Hart-Celler Act or the INS Act of 1965) abolished the national-origin quotas that had been in place in the United States since the Immigration Act of 1924. An annual limitation of 170,000 visas was established for immigrants from Eastern Hemisphere countries with no more than 20,000 per country. By 1968, the annual limitation from the Western Hemisphere was set at 120,000 immigrants, with visas available on a first-come, first-served basis. The democratic controlled Congress (House of Representatives voted 326 to 69) in favor while the Senate passed the bill by a vote of (76 to 18). President Lyndon Johnson signed the legislation into law.
Impeachment of Johnson
Congress, who strongly disliked Johnson, finally got it’s chance to impeach him when he violated the Tenure of Office Act (even though it was unfair).
Impressment
British seamen often deserted to join the American merchant marines. The British would board American vessels in order to retrieve the deserters, and often seized any sailor who could not prove that he was an American citizen and not British.
Income Tax Cut
(LBJ) 1964, income tax was reduced to some extent, cuts were made in govt. spending, armed forces installations were shut down
Independent Treasury Act
“Divorced” US government from banking. Passed in 1840 but was repealed by Whigs (who wanted to revive Bank of US) the next year.
Independent Treasury System AKA Subtreasuries
(MVB), 1840 Meant to keep government out of banking. Vaults were to be constructed in various cities to collect and expand government funds in gold and silver. Proposed after the National Bank was destroyed as a method for maintaining government funds with minimum risk. Passed by Van Buren and Polk.
Indian Removal Act?
(1830): A law passed by Congress in order to facilitate the relocation of American Indian tribes living east of the Mississippi River to lands further west. It authorized President Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living within the boundaries of existing U.S. states. Resulted in the forcable movement of tens of thousands of native americans. The most well known was the Trail of Tears (1838), when 4,000 cherokees were killed during their forced relocation.
Indian Removal Bill
(RBH), put down of Sioux uprising in Minnesota and the Dakota (last tribe)
Initiatives
People have the right to propose a new law. Made elected officials more responsible and sensitive to the needs of the people, and part of the movement to make government more efficient and scientific.
Insular Cases
(WMc) , These were court cases dealing with islands/countries that had been recently annexed and demanded the rights of a citizen. These Supreme Court cases decided that the Constitution did not always follow the flag, thus denying the rights of a citizen to Puerto Ricans and Filipinos. It was congress who had the power
Intermidate Nuclear Forces Treaty*
(RR), 1987, Reagan and Gorbachev signed treaty to eliminate Soviet and American medium range nuclear missiles, Soviet economy cut back on military, treaty was gain for the West, more critical problem was nuclear testing, first joint reduction, on site inspection for the first time.
International Confederation of Free Trade Unions?
Claiming 157 million members in 225 affiliated organisations in 148 countries and territories, the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) came into being on December 7, 1949 following a split within the World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU). Central to the ICFTU’s work has been the struggle to defend workers’ rights. The ICFTU lobbies for the ratification of what it calls “core labour standards” – the various conventions of the International Labour Organization.
International Military Tribunal*
(HT) Robert Jackson, defined crime as something against - peace, humanity, and international law
International Trade Agreement*
(WJC) Mickey Kantor, agreement in Tokyo, cut tariff to reduce consumer prices and raise living standards around the world, however didn’t resolve tariff cuts on apparel and textiles, to achieve success, US had to open its border wider to foreign textiles
Internment of Japanese Americans
More than 100,000 people put in relocation camps during WWII.
Interstate Commerce Act
(GC) 1887, a law that made a federal Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate unfair railroad practices
Interstate Commerce Commission
A five member board that monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states.
Interstate Highway Act
(DDE), now rapid growth of suburban housing, like Levittown, NY , 1956 law that authorized the speding of $32 billion to build 41,000 miles oh highway. The scale of suburban growth would not have been remotely possible without a massive federal program of highway building. Committed to the idea of easing automobile travel, President Eisenhower authorized the first funding of the Interstate system in 1953. Further legislation passed by Congress in 1956 resulted in the Interstate Highway Act. This consisted of multilane expressways that would connect the nations major cities. Biggest public works expedenture in history even bigger than any New Deal program. The new highways eased commutes from suburbs to cities, boosted travel and vacation industries.
Intolerable Acts
Intolerable Acts, passed in 1774, were the combination of the four Coercive Acts, meant to punish the colonists after the 1773, Boston Tea Party and the unrelated Quebec Act. The Intolerable Acts were seen by American colonists as a blueprint for a British plan to deny the Americans representative government. They were the impetus for the convening of the First Continental Congress.
Iran-Contra affair
Sale of arms to Iran in exchange for release of American hostages in Lebannon. Proceeds from sales illegally transferred to Contras.
Iron Curtain
(HT) , Term used by Churchill in 1946 to describe the growing East-West divide in postwar Europe between communist and democratic nations
Irreconcilables
Senators who voted against the League of Nations with or without reservations
IWW?
The IWW was founded in Chicago in June 1905 at a convention of two hundred socialists, anarchists, and radical trade unionists from all over the United States (mainly the Western Federation of Miners) who were opposed to the policies of the American Federation of Labor. The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or the Wobblies) is a famous international union currently headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. It contends that all workers should be united within a single union as a class and the wage system abolished. At its peak in 1923 the organization claimed some 100,000 members in good standing, and could marshal the support of perhaps 300,000 workers. Its membership declined dramatically after a 1924 split brought on by internal conflict and government repression. Today it numbers about 2,000 members world-wide, but with a recent renewal of organizing activity membership appears to be rising again. IWW membership does not require that one works in a represented workplace, nor does it exclude membership in another labor union.
J. Edgar Hoover
Director of FBI 1921-1972. Vigorous investigation of gangsters and spies. Controversial because seen as overzealous with respect to communists.
J.P. Morgan
Business man -refinanced railroads during depression of 1893 - built intersystem alliance by buying stock in competeing railroads - marketed US governemnt securities on large scale
Jackie Robinson
First black to play major league baseball.
Jacksonian Democracy
The Jacksonian era (1829-1841) included many reforms: free public schools, more women’s rights, better working conditions in factories, and the rise of the Abolition movement. In the election, Jackson was portrayed as a common man and his opponent, J.Q. Adams, was attacked for his aristocratic principles. Electors in the Electoral College were also chosen by popular vote. Common man, nationalism, National Nominating Conventions.
Jacob Riis
Early 1900’s writer who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. Muckraker novel, How the Other Half Lives. It shocked the middle class and deeply influenced Theodore Roosevelt.
James A. Garfield
1881, Republican, Greenback Labor Party, Republican - protective tariff, Democrats - revenue tariff, shot by Julius Guiteau (mental unstable, thought unfair spoils system)
James Buchanan
1857-1861, Democrat, Know-Nothings Party (Fillmore), Democrats (Compromise of 1850 and Kansas Nebraska Bill)
James G. Blaine
The 1884 nomination for the Rebublican presidential candidate. Pan-Americanism stated that events in the Americans affected the U.S. and we thus had reason to intervene.
- Pushed the “Big Sister” Policy and said we should open Latin American markets to Yankee traders.
James Garfield
President 1881. Assassinated by a man who had been angered by not having received a public job under the Spoils System. Gave momentum to abandon this system.
James K. Polk
Polk was a slave owning southerner dedicated to Democratic party. In 1844, he was a “dark horse” candidate for president, and he won the election. Polk favored American expansion, especially advocating the annexation of Texas, California, and Oregon. He was a friend and follower of Andrew Jackson. He opposed Clay’s American System, instead advocating lower tariff, separation the treasury and the federal government from the banking system. He was a nationalist who believed in Manifest Destiny.
James Madison
The author of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights, Madison was also the father of the Federalist party and the fourth President of the United States. He was President during the war of 1812 and was also Vice-President under Jefferson. He was a great statesman but was not a strong president.
James Meredith
James tried to attend the University of Mississippi and encountered violent opposition so Kennedy sent in troops for him to graduate.
James Monroe
President after Madison. Issued the Monroe doctrine and the Missouri Compromise took place during his presidency.
Jamestown?
The first successful English colony, established in 1607 on a small river near Chesapeake Bay. It was headed by John Smith, who befriended Pocahontas. It was all male.
Jane Addams
Social reformer who worked to improve the lives of the working class. In 1889 she founded Hull House in Chicago, the first private social welfare agency in the U.S., to assist the poor, combat juvenile delinquency and help immigrants learn to speak English. Provided such services as English lessons, day care, child care classes, and playgrounds.
Japan Trade
(FP), Matthew C. Perry with Japan, Japan dominant power in Far East
Japanese Strike?
It has the workers maximizing their output. They are nominally working as usual but the surplus can break the planning, especially in just-in-time systems.
Jay’s Treaty
1794 – It was signed in the hopes of settling the growing conflicts between the U.S. and Britain. It dealt with the Northwest posts and trade on the Mississippi River. It was unpopular with most Americans because it did not punish Britain for the attacks on neutral American ships. It was particularly unpopular with France, because the U.S. also accepted the British restriction on the rights of neutrals.
Jazz Age
1920s jazz popular, also time of attacks on convention in many areas of American life.
Jeanette Rankin
First woman to serve in Congress. Suffragist and pacifist, voted against US involvement in WWI and WWII.
Jefferson Davis
President of the Confederacy
Jeffersonian democracy
Less radical than Jacksonian democracy, called for leadership by those with greatest ability, not common man.
Jeffersonianism vs. Hamiltonianism
Rival ideas of American Government. Jefferson preferred strong states and focus on agriculture. Hamilton said strong federal government and focus on industrial development.
Jesse Owens
African American who won 4 gold medals at Olympic games in Germany under Hitler (a blow to Nazi notions of a master race).
JFK
1961-1963, Democrat, both parties had the platform of civil rights planks and a national health program, used president to be elected and first Roman Catholic
Jim Crow Laws
State laws which created a racial caste system in the South. They included the laws which prevented blacks from voting and those which created segregated facilities.
Jim Fisk / Jay Gould
Stock manipulators and brothers-in-law of President Grant, they made money selling gold.
Jim Thorpe
Native American olympic athelete in 1912 games.
Jimmy Carter
Peanut farmer who became President. Helped negotiate peace between Egypt and Israel. Seen as too weak, especially after Iran hostage situation. Lost to Regan and became international peacemaker.
Jimmy Hoffa
Labor leader who build the Teamsters Union. Considered corrupt and was likely killed.
John Dewey
Philosophical driver of progressive education in late 19th, early 20th century.
John Adams
Founding father, signer of the declaration of independence, second president. Avoided war with France. Alien & Sedition Acts passed while he was president.
John Birch Society
Conservative group in 50s and 60s, particularly concerned about Communists. Seen as extreme.
John Brown
In 1859, the militant abolitionist John Brown seized the U.S. arsenal at Harper’s Ferry. He planned to end slavery by massacring slave owners and freeing their slaves. He was captured and executed.
John Calhoun
Southern leader who championed slavery and States’ rights. He led nullification movement, and his thinking helped point the way to the civil war
John D. Long
He was a Navy secretary and much of the readiness of the army was owed to him and Theodore Roosevelt.
John D. Rockefeller
American businessman - founder of Standard Oil Co. (major monopoly)
John Dewey
American philosopher and educator, he led the philosophical movement called Pragmatism. Influenced by evolution, he believed that only reason and knowledge could be used to solve problems. Wanted educational reforms.
John Dillinger
Famous bank robber in 1930s.
John F. Kennedy (JFK)
President 1961-63. Brought US out of Cuban Missile Crisis, negotiated the NTBT of 1963. Responsible for the Bay of Pigs disaster. Domestic Agenda called New Frontier. Strongly supported space program and the civil rights movement. Shot by Lee Harvey Oswald.
John Foster Dulles
As Secretary of State. he viewed the struggle against Communism as a classic conflict between good and evil. Believed in containment and the Eisenhower doctrine.
John Hay
September, 1899 - Hay sent imperialist nations a note asking them to offer assurance that they would respect the principle of equal trade opportunities, specifically in the China market.
John L. Lewis
Boss of the United Mine Workers who succeeded in forming the Committee for Industrial Organization.
John Marshall
Chief of Justice that established judicial review and laid the groundwork for a broad interpretation of the Constitution. Chief justice of Supreme Court during Marbury vs. Madison.
John Maynard Keynes
Suggested deficit spending which was later embraced by FDR.
John Pershing
Commander of US troops in WWI in Europe.
John Quincy Adams
Helped negotiate the Treaty of Ghent.
- He served under President Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the U.S. Florida in exchange for the U.S. dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams’ work.
John Slidell
1845 - He went to Mexico to pay for disputed Texas and California land. But the Mexican government was still angry about the annexation of Texas and refused to talk to him.
John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath
1939 - Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath was about “Okies” from Oklahoma migrating from the Dust Bowl to California in the midst of the Depression.
John Tyler
tenth President
- President following the death of William Henry Harrison
- States’ righter, Southerner, and strict constitutionalist
- Rejected the programs of the Whigs who had elected Harrison, which led them to turn against him
- Settled Webster-Ashburton Treaty between the United States and Britain
- Helped Texas achieve statehood in 1845
John Wilkes Booth
The assassin of Lincoln, fanatically devoted to the Confederate cause.
John Winthrop
As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony’s government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a “city upon a hill” from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.
Johnny Appleseed
An American folk hero who traveled throughout the mid-west encouraging people to plant orchards.
Johnson Impeachment
(AJohn) fired someone who was on tenure, only republican, democrats looking for reason to get rid of him
Joint-Stock Company
A group of investors who bought the right to establish New World plantations from the King.
Jonathan Edwards
An American clergyman who was a leader of the Great Awakening in the 1730s.
Jones Act
(WW) 1916, Promised Philippine independence. Given freedom in 1917, their economy grew as a satellite of the U.S. Filipino independence was not realized for 30 years.
Joseph McCarthy
Senator who led an effort to identify ‘communists’ who he said had infiltrated the federal government. Often used ‘guilt by association.’
Joseph Pulitzer
Owner of the “New York World,” helped originate and title the practice of sensationalistic “yellow journalism.”
Josiah Strong
Enivisioned a “final competition of races,” in which the Anglo-Saxons would emerge victorious.
- In the book Our Country, Strong argued that the American country and people were superior because they were Anglo-Saxon.
- Helped write the Yellow Press.
Judicial Nationalism
The Constitution and Federal Law is superior to State Constitutions and State Law—Article VI of the Constitution
- The Supreme Court is the final arbiter on Constitutional Questions
Judiciary Act of 1789
It organized the Supreme Court, originally with five justices and a chief justice along with several federal district and circuit courts. It also created the attorney general’s office. This Act created the judiciary branch of the U.S. government and thus helped to shape the future of this country.
Kansas-Nebraska Act
created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands, repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and allowed the settlers to decide whether or not to have slavery within those territories
Keating-Owen Child Labor Act
Prohibited the sale of interstate commerce goods produced by children
Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928
1928 “Pact of Paris” or “Treaty for the Renunciation of War,” it made war illegal as a tool of national policy, allowing only defensive war. The Treaty was generally believed to be useless.
Kennedy Assassination
(JFK) , Kennedy was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald in Dallas 1963, LBJ took the oath of office
Kent State
National Guard killed 4 students who were demonstrating against the Vietnam war. Served to turn moderates against the war.
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
Jefferson and Madison’s response to Alien and Sedition Acts. Promoted states’ right to nullify federal laws considered unconstitutional (1799)
Key Players of Mexican War
Fremont - “Pathfinder” California, Kearny - New Mexico, Winfield Scott - Vera Cruz to Mexico City (ended war), Zachary Taylor - Buena Vista
King Cotton
Expression used by Southern authors and orators before the civil War to indicate the economic dominance of the Southern cotton industry, and that the North needed the south’s cotton. In a speech to the Senate in 1858, James Hammond declared, “You daren’t make war against cotton!…Cotton is king!â€
King George’s War
War between British and Spaniards on American soil.
King Philip’s War
Bloodiest English-Native American conflict of the time. Leader of the Pokanokets, Metacomet, led attacks on several expanding colonist settlements. He formed an alliance with other tribes, but soon they were defeated due to lack of supplies.
King William’s War
War against French and Natiive Americans on Canadian Border (1689-97)
Kit Carson
Helped open up California, a general in the Civil War, and displacer of Navajo
Klondike Gold Rush*
(WMc) occurred in the Yukon Territory in 1897 after gold was discovered there
Knights of Labor
(GC) , one of the most important American labor organizations of the 19th century. Founded by seven Philadelphia tailors in 1869 and led by Uriah S. Stephens, its ideology may be described as producerist, demanding an end to child and convict labor, equal pay for women, a progressive income tax, and the cooperative employer-employee ownership of mines and factories. Leaderships under Powderly, successful with Southwest Railroad System, failed after Haymarket Riot
Know Nothing
1850s - Nativist movement - against Irish Immigrants and Roman Catholics
Korean war
(HT) 1950-1953, division between US and Russia, UN formed a representative govt there, NOrth Korean crossed the 38th parallel in force to South, so Truman order troops to Korea, sent MacArthur with UN forces, Mao Tse-tung (North Korea) was against the US, but MacArthur said he needed to to “end the war” offensive, but Red Chinese helped NK, MacArthur wanted to attack against but Truman said no, and MacArthur insulted Truman, so Truman got rid of him
Korematsu v. United States
(1944) Japanese American was convicted of not reporting to internment camp. Court upheld the president’s power to intern probable threats during wartime
Ku Klux Klan
A secret society dedicated to the supremecy of White People in the U.S. Began during reconstruction, and has waxed and waned since. Burn crosses to intimidate people to leave an area.
Kyoto Accord*
(WJC), multilateral environmental agreement which called on industrial nations to cut the discharge of harmful gases
Labor during Reagan
(RR) 1980s, decline in industrial unions and less factory workers, but more service industry personnel, United Auto Workers and United Mine Workers diminished contracts, gave up wages and benefits in exchange for greater job security, mostly made of the middle class.
Laissez Faire
(USG) , the doctrine that government should not interfere in commercial affairs
Land Ordinance of 1785
A red letter law which stated that disputed land the Old Northwest was to be equally divided into townships and sold for federal income. Promoted education and ended confusing legal disagreements over land.
Land Ordinance of 1787
Once a territory reached 60,000 citizens, it could become a state.
Lecopmton Constitution
Proslavery Kansans drafted constitution, but voters had to vote for it “with slavery” or “with no slavery.” Win-win situation for them, because constitution w/o slavery protected rights of slave-holding Kansans. Buchanan supported it, but Douglas made sure entire constitution went up for vote instead.
Lee Harvey Oswald
November, 22, 1963 - Oswald shot Kennedy from a Dallas book depository building, and was later himself killed by Jack Ruby. Chief Justice Earl Warren ruled that they both acted alone.
Lend Lease Act*
(FDR) , 1941 March; Congress’ act which allied the president to lend or sell war materials to any country he deemed vital to that country’s defense, had to return things though, Taft was against, used “gum theory”
Letter from Birmingham Jail
Letters written by MLK encouraging non-violent protest against segregation.
Lewis & Clark expedition
Explored the Northwest, newly purchased from France. Helped open up the area.
Liberal Republicans*
(USG) , wanted to end Reconstruction, sought honest government, and the riding of “grantism’, so they nominated Greeley as their candidate. The Democratic Party had also chosen Greeley, hoping that Grant would be defeated if they united against him. But Regular Republicans renominated Grant. The Republicans controlled enough Black votes to gain victory for Grant.
Liberty Loans
(WW) , War bonds to help fund the war
Liberty Party
Antislavery party that won 16,000 votes in election of 1844, hurt Clay’s chance at victory.
Lincoln Steffens
(TR) , United States journalist who exposes in 1906 started an era of muckraking journalism (1866-1936)
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
Debates during Illinois Senate race, focused largely on slavery. Propelled Lincoln to be national figure.
Lincoln’s Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (10% Plan)
Proclaimed a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10% of its voters pledged their allegiance to the U.S. and emancipation, and then formally erected a state government.
Lincoln’s second inaugural address
Delivered after victory in Civil War. Called for malice toward none, reconciliation and reconstruction.
Little Rock
(DDE) , Governor Faubus ordered the Arkansas National Guard to surround Central High School to keep the nine students from entering the school, because he believed black and whites should be segregated, despite Federal laws on integration. President Dwight D. Eisenhower ordered the 101st Airborne Division to keep them safe
Lochner v. New York
Invalidated a New York law establishing a ten-hour day for bakers, was later repealed. (1905)
London Economic Conference
In the summer of 1933, 66 nations sent delegates to the London Economic Conference. The delegates hoped to organize a coordinated international attack on the global depression. They sought to stabilize the values of various nations’ currencies and the rates at which they could be exchanged. President Roosevelt, at first, agreed to send delegates to the conference, but had second thoughts after he realized that an international agreement to maintain the value of the dollar in terms of other currencies wouldn’t allow him to inflate the value of the dollar. He declared that America wouldn’t take place in the negotiations. Without support from the United States, the London Economic Conference fell apart. The collapse strengthened the global trend towards nationalism, while making international cooperation increasingly difficult.
Lone Star State
Perhaps one of the most recognized nicknames of any state, “The Lone Star State” comes from the symbolism of the star on the 1836 flag of the republic, the “National Standard of Texas.” The single golden star on a blue background signified Texas as an independent republic and was a reminder of the state’s struggle for independence from Mexico.
- A single star was part of the Long Expedition (1819), Austin Colony (1821) and several flags of the early Republic of Texas. Some say that the star represented the wish of many Texans to achieve statehood in the United States. Others say it originally represented Texas as the lone state of Mexico which was attempting to uphold its rights under the Mexican Constitution of 1824.
Los Angeles Riots
(GB1) , Outbreak of violence in 1992 caused by the acquittal of four white policemen of beating an African American = Rodney King, motorist in Los Angeles
Lou Gehrig
Famous contemporary of Babe Ruth. Later developed rare nervous system disease now known as ‘Lou Gehrig disease.’
Louis Brandeis
Supreme court justice 1916-1939, argued that economic and social facts had to take precedence over legal theory.
Louis Sullivan
Known as the father of the skyscraper because he designed the first steel-skeleton skyscraper. Mentor of Frank Lloyd Wright.
Louisiana Purchase
- Jefferson feared Napolean’s imperial ambitions so wanted to buy the land. Napolean just wanted the cash ($15 million). Effectively doubled the size of the U.S.
Lowell System
Guaranteed employees housing in respectable, chaperoned boardinghouses, cash wages, and participation in cultural and social events.
Loyalists
Those who supported the King.
- They often went to battle against fellow Americans, and were called “Tories.â€
- They were generally conservatives.
- They were most numerous where the Anglican Church was strongest.
- They were less numerous in New England, where Presbyterianism and Congregationalism flourished.
Lucretia Mott
(AJ) , was an American Quaker minister, abolitionist, social reformer and proponent of women’s rights. She is credited as the first American “feminist” in the early 1800s but was, more accurately, the initiator of women’s political advocacy.
Lusitania
(WW), British passenger boat sunk by a German submarine that claimed 1,000 lives. One of main reasons US decided to join the war.
Lynch law
The punishment of supposed criminals, especially by hanging, by agreement of a crowd. Used in the West as a way of maintaining minimum law and order before courts set up.
Lyndon Johnson
President 1963-69. Became president when Kennedy assassinated. Guided Kennedy’s New Frontier, including Voting Rights Act of 1965. His domestic program was the Great Society. Sharp buildup of forces in Vietnam.
Macon Act
(JM), 1810, The Macon Bill stated that if either Britain or France agreed to observe the neutrality of the United States, the US would resume trading with that country and continue the embargo on the other. The French soon agreed to American demands.
Madeline Albright
First woman secretary of state under Clinton
Malcolm X
One-time pimp and street hustler, converted to a Black Muslim while in prison. At first urged Blacks to seize their freedom by any means necessary, but later changed position and advocated racial harmony. He was assassinated in February, 1965.
Manhattan Project
Name of program to develop atomic weapons in WWII.
Manifest destiny
Belief in 1840s that the US was destined to expand across North America to the Pacific Ocean.
Mann-Elkins Act
Further extended the regulatory ability of the ICC by letting it regulate cable and wireless companies dealing with telephone and telegraph lines.
Marbury v. Madison
1803 (TJ) , The 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the U.S. Constitution. The decision established the Court’s power of judicial review over acts of Congress, in this case the Judiciary Act of 1789
Marcus Garvey
Black separatist and nationalist of 1920s. Helped ship Blacks back to Africa. Was later deported for fear of his influence on the black community.
Margaret Sanger
Founder in 10s and 20s of Birth Control movement. Later headed Planned Parenthood Federation.
Marquis de Lafayette
French General who helped American Revolution and later became important in French Revolution.
Martin Luther King
Most prominent member of the Civil rights Movement. Letters from Birmingham Jail set tone for non-violent resistance. Helped organize march on Washington and gave I have a Dream speech. Received Nobel prize and was assissinated in 1968.
Martin Van Buren
Supported by Jackson and became his successor, but did little as president and is often forgotten.
Mary Lyon
(AJ) in 1837 founded the first college for women, Mount Holyoke Female Seminary
Mary McLeod Bethune
Founded National Council of Negro Women, promoted teaching of black history
Maryland
Declared by Lord Baltimore as haven of religious tolerance for all Christians. Became first major Catholic enclave in the New World.
Maryland Toleration Act
A legal document that allowed all Christian religions in Maryland. Protestants invaded the Catholics in 1649 around Maryland, and this protected the Catholics from Protestant rage of sharing the land. Maryland became the #1 colony to shelter Catholics in the New World.
Mashall Plan
Introduced by Secretary of State George G. Marshall in 1947, he proposed massive and systematic American economic aid to Europe to revitalize the European economies after WWII and help prevent the spread of Communism.
Mason-Dixon line
Line dividing Maryland and PA, considered the line between slaveholding vs. free states.
Massachusetts Bay Colony
One of the first settlements in New England. Established in 1629 and led under John Winthrop, it became a major Puritan colony.It was a major trading center, and absorbed the Plymouth community
Massachussets Body of Liberties?
(1641): First established legal code in New England. Compiled by the Puritan minister Nathaniel Ward.
Mayflower
The ship that carried the pilgrims to America, landed near Plymouth Rock.
Mayflower compact
An agreement reached before landing. Bound Pilgrims to live in a civil society according to their own laws. First written consitution in North America.
Maysville Road Veto
Jackson withheld funds from localized roads and vetoed a bill for improving the Maysville Road (local road connected to interstate). This was a great setback for the internal improvements of the American society.
McCarran Walter Act*
(HH) 1929 , immigration law that discriminated against Asians and south Europeans
McCarthyism
Extreme opposition to communism shown by McCarthy.
McCulloch v. Maryland
Ruled state has no right to control an agency of the federal government.
McKinley Tariff Act
A highly protective tariff passed in 1880. So high it caused a popular backlash which cost the Republicans votes.
Meat Inspection Act
Response to “The Jungle,” created strict sanitary requirements for meat, began a quality rating system, and provisioned for a federal department to inspect meat.
Medgar Evers
Was shot by a white man the night of Kennedy’s television address.
Medicaid*
(LBJ) , medical expense assitance provide by the state goverment to needy families
Medicare
(LBJ) 1965 , a federal program of health insurance for persons 65 years of age and older
Memorial Day massacre of 1937?
At the Memorial Day massacre of 1937, police shot and killed ten demonstrators. The incident took place during the “Little Steel Strike” of 1937 in United States. The incident arose after U.S. Steel signed a union contract, but smaller steel manufacturers (called “Little Steel”), including Republic Steel, refused to do so. In protest, the Steel Workers Organization Committee of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) called a strike. On Memorial Day, hundreds of sympathizers gathered at Sam’s Place, headquarters of the Steel Workers Organizing Committee. As the crowd marched across the prairie towards the Republic Steel Mill, a line of Chicago policeman blocked their path. When the foremost protestors argued their right to continue, police fired on the crowd. As the crowd fled, police bullets killed ten people.
Mercantilism
Mercantilism was the economic policy of Europe in the 1500s through 1700s. The government exercised control over industry and trade with the idea that national strength and economic security comes from exporting more than is imported. Possession of colonies provided countries both with sources of raw materials and markets for their manufactured goods. Great Britain exported goods and forced the colonies to buy them.
Merit System*
(CAA), A system of public employment in which selection and promotion depend on demonstrated performance rather than political patronage.
Merrill Tariff Act
This increased tariff rates by about 5 to 10%, but war soon drove these rates even higher.
Mexican Cession
Texas, California, all area in between.
Mexican War?
(1846–1848) A war between the United States and Mexico, resulting in the cession by Mexico of lands now constituting all or most of the states of California, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, and Colorado.
Midnight Judges
(JA), 1801, , The 16 judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801 that were called this because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration.
Midwest Folloding
(WJC) Miss. River overflowed, so Federal Emergency Management Agency work with state and local, gave up levees, cooperated with nature more
Military Base Closing
(WJC) 70 major bases were closed by Congress, politicians have no control
Military Reconstruction Act
Imposed martial law on the South, called for new state constitutional conventions, forced the states to allow blacks to vote for convention delegates, and required each state to ratify 14th Amendment and sent its constitution to Congress for approval.
Militia movements of the 1990s
Self-sytled militias in western states who mix racism with anti-semitism and conspiracy theories and hostility towards any government.
Millard Fillmore
1850-53 Took over for Taylor, had to deal with North and South hostilities.
Mills Bill*
(GC) 1887, lowered tariff and put some goods on the free list, failed
Minutemen
Militia during the Revolutionary war ready to fight at a moment’s notice alongside regular troops.
Missouri Compromise
Admitted Missouri as a slave state, Maine as a free state and prohibited Kansas and Nebraska from becoming slave states. The Dred Scot decision ruled this compromise unconstitutional.
Molasses Act of 1733
British legislation which had taxed all molasses, rum, and sugar which the colonies imported from countries other than Britain and her colonies. The act angered the New England colonies, which imported a lot of molasses from the Caribbean as part of the Triangular Trade. The British had difficulty enforcing the tax; most colonial merchants did not pay it.
Monitor vs. Merrimack
Battle during the civil war showing wooden warships were now obsolete
Monopolies
It is defined as a persistent market situation where there is only one provider of a product or service. Monopolies are characterized by a lack of economic competition for the good or service that they provide and a lack of viable substitute goods.
Monroe doctrine
Statement that the US would not tolerate intervention by European nations in the affairs of nations in the Americas.
Moon Landing
(RN) 1957, Sputnik by Russia, US had Explorer I, and Neil Armstrong had Apollo 11
Mormon Church
After facing extreme hostility in the Midwest, Mormons moved to Utah and established their influential church there.
Morrill Act
This increased tariff rates by about 5 to 10%, but war soon drove these rates even higher.
Morrill Land Grant Act
Provided money for agricultural colleges.
Moscow Conference*
1943, (FDR), US, GB, and USSR, talked about principle of sovereign
Muckrakers
Authors in late 19th/early 20th century who specialized in exposing corruption in business and government.
Mugwamps
(GC) , a group within the Republican party who could not accept Blaine and supported the Democrats
Muhammad Ali
Flamboyant boxing Champion in 1960s and 70s. Converted to Islam, refused to go to Vietnam.
Muller v. Oregon
1908 Ruled laws to protect women workers were constitutional.
Munn V. Illinois
(1877) United States Supreme Court Case that ended up allowing states to regulate business within their borders, including railroads
My Lai massacre
Massacre by US soldiers of innocent villagers during Vietnam. Became a symbol for those opposed to the war in Vietnam.
NAACP
Founded in 1909 by a group of black and white intellectuals. Stands for National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.
- Founded in 1909 to improve living conditions for inner city Blacks, evolved into a national organization dedicated to establishing equal legal rights for Blacks.
NAFTA
(WJC) , North American Free Trade Agreement
Nashville Convention
Meeting twice in 1850, its purpose was to protect the slave property in the South.
Nat Turner
Led first effective and sustained slave revolt in American history. His rebellion demonstrated that not all slaves accept their circumstances passively.
Nathan Hale
Executed by the British during the Revolutionary War who famously said ‘I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country.’
National Banking System
(AL) , Authorized by Congress in 1863 to establish a standard bank currency. Banks that joined the system could buy bonds and issue paper money. First significant step toward a national bank. (North)
National Comsumers League
Made female comsumers push for laws safeguarding women and children in the work place.
National Housing Act
(FDR) 1934 , June 28, 1934- It created the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) and the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation. It was designed to stop the tide of bank foreclosures on family homes, it instead gave loans
National Housing Act #2
(FDR) 1937 , 1937-Wagner=Sponser. Rasied $500mill for urban slum clearance & public housing projects
National Industrial Recovery Act
(FDR) 1933, focused on the employment of the unemployed and the regulation of unfair business ethics. The NIRA pumped cash into the economy to stimulate the job market and created codes that businesses were to follow to maintain the ideal of fair competition and created the NRA, established Public Works Administration and National Recovery Administration to help economic recovery from Great Depression; NRA was ruled unconstitutional in Schechter Poultry v. US
National Labor Relations Act
(FDR) A 1935 law, also known as the Wagner Act, that guarantees workers the right of collective bargaining sets down rules to protect unions and organizers, and created the National Labor Relations Board to regulate labor-managment relations. *, Made sure workers were treated and payed well and not getting abused by their business. *this law created the National Labor Relations Board to enforce the law and supervise shop elections
National Labor Union?
The first national labor federation in the United States. Founded in 1866 and dissolving in 1872, it paved the way for other organizations, such as the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor.
National Municipal League
Organization to improve city standards and reform the system.
National Origins Act of 1924
Immigration law that was blatantly discriminatory against Eastern and Southern Europeans and virtually excluded Asians.
National Service Trust Act
(WJC) college = everyone, high school graduates volunteer to earn minimum wage, affordable student loans directly by govt.
National War Labor Board
Acted as a supreme court for labor cases. Did more harm than good when it tried to limit wages, which led to strikes.
National Woman Suffrage Association
Organization founded by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, fought for women’s equality in courts and workplaces as well as the polls.
National Youth Administration
(FDR) , (NYA)1935, provided education jobs counseling and recreation for young people. part time positions at schools for students allowed for aid in h.s. college and grad school. part time jobs for drop outs
National-Republicans
After the 1824 election, part of the Democratic - Republican Party joined John Q. Adams, Clay, and Daniel Webster to oppose Andrew Jackson. They favored nationalistic measures like recharter of the Bank of the United States, high tariffs, and internal improvements at national expense. They were supported mainly by Northwesterners and were not very successful. They were conservatives alarmed by Jackson’s radicalness; they joined with the Whigs in the 1830’s.
Nativism
An anti-foreign feeling that arose in the 1840’s and 1850’s in response to the influx of Irish and German Catholics.
NATO
Chartered April, 1949. The 11 member nations agreed to fight for each other if attacked. It is an international military force for enforcing its charter.
Naturalization Act
1798, (JA) Act that increased the time to become a US citizen from 5 to 14 years
Navajos
Most numerous Native American tribe in the U.S. Located in the Southwest. Forced to move in 1864.
Navigation Acts?
The English Navigation Acts were a series of laws which, beginning in 1651, restricted foreign shipping. Resentment against the Navigation Acts was a cause of the Anglo-Dutch Wars and the American Revolutionary War.
Nelson Rockefeller
Govenor of NY and VP to Ford. Considered a moderate Republican.
Neutrality Act 1935
(FDR) , reaction from Italy’s act on Ethopia, no selling arms, The 1935 act, signed on August 31, 1935, imposed a general embargo on trading in arms and war materials with all parties in a war. It also declared that American citizens traveling on warring ships traveled at their own risk. The act was set to expire after six months
Neutrality Act 1936
(FDR) forbade loans or credit for belligerents
Neutrality Act 1937
(FDR) The Neutrality Act of 1937, passed in May, included the provisions of the earlier acts, this time without expiration date, and extended them to cover civil wars as well. Further, U.S. ships were prohibited from transporting any passengers or articles to belligerents, and U.S. citizens were forbidden from traveling on ships of belligerent nations, however private ships can come at on risk
Neutrality Act of 1939
(FDR) European democracies might buy American war materials on a “cash-and-carry basis”; improved American moral and economic position
Neutrality Proclamation
Washington’s declaration that the U.S. would not take sides after the French Revolution touched off a war between France and a coalition consisting primarily of England, Austria, and Prussia. Washington’s Proclamation was technically a violation of the Franco-American Treaty of 1778.
New Amsterdam
City founded by Dutch settlers that later became NYC.
New Deal
Program of FDR to get out of Great Depression. Included Social Security System, Tennessee Valley Authority and Works Progress Administration
New Economic Policy
(RN), Phase 1, at least 90 days, phase 2, wage and price controls for 90 day period, rate of inflation incresae of 2% to 3%. wage gains through collective bargaining were cut of labor members, which was unfair since there were no provisions for cutting profits.
New England Confederation
New England colonists formed the New England Confederation in 1643 as a defense against local Native American tribes and encroaching Dutch. The colonists formed the alliance without the English crown’s authorization.
New Freedom
Woodrow Wilson’s domestic policy that, promoted antitrust modification, tariff revision, and reform in banking and currency matters.
New Frontier
JFK’s slogan to describe his goals and policies, in particular equality of opportunity for all.
New Immigration
The second major wave of immigration to the U.S.; betwen 1865-1910, 25 million new immigrants arrived. Unlike earlier immigration, which had come primarily from Western and Northern Europe, the New Immigrants came mostly from Southern and Eastern Europe, fleeing persecution and poverty. Language barriers and cultural differences produced mistrust by Americans.
New Jersey
Colony granted to friends of King.
New Left
Radical movement in 60s and 70s which opposed the military industrial complex and US involvement in Vietnam. Also urged public attention of blacks and poor.
New Nationalism
Theo Roosevelt’s system in which the government would cordinate economic activity - government would regulate business
Newlands Reclamation Act
Insured that all natural resources would be managed by experts. Funding came from public-land sales and was used to build irrigation projects.
Ngo Dinh Diem
Leader of the pro-Western government in South Vietnam.
Niagara Movement
A group of black and white reformers who organized the NAACP in 1909
Nicaragua Dilemma
(RR), 1979, Sandinistas took over, Reagan no look, so he hired Contras, but Congress didn’t want another Vietnam, however later found out the US govt was in Nicaragua’s harbors trying to crippe its economy, and soon many became concerned whether it would make Soviet Union mad and strain European relations, so Congress voted to cut off military
Nicholas Biddle
Became the Second National Bank’s president, and he made the bank’s loan policy stricter and testified that, although the bank had enormous power, it didn’t destroy small banks. The bank went out of business in 1836 amid controversy over whether the National Bank was constitutional and should be rechartered.
Nicholas Trist
Sent as a special envoy by President Polk to Mexico City in 1847 to negotiate an end to the Mexican War.
Nikita Khrushchev
Stalin’s successor, wanted peaceful coexistence with the U.S. Eisenhower agreed to a summit conference with Khrushchev, France and Great Britain in Geneva, Switzerland in July, 1955 to discuss how peaceful coexistence could be achieved.
Nine Power Pact
(WH) , Signed by the United States, France, Great Britain, Japan, Italy, Belgium, China, Netherlands, and Portugal. This treaty, created during the Washington Naval Conference, was third in a set of three treaties created during the conference. These treaties were all ways that President Harding tried to keep the Untied States isolated. The Treaty made the open door policy international law. The United States and Japan replaced Great Britain and Russia as major powers in the south Pacific
Nineteenth Amendment
(WW) , granted women the right to vote in 1920 (Susan B Anthony started campaign)
Nisei
Parents Japanese, but born abroad. Were largely inturned during WWII.
Nixon’s War on Inflation(RN),
(RN), 1971, no longer held long-held position against govt controls, now prices were frozen, dollar no longer valued as gold, it became floating dollar, federal jobs cuts
Noah Webster
Created American English. Dictionary named after him.
Nobel Peace Prize for Carter
2002, Habitat for Humanity, helped low income families
Nominating Convention
(AJ) , meeting at which a political party chooses a candidate, religious qualification dropped
Non Intercourse Act
1809 (TJ), 1809 law that allowed Americans to trade with all nations except Britain and France.
Nonintercourse Act, Force Act, Macon’s Bill #2
Replaced Embargo Act, if either Britian or France repealed their restrictions on US trade, US would embargo other.
Normalcy
The calm Harding wanted to return to after the idealism of Wilson.
Norris LaGuardia and the Anti-Injunction Act
1932-Liberal Republicans, Feorelo LaGuardia and George Norris cosponsored the Norris-LaGuardia Federal Anti-Injunction Act, which protected the rights of striking workers, by severely restricting the federal courts’ power to issue injunctions against strikes and other union activities.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(HT) 1949, created in 1949 organization whose members include the US, Canada, most western european nations and turkey all of whom agreedd to combine military forces and to treat a war against one as a war against one as a war against all.
Northwest Ordinance
The 1787 Northwest Ordinance defined the process by which new states could be admitted into the Union from the Northwest Territory. He ordinance forbade slavery in the territory but allowed citizens to vote on the legality of slavery once statehood had been established. The Northwest Ordinance was the most lasting measure of the national government under the Articles of Confederation
Northwest Passage
A sea route through North America sought by early explorers.
Nothern Securities Co. v. U.S.
Upheld Roosevelt’s antitrust suit, ordered the Northern Securities Co. to be dissolved. Jolted Wall Street, angered big business, increased Roosevelt’s popularity.
NSC-68
The National Security Council Memorandum #68 said the that US should quadruple defense spending. This marked a major step in the militarization of America’s foreign policy and reflected a sense of almost limitless possibility that pervaded postwar American society.
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
(JFK) 1963, Wake of Cuban Missile Crisis (climax of Cold War, closest weve ever come to nuclear war) Soviets & US agree to prohibit all above-ground nuclear tests, both nations choose to avoid annihilating the human race w/ nuclear war, France and China did not sign
Nullification
The doctrine that states can set aside federal laws championed by Calhoun. Foreshadowed Jefferson’s draft of the Kentucky Resolutions
Nullification crisis
Southerners declared federal protective tariffs null and void, Jackson responded with Force bill and suggested compromising over tariff; John C Calhoun was a big advocate
Oberlin College
(AJ) , first college to teach women and African Americans
Office of Price Administration
Government agency which successful combatted inflation by fixing price ceilings on commodities and introducing rationing programs during World War II.
Oil in Mexico
(CC) now Mexico saying the mineral wealth belonged to there govt, America agreed as long as their property rights weren’t disturbed, Obregon become President, then Calles, (CC) sends Morrow to settle dispute
Oklahoma City Bombing
Destruction of Federal office building in OK by Timothy McVeigh. Most significant act of domestic terrorism.
Old Republicans
(TJ) thought he deserted Republican principles
Oliver H. Kelley*
(GC), considered the “Father” of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry (more commonly known as “The Grange”). a fraternal organization for American farmers that encouraged farm families to band together for their common economic and political good.
Oliver Wendell Holmes
Supreme court justice 1902-1930. He viewed the law as a social instrument, rather than a set of abstract principles. Famous decision on preserving freedom of speech except when clear and present danger.
Oneida
Group in NY that shockingly lived a communal life and shared everything, even marriages.
Open Door Notes
Policy that explained the importance of American commercial influence on foreign policies, but urged world powers to respect Chinese rights and ideal of fair competition.
Open Door Policy*
(WMc), Caleb Cushing said US had right of China, John Hay , A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.
Operation Desert Shield
(GB1) Bush place embargo on Iraq, put miltary in Saudi, West Europe and Arabs now against Iraq
Operation Desert Storm
(GB1) , Deadlines pass and Sadam doesnt move. Op desert shield becomes operation desert storm. Phases of the war = 1-air attack on Sadam 2-troops push him out of Kuwait.
Operation Just Cause
(GB1) Dec.1989;Bush’s invasion of Panama
Operation Overload
(FDR) , Name given to the planned Allied invasion of France
Operation Rolling Thunder
A full-scale bombing attack against North Vietnam. There were approximately 184,000 Americans involved.
Oregon trail
The route over which settlers traveled to Oregon in the 1840s and 1850s.
Oregon Treaty
British were tired of fighting for Oregon, proposed 49 degree line to Polk. Senate accepted. (1846)
Ostend Manifesto
(FP) 1854, a declaration (1854) issued from Ostend, Belgium, by the U.S. ministers to England, France, and Spain, stating that the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain did not sell it to the U.S., found out, Pierce repudiated
Pacho Villa
1916 - Villa attacked Columbus, New Mexico and Pershing was directed to follow him into Mexico. Pershing met with resistance and eventually left without finding Pancho Villa.
Palmer Raids?
The 1918’s and 1921’s Palmer Raids were a series of controversial raids on American citizens and resident and non-resident aliens in the United States, based on their assumed political beliefs. The raids are named for Alexander Mitchell Palmer, United States Attorney General under Woodrow Wilson. Palmer stated his belief that Communism was “eating its way into the homes of the American workman,” and that Socialists were responsible for most of the country’s social problems.
Panama and Noregia
(GB1) after Omar Torrijos comes dominating Manuel Noriega, charged by US for drug trafficking, US sanctions attempted military coup (Operation Just Cause, largest since Vietnam), Noriega fled and surrendered
Panama Canal
(TR) , The United States built the Panama Canal to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa. It cost $400,000,000 to build. Columbians would not let Americans build the canal, but then with the assistance of the United States a Panamanian Revolution occurred. The new ruling people allowed the United States to build the canal.
Panama Canal Treaty
(JEC), decision whether extend for a considerable period or exterminate, decided the latter since he didn’t want bitter relations with Panama
Panay Incident
(FDR) Dec. 12, 1937, The Panay incident was when Japan bombed a American gunboat that was trying to help Americans overseas. This greatly strained U.S-Japanese relations and pushed the U.S further away from isolationism even though Japan apologized.
Panic of 1819?
The Panic of 1819 was the first major financial crisis in the United States. It featured widespread foreclosures, bank failures, unemployment, and a slump in agriculture and manufacturing. It marked the end of the economic expansion that had followed the War of 1812. The worst of the crisis was over by 1824.
Panic of 1837
(MVB) , When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.
Panic of 1873
(USG) , Four year economic depression caused by overspeculation on railroads and western lands, and worsened by Grant’s poor fiscal response (refusing to coin silver
Panic of 1893
(GC2), Serious economic depression beginning in 1893. Began due to rail road companies over-extending themselves, causing bank failures. Was the worst economic collapse in the history of the country until that point, and, some say, as bad as the Great Depression of the 1930s.
Panic of 1907?
The Panic of 1907 was a relatively serious economic downturn in the United States caused by a New York credit crunch that spread across the nation and led to the closings of banks and businesses. The severity of the downturn was such that it prompted the United States Congress to form the Federal Reserve System. It was the fourth Panic in 34 years. In March 1907, the stock market crashed because of over-expansion and poor speculation. Money became extremely tight. A second crash occurred in October 1907, and was precipitated when, using money borrowed from F. Augustus Heinze, Heinze’s brothers failed in their attempts to corner United Copper. To bring relief to the situation, United States Secretary of the Treasury George B. Cortelyou ponied up $35 million of Federal money to quell the storm. Complete ruin of the national economy was averted when J.P. Morgan stepped in to meet the crisis. Morgan organized a team of bank and trust executives. The team redirected money between banks, secured further international lines of credit, and bought plummeting stocks of healthy corporations. Within a few weeks the panic passed, with only minimal effects on the country. By February 1908, confidence in the economy was restored.
Patriots
Those who supported rebellion and were called “Whigs.â€
- Patriot militias constantly harassed small British detachments.
- They were generally the younger generation, like Samuel Adams and Patrick Henry.
Paul Revere
Rode through MA warning people that the British were coming at the outbreak of the Revolutionary War.
Payne Aldrich Tariff
(WT) 1909, , Signed by Taft in March of 1909 in contrast to campaign promises. Was supposed to lower tariff rates but Senator Nelson N. Aldrich of Rhode Island put revisions that raised tariffs. This split the Repulican party into progressives (lower tariff) and conservatives (high tariff).
Peace Corps
(JFK) , volunteers who help third world nations and prevent the spread of communism by getting rid of poverty, Africa, Asia, and Latin America
Peace in Nicaragua
(GB1) 5 central american countries end the civil war their, violeta chamotto won presidency over sadinistas in 1990, now free to farm land
Pearl Harbor!
(FDR) , 1941 United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II. Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941.
Peggy Eaton affair
Scandal that involved Jackson’s Secretary of War Eaton and his wife, Peggy, the daughter of a boardinghouse keeper.
Pendleton Civil Service Act
(1883): Did away with the “spoils system” and made the hiring of federal employees merit based.
Pennsylvania
Established by William Penn, it was a colony founded for the Quakers and practiced religous toleration and civil liberties.
Pennsylvania Dutch
Swiss and German settlers of PA. Known for tidy farms. Many were Amish.
Pentagon Papers
Classified study of Vietnam war leaked to the NYT. Supreme court upheld the right of the newspapers to publish the documents.
Pequot War
After Pequots attacked Puritan settlement, killing nine, the colonists responded by burning Pequot village, killing 400.
Perry/Japan
Perry pursuaded Japanese to sign treaty that opened up commerce and marked the beginning of a tumultuous relationship.
Persian Gulf War
(GB1), 1991, a war fought between a coalition led by the United States and Iraq to free Kuwait from Iraqi invaders
Personal Liberty Laws
(FP) , Laws passed by Northern states forbidding the imprisonment of escaped slaves
Pet Banks
(AJ) , State banks where Andrew Jackson placed deposits removed from the federal National Bank.
Peter Stuyvesant
Dutch govenor who surrendered New Netherlands to English who renamed it New York.
Peter Zenger Case
John Peter Zenger, a newspaper printer, protested the royal governor in 1734-35. He was put on trial for this “act of treason.” The jury went against the royal governor and ruled Zenger innocent. This set the standards for democracy and, most importantly, for the freedom of the press.
Phony War
The months following the collapse of Poland were known as the “phony war.”
Pilgrims
A group of persecuted English Puritans who arrived on the Mayflower.
Pinchot-Ballinger Controversy
(WT) Pinchot found out that Ballinger had taken a series of ‘no-bid’ contracts out (to friends, with the promise of substantial kickbacks to Ballinger) companies intent on mining coal on federally protected land. Pinchot went to Taft, Teddy Roosevelts hand picked successor, and informed him. Taft basically told Pinchot that it was ok, and that the contracts would be allowed to stand. This caused a heated argument between Pinchot and Taft with Pinchot getting fired by the President.
Pinckney’s Treaty
Gave America what they demanded from the Spanish: free navigation of the Mississippi, large area of north Florida. (Helped America to have unexpected diplomatic sucess) (1795)
Platt Amendment
(WMc) 1) Cuba makes no treaty with others if in endangers independence 2) can’t borrow money if they can’t pay back 3)US can get involved with Cuba affairs 4)US has navy there
Plessy vs. Ferguson
Established the ‘separate but equal doctrine’ that segregation was legal. Later overturned in Brown vs. Board of Education.
Plymouth Bay Colony
Founded by the Pilgrims in 1620. They were headed towards Virginia, but their ship was blown off course.
Pocahontas
A Native American princess who befriended John Smith and prevented his execution. She later married a settler and traveled to England with him.
Political Action Committee
(FDR), committee formed by a special-interest group to raise money for their favorite political candidates
Pontiac’s Rebellion
After the French and Indian War, colonists began moving westward and settling on Indian land. This migration led to Pontiac’s Rebellion in 1763, when a large number of Indian tribes banded together under the Ottawa chief Pontiac to keep the colonists from taking over their land. Pontiac’s Rebellion led to Britain’s Proclamation of 1763, which stated that colonists could not settle west of the Appalachian Mountains.
Pony Express
A system of mail service between Missouri and California.
Pools
The first industrial pools in the 80’s tried to fix the price of their goods (be it salt, whiskey, cattle, iron, oil …) no matter the circumstances, to a level high enough to earn them a nice living, but not too high so as not to attract outside competitors.
Populism
A political doctrine or philosophy that aims to defend the interests of the common people against an entrenched, self-serving or corrupt elite.
- Flourished among western farmers
- Based largely on its opposition to the gold standard
Populist Party
(BH) , Founded 1891 - James B. Weaver, problem was overproduction, called for free coinage of silver and paper money, national income tax, direct election of senators, regulation of railroads, and other government reforms to help farmers
Portsmouth Treaty
(TR) , 1905, Roosevelt and representatives from Russia and Japan work out treaty, Japan takes over Korea, Roosevelt wins Nobel Peace Prize
Postal Service
(RN) establish a postal service that was efficient and self supporting, greatly lessened political interference. 1970
Powhatan Confederacy
A group of local tribes who taught the English how to grow cropts. Saved Englishmen, and when princess Pocahontas married John Rolfe, tensions were eased.
Presidential Nominating Conventions
(GF) 1976, James E. Carter and Ronald Reagan
Presidential Succession Act*
(HT) , allowed for the speaker of the house to take over as president if there is no vice president
Problem of the Gold Reserve
(GC2) ppl used cheaper money (silver) and kept sounder money (gold), soon with the repeal of the Sherman SIlver Purchast Act, gold came into the Treasury, this profited bankers
Problems in Africa
(RR), drought and famine = US humanitarian efforts, apartheid = Americans apartheid, soon Nelson Mandela (opposed apartheid) released by F.W. de Klerk, soon got Nobel Prize and became president
Problems in the MIddle East
(RR), American Marines Lebanon suffered losses but Muslim groups, so Americans teamed up with Israeli to evacuate the Marines, Israel announced withdrawal of troops and Jerusalem conceded, Operatio nPeace for Galilee ended PLO attacks from Lebanon, Israel under Ameican pressure to improve its economic performance to get their assistance, then TWA jetliners was hijacked by Lebanese Shiite Muslim demanding Israel to relase 700 Muslim hostages, so Reagan faced AMal militamen and Party of God, soon successful negotiations with Syria and Lebanon, but now start terrorist attacks
Proclamation of 1763
A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.
Progressive (Bull Moose) Party
Progressive Party created by TR, advocated primary elections, women’s suffrage, and prohibition of child labor.
Progressive education
Educational movement focusing on educating the child, not the subject. Rejects traditional approaches for more practical ones.
Progressive Era in the US?
1880s to start of WWI.
Progressive movement
1920s movement that held that irresponsible actions by the rich were corrupting both public and private life. Called for trust busting, and progressive income tax.
Progressive Party*
led by Henry Wallace, wanted to expand New Deal and good relatiosn with USSR.
Progressive Republican Party
Roosevelt ran under this party, it was a third party.
Prohibition
Outlawing of alcohol in 1920-33, enforced by the Volstead Act. Later repealed by new constitutional amendment in 1933. Example of how more harm than good can come from enactment of laws sure to be widely disobeyed.
Proprietary Colony
Colony with chartered ownership given to a proprietor. (Maryland, Pennsylvania and Delaware)
Protective Tariff
Imposed 8% on the value of dutiable imports. Passed to increase revenue and protect small industries. Due in part to Hamilton’s plan.
Public Works Administration
(FDR) , 1935 Created for both industrial recovery and for unemployment relief. Headed by the Secretary of Interior Harold L. Ickes, it aimed at long-range recovery and spent $4 billion on thousands of projects that included public buildings, highways, and parkways.
Pueblos
Native American people in AZ and NM who lived in peublos.
Puerto Rico, Samoa, Guam
Islands (along with the Philippines) given to the US for $20 million from Spain after Treaty of Paris.
Pullman Strike
(GC) 1894, , Strike of 1894. Eugene V. Debs organized the American Railway Union (150000 members). Maintained a company town, and when the Depression hit, wages were cut one third, but the rent and living expenses remained the same. Strikers overturned Pullman cars, paralyzed railway traffic from Chicago to Pacific Coast. Eventually, bayonet militia came in from Washington from Cleveland himself. Strikers were imprisoned without jury trials. He was charged since he interfered with mailing service, The beginning of the end of company towns. People who helped keep law and order was Mayor Hopkins and Governor Altgeld
Pump Priming
(HH) the spending of government funds in commercial enterprises, to stimulate the national economy
Purchase of Alaska*
(AJohn) , In December, 1866, the U.S. offered to take Alaska from Russia. Russia was eager to give it up, as the fur resources had been exhausted, and, expecting friction with Great Britain, they preferred to see defenseless Alaska in U.S. hands. Called “Seward’s Folly” and “Seward’s Icebox”, the purchase was made in 1867 for $7,200,000 and gave the U.S. Alaska’s resources of fish, timber, oil and gold.
Pure Food and Drug Act
(TR) 1906 , 1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the “patent” drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.
Puritans
A group of religious reformists who wanted to “purify” the Anglican Church based on the ideas of John Calvin. Notable voyages were in 1620 (Pilgrims) and 1629 (Massachusetts Bay Colony).
Quakers
They believed human religious institutions were, for the most part, unnecessary.
- They believed they could receive revelation directly from God and placed little importance on the Bible.
- They were pacifists and declined to show customary deference to their alleged social superiors.
- Their aggressiveness in denouncing established institutions brought them trouble in both Britain and America.
- They opposed slavery and favored decent treatment of Native Americans.
- Elements of this culture would play a role in shaping the characterizations of a United States that valued independence and social equality.
Quarantine Speech*
(FDR) 1937, , The speech was an act of condemnation of Japan’s invasion of China in 1937 and called for Japan to be quarantined. FDR backed off the aggressive stance after criticism, but it showed that he was moving the country slowly out of isolationism.
Quebec Act
1774 – It was passed by Parliament. It alarmed the colonies because it recognized the Roman-Catholic Church in Quebec. Some colonials took it as a sign that Britain was planning to impose Catholicism upon the colonies. The First Continental Congress met to discuss their concerns over Parliament’s dissolutions of the New York (for refusing to pay to quarter troops), Massachusetts (for the Boston Tea Party), and Virginia Assemblies. The First Continental Congress rejected the plan for a unified colonial government stated grievances against the crown called the Declaration of Rights, resolved to prepare militias, and created the Continental Association to enforce a new non-importation agreement through Committees of Vigilance. In response, in February, 1775, Parliament declared the colonies to be in rebellion.
Queen Anne’s War
British vs. French (1702-13)
Queen Liliuokalani/Hawaii
Queen of Hawaii who disliked Americans and was overthrown when sugar prices dropped. Planters wanted the independent Republic of Hawaii and requested annexation from the US.
Quids*
(TJ) old democratic republicans who believed was of 1812 violated democratic prinapals
Quirin affair?
8 germans who had lived in America and returned to Germany before WWII snuck into the US to sabatoge the war industries. They were caught and executed by a military tribunal established by FDR.
Radical Reconstruction
Reconstruction strategy that was based on severely punishing South for causing war
Radical Republicans
(AJohn) , Political party that favored harsh punishment of Southern states after civil war
Radical Whigs
The Radical Whigs were “a group of British political commentators” associated with the British Whig faction who were at the forefront of Radicalism. They played a significant role in the development of the American Revolution, as their republican writings were widely read by the American colonists, many of whom were convinced by their reading that they should be very watchful for any threats to their liberties. Subsequently, when the colonists were indignant about their perceived lack of democratic representation and taxes such as the Stamp Act, Sugar Act, and Tea Act, the colonists broke away from the Kingdom of Great Britain to form the United States.
Ralph Bunche
African American diplomat who won Noble Prize for helping negotiate armistice between Israelis and Arabs.
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Essayist, poet. A leading transcendentalist, emphasizing freedom and self-reliance in essays which still make him a force today. He had an international reputation as a first-rate poet. He spoke and wrote many works on the behalf of the Abolitionists.
Reaganomics
(RR) The federal economic polices of the Reagan administration, elected in 1981. These policies combined a monetarist fiscal policy, supply-side(cut income taxes), and domestic budget cutting. Their goal was to reduce the size of the federal government and stimulate economic growth, umemployed started going back to work
Recalls
The people can petition and vote to have an elected official removed from office. Made elected officials more responsible and sensitive to the needs of the people, and part of the movement to make government more efficient and scientific.
Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act of 1934
It was designed to lower the tariff, and it aimed at both relief and recovery. The president was empowered to lower existing rates by as much as 50% provided that the other country involved would do the same. During these years of trade agreements, U.S. foreign trade increased dramatically. The act paved the way for the American-led free-trade international economic system that took shape after WWII.
Reconstruction
The period after the Civil War during which the South was reintegrated. Southern governments often included carpetbaggers. Former officials in the Confederacy were banned from being in government. Once a State passed 13th and 14th amendment, it was readmitted to the Union. Ended in 1877 when troops left. Was viewed as more harsh on Southerners than Lincoln called for. Ill feeling then lead to formation of KKK and hatred among Southerners for the Republican Party.
Reconstruction Act of 1867
Pushed through congress over Johnson’s veto, it gave radical Republicans complete military control over the south and divided the South into five military zones, each headed by a general with absolute power over his district. Law that threw out the southern state governments that had refused to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
Created in 1932 to make loans to banks, insurance companies, and railroads, it was intended to provide emergency funds to help businesses overcome the effects of the Depression. It was later used to finance wartime projects during WW II.
Red Scare
Rounding up of immigrants of radical political views in 1919 and 1920 in wake of Russian Revolution.
Redemption (redeemers)
When the south was returned to Conservative Democratic rule after the Radical Republicans of Reconstruction
Referendums
A law passed by the legislature could be put on the ballot can for the people to approval/veto. Made elected officials more responsible and sensitive to the needs of the people, and part of the movement to make government more efficient and scientific.
Reform movements
Movements supported by a group of people to change society for the better regarding moral, religious, and social issues.
Regulators Uprising
A movement during the 1760’s by western North Carolinians, mainly Scots-Irish, that resented the way that the Eastern part of the state dominated political affairs. They believed that the tax money was being unevenly distributed. Many of its members joined the American Revolutionists.
Relief and Construction Act*
(HH) $3 billion towards public works of a self-liquidating type (once completed, would bring revenue to pay for itself)
Relief, recovery, reform
The first step in FDR’s relief program was to establish the Civilian Conservation Corps in April, 1933. The chief measure designed to promote recovery was the National Industrial Recovery Act. The New Deal acts most often classified as reform measures were those designed to guarantee the rights of labor and limit the powers of businesses.
Religious Right
A coalition of right wing Protestant fundamentalist who have become increasingly active in politics since Roe v. Wade.
Remember the Maine
A slogan of the Spanish-American war referring to the sinking of a battleship in Cuba. Stirred up by yellow journalism, this lead McKinley to declare war.
Republican Party
In 1854, it formed from the antislavery Whigs and Democrats, the Free-Soilers and various other groups. Ran Lincoln in 1860 and won.
Republicanism
Idea made by Paine.
- Idea that there should be a “republic†where senators, governors, and judges should have their power from the consent of the people.
- He laced his ideas with biblical imagery, familiar to common folk.
- His ideas about rejecting monarchy and empire and embrace and independent republic fell on receptive ears in America, though it should be noted that these ideas already existed.
Republicans 1780-1801
States’ rights, strict interpretation, encouraged agriculture and rural life, South and West, France, Civil liberties and trust in people
Reservationists
Senators who pledged to vote in favor of the Treaty of Versailles if certain changes were made - led by Henry Cabot Lodge
Resolution Trust Corporation
(GB1) managed the assets and liabilities of institutions that became insovlent between 1989 and 1992.
Resumption Act
1879 - Congress said that greenbacks were redeemable for gold, but no one wanted to redeem them for face gold value. Because paper money was much more convenient than gold, they remained in circulation.
Revolution of 1800
What Jefferson considered his election to be because
Revolutionary War
War for American independence from Britain. Started with the Battle of Lexington and ended with the Battle of Concord. Americans aided by French.
Rhode Island
Established by Roger Williams, it practiced religious tolerance and did require voters to be church members.
Richard Byrd
Explorer of North and South poles.
Richard Daley
Chicago mayor and political boss 50s-70s. Credited with helping elect JFK in Illinois and for using force against protestors during Democratic convention in 1968.
Richard Nixon
Prosecution of Alger Hiss. VP of Eisenhower. Lost to JFK. President in 1968. Restored relations with China. Withdrew from Vietnam. Watergate scandal led to his resignation.
Richard Olney
Attorney General of the U.S., he obtained an active injunction that state union members couldn’t stop the movement of trains. He moved troops in to stop the Pullman strike.
Roanoke
Lost Colony. Founded by Sir Walter Raleigh in 1587 in current North Carolina, disappeared within three years.
Roaring Twenties
1920s era of freewheeling popular culture. People defied prohibition and indulged in new styles of dancing and dressing, rejected many traditional moral standards.
Robert E. Lee
Commanding General of Confederate troops during the Civil War. Victory in Chancellorsville but loss in Gettysburg.
Robert Kennedy
Attorney General and champion of Civil Rights Movement and foe of organized crime. Was assassinated while running for President by a Palestinian.
Robert La Follette
A great debater and political leader who believed in libertarian reforms, he was a major leader of the Progressive movement from Wisconsin.
Robert McNamara
Kennedy’s Defense Secretary who helped to come up with and push the “flexible response” strategy.
Robert Peary
Thought to be the first to reach the North Pole.
Roe v. Wade
(1973) legalized abortion on the basis of a woman’s right to privacy
Roger B. Taney
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and helped Jackson crush the Bank of the U.S.
- As chief justice, he wrote the important decision in the Dred Scott case, upholding police power of states and asserting the principle of social responsibility of private property. He was Southern and upheld the fugitive slave laws.
Roger Williams
Puritan leader, expelled from MA for being too religiously tolerant. Went on to found colony of Rhode Island as place of total tolerance.
Ronald Reagan
1981-1989,”Great Communicator” Republican, conservative economic policies, replaced liberal Democrats in upper house with consevative Democrats or “boll weevils” , at reelection time, jesse jackson first black presdiential candidate, Geraldine Ferraro as VP running mate (first woman)
Roosevelt Corollary
Addition to Monroe Doctrine, justified U.S. intervention in Latin American affairs if their weakness or wrongdoing warranted such action.
Roosevel’ts “Quarantine” Speech
1937 - In this speech Franklin D. Roosevelt compared Fascist agression to a contagious disease, saying democracies must unite to quarantine agressor nations.
Roosevelt’s Court packing plan
FDR expanding the size of the supreme court in order to change its balance in favor of the New Deal.
Root-Takahira Agreement
1908 - Japan / U.S. agreement in which both nations agreed to respect each other’s territories in the Pacific and to uphold the Open Door policy in China. (TR) Japan recognized American power in Phillippines and US recognized Japan’s power in Manghuria and Korea
Rosa Parks
Refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white person. This incident was the first major confrontation in the Civil Rights movement.
Rosenberg case
Couple excecuted for allegedly being Soviet Spies. Some thought falsely accused in McCarthyism.
Rough Riders
Nickname of cavalry led by Teddy Roosevelt in Spanish American war. Victorious charge in Battle of San Juan Hill in Cuba.
Royal Colony
Colony governed directly by King. Almost all colonies became royal at some point. (Virginia, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, North Carolina, New York, New Jersey, Carolina, Georgia)
Rush-Bagot Agreement
Severely limited British and American naval guard on Great Lakes. (1817)
Russo-Japanese War
War between two foriegn powers that Roosevelt helped negiotate a peace treaty for, and recieved a Nobel Peacy Prize for his work
Rutherford B. Hayes
1877-1881, Republican, against Tilden (played role to crush Tweed Ring), ended Reconstruction through election bargain
Sacajawea
Native American woman who guided Lewis and Clark on their expedition
Sacco and Vanzetti
Two anarchists executed in early 1920s for two murders. Liberals and Anarchists around the world thought they were executed for their political views.
Salem witch trials
Trials and execution of 20 women for allegedly practicing witchcraft. Gives rise to saying ‘witch hunt’.
SALT
(RN), Strategic Arms Limitation Talks- A pact that served to freeze the numbers of long-range nuclear missles for five years in 1972. This treaty between Nixon (U.S.), China, and the Soviet Union served to slow the arms race that had been going on between these nations since World War II.
SALT II
(JEC) 1979, Second Strategic Arms Limitations Talks. A second treaty was signed on June 18, 1977 to cut back the weaponry of the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. because it was getting too competitive. Set limits on the numbers of weapons produced. Not passed by the Senate as retaliation for U.S.S.R.’s invasion of Afghanistan, and later superseded by the START treaty.
Salutary Neglect
Throughout the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, the English government did not enforce those trade laws that most harmed the colonial economy. The purpose of salutary neglect was to ensure the loyalty of the colonists in the face of the French territorial and commercial threat in North America. The English ceased practicing salutary neglect following British victory in the French and Indian War.
Sam Houston
Led Texans in their struggle for independence from Mexico. Later became govenor and removed when he opposed secession.
Samuel (Golden Rule) Jones
American Political reformer - advanced employee-management relations
Samuel Adams
Samuel Adams played a key role in the defense of colonial rights. He had been a leader of the Sons of Liberty and suggested the formation of the Committees of Correspondence. Adams was crucial in spreading the principle of colonial rights throughout New England and is credited with provoking the Boston Tea Party..
Samuel Gompers
Founded AFL, wanted to achieve social reform through better standards for laborers, opposed political involvement.
San Francisco Conference
(FDR) 1945 - This conference expanded the drafts of the Yalta and Dumbarton Oaks conferences and adopted the “United Nations” Charter.
Sandra Day O’Conner
First woman to serve on Supreme Court. Appointed by Reagan.
Saratoga
In 1777, British General John Burgoyne attacked southward from Canada along the Hudson Valley in New York, hoping to link up with General Howe in New York City, thereby cutting the colonies in half. Burgoyne was defeated by American General Horatio Gates on October 17, 1777 at the Battle of Saratoga, surrendering the entire British Army of the North.
Savings and Loan Associations
(GB1) A financial institution that lends money in which depositors maintain savings and checking accounts = insolvent, poor security, Bush did bailout to find more insolvents, for now insurance provided by Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation
Scalawags
A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners
Scandal at HUD
(GB1) former top officials milked low income housing rehab programs by selling their services as “consultants” to developers seeking valuable contracts, $5.7 million been paid in “consulting fees”, 20 receipients, Jack Kemp investigates
SCLC
Headed by Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., a coalition of churches and Christians organizations who met to discuss civil rights.
Scopes trial
Scopes taught theory of evolution in violation of TN state law in 1925. Trial seen as sign of deep conflict between science and religion.
Scotish Irish
A group of Scots who fled to escape poverty and religious oppression. They first relocated to Ireland and then to America in the 1700s. They left their mark on the backcountry of Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. These areas are home to many Presbyterian churches established by the Scots-Irish. Many people in these areas are still very independent like their ancestors.
SDS
Formed in 1962 in Port Huron, Michigan, SDS condemned anti-Democratic tendencies of large corporations, racism and poverty, and called for a participatory Democracy.
Secession
After Lincoln was elected, but before he was inaugurated, seven Southern states seceded. Buchanan, the lame duck president, decided to leave the problem for Lincoln to take care of.
Second Bank of the United States
(AJ) , chartered in 1816, much like its predecessor of 1791 but with more capital; it could not forbid state banks from issuing notes, but its size and power enabled it to compel the state banks to issue only sound notes or risk being forced out of business.
Second Bull Run
(AL) , McClellan gets his butt kick and the South defeats North, 1862
Second Continental Congress
Met just after first battles of war. Established Continental Army, printed money, created government offices, and chose George Washington to lead army.
Second Great Awakening
A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.
Sectional Tariff*
1824, (JMon)was a protective tariff in the United States designed to protect American industry in the face of cheaper British commodities, especially iron products, wool and cotton textiles, and agricultural goods., Calhoun thought South suffered
Sectionalism
Different parts of the country developing unique and separate cultures (as the North, South, and West). This can (and did) lead to conflict.
Sedition Act
1798, (JA) , made it a crime to write, print, utter, or publish criticism of the president of government
Selective Service Act*
(FDR) 1940, first peace time draft, 21 through 35 years old
Self Governing Colony
Colony allowed to self-govern. (Connecticut, Rhode Island)
Seminoles
A tribe of Native Americans who inhabited Florida. Lost war and were removed to west of the Mississippi in 1840s.
Senator Joseph McCarthy (McCarthyism)
(HT) , claimed he had a list of 205 people who were communist in the state department. He said there were communist in the army, that’s when he went to far
Seneca Falls Convention
Kicked off the equal-rights-for-women campaign led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony (1848)
Service Employees International Union (SEIU)?
The SEIU was founded in 1921 in Chicago, currently the fastest growing labor union in the United States, representing 1.8 million workers in about 100 occupations in the United States and Canada. The main divisions are Health Care (almost 50% of the union’s membership, including hospital, home care and nursing home workers.), Public Services (government employees), and Property Services (including janitors and security officers). With over 300 local branches, SEIU is affiliated with the Change to Win Federation.
Settlement houses
Social and Cultural centers established in slum areas in the 1890s and early 1900s.
Seventeenth Amendment
(WW) , direct election of senators
Seward Purchase of Alaska
Paid $7.2 million for “Seward’s icebox,” but later proved to be useful addition.
Shakers
“Universal Friends” - Promoted celibacy (died out unsurprisingly)
Sharecropping
A system of farming that developed in the South after the Civil War. Laborers were given a third of the crop.
Shawnees
Tribe of Native Americans from the Mid-West. Joined the British against the Americans in war of 1812.
Shay’s Rebellion
An uprising in MA in 1786, whose occurance demonstrated the need for a stronger national government.
Sherman Antitrust Act
Federal law passed in 1890s against Monopolies. Used against Standard Oil and American Tobacco Company.
Sherman Silver Purchase Act
Forced the treasury to buy 4.5 million ounces of silver each month. However, the price of silver did not rise and precious gold was being drained away from the treasury while cheap silver piled up. Led to panic of 1893.
