FSOT Master 3 Flashcards
Hartford Convention
A secret convention of Federalists held in Hartford to discuss their party status and War of 1812. When they wrote their “resolutions†and considered secession, many viewed them as traitors, which ultimately led to the downfall of their party. (1814)
Harvard College
Founded in 1636, it was the first college in the colonies.
Hawaiian Incident
(GC2) 1893, Queen Liliuokalani had Hawaii, Americans wanted land to grow sugar, Queen was depost, US govt petitioned to annex Haiwaii, but Cleveland against it, did it in favor of Queen, but it was annexed anyways in 1898
Hawley-Smoot Act?
Tarriff act enacted in 1930, it imposed record tariffs to protect US companies. Some say it made the depression worse.
Hay Bunau Varillia Treaty
(TR) Panama allowed US a 10 mile strip of land, work down under the army of Colonel Gorgas and direction under Colonel Goethals. U.S. garantee of independence for newly created Republic of Panama
Hay Pauncefote Treaty
(TR) , negotiations with Colombia, six mile strip of land in Panama, $10 million, US could dig canal without British involvement
Haymarket Riot?
Began in 1886 with a riot at the McCormick Harvester plant in Chicago where unionized workers were striking for shorter work days and then a few days later moved to Haymarket Square where a protest meeting was called to denounce the events of the previous day; resulted in several deaths.
Healthcare Coverage
(GB1) cost of health care rose as well as those without it
Hearst
Newspaper publisher who adopted a sensationalist style. His reporting was partly responsible for igniting the Spanish-American War. The most famous yellow journalist.
Helen Keller
Blind and deaf, overcame her adversities. Known for her persistence and courage.
Helent Hunt Jackson/”A Century of Disorder”
Detailed the injustices of the reservation system, and inspired reformers to push for a change.
Helsinki Accords
(GF) first signed by Canada, US, Soviet Union, and 32 others which pledged cooperation between East and West Europe and to reduce tension associated with the Cold War, eventually Communist Party died in East Europe in 1991
Henry Cabot Lodge
Lodge was against the League of Nations, so he packed the foreign relations committee with critics and was successful in convincing the Senate to reject the treaty.
Henry Clay
Helped orchestrate the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850 to hold the Union together.
Henry Clay’s American System
Plan for economic growth: establish a protective tariff, establish a national bank, and improve the country’s transporation system
Henry Ford
1913 - Ford developed the mass-produced Model-T car, which sold at an affordable price. It pioneered the use of the assembly line. Also greatly increased his workers wages and instituted many modern concepts of regular work hours and job benefits. Sloan, an American industrialist, helped found project.
Henry Kissinger
Secretary of State to Nixon, opened diplomatic relations with China. Helped negotiate end of Vietnam war. Won Nobel prize in 1973.
Henry L. Stimson and Manchuria
1932 - Japan’s seizure of Manchuria brought this pronouncement by Hoover’s Secretary of State, Henry Stimson, that the U.S. would not recognize any changes to China’s territory, nor any impairment of China’s sovereignty.
Hepburn Act
(TR) 1906, , Gives the ICC the power to set maximum railroad rates, finally giving the agency enforcement power
Herbert Hoover
1929-1933, Republican, “rugged individualism”, first time Catholic runs for president (Alfred E. Smith), “pump priming”
Hessians
German mercenaries who, because they were lured by booty and not duty, had large numbers desert and remained in America to become respectful citizens.
Hinton R. Helper
Hinton Helper of North Carolina spoke for poor, non-slave-owing Whites in his 1857 book, which as a violent attack on slavery. It wasn’t written with sympathy for Blacks, who Helper despised, but with a belief that the economic system of the South was bringing ruin on the small farmer.
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
(FDR following death) nuclear attacks during World War II against the Empire of Japan by the United States of America at the order of U.S. President Harry S. Truman
HMOS
(WJC) care come from large range of doctors and hospitals, large businesses and ogvt, trouble getting health care when needed, managed care sure patients get better, not sicker, he failed to reform nation’s healthcare system
Ho Chi Minh
North Vietnamese leader who had lead the resistance against the Japanese during WW II and at the end of the war had led the uprising against the French Colonial government. He had traveled in Europe, was an ardent Communist, and became President of the North Vietnamese government established after the French withdrawal. Often called the George Washington of North Vietnam.
Home Owners Loan Act
(FDR) 1934, refinancing mortgages at lower rates, preventing foreclosure of home mortgages
Homestead Act
Allowed a settler to acquire as much as 160 acres of land by living on it for five years, improving it, and paying $30. Urged many to move out West.
Homestead Strike
Strike that turned violent at Carnegie’s Homestead steel plant. (1892)
Hoovervilles
Encampments of the poor and homeless that sprang p during the Great Depression.
Horace Mann
Secretary of Massachusetts Board of Education - created public school system in MASS - became model for nation
Horatio Alger
Writer of novels stressing rags to riches stories of boys
Horizontal Integration
Owning many different businesses who sell the same thing.
- Ex: Gap owns Forth and Towne, Banana Republic, Old Navy, and the GAP company itself.
House Divided speech
Speech given by Lincoln early on saying that crisis was inevitable on issue of slavery.
House of Burgesses
The House of Burgeses was the first representative assembly in the New World. The London Company authorized the settlers to summon an assembly, known as the House of Burgeses. A momentous precedent was thus feebly established, for this assemblage was the first of many miniature parliaments to sprout form the soil of America.
How did the AFL and CIO differ historically?
The AFL was a craft union, while the CIO was an industrial union.
How long did reconstruction last?
1865 to 1877 the states of the Confederacy were controlled by the federal government before being readmitted to the Union. First were occupied by Union armies, then readmitted to the union after elections which saw many former slaves vote, and blacks even win positions of power.
HUAC
Committee in the House of Representatives founded on a temporary basis in 1938 to monitor activities of foreign agents. Made a standing committee in 1945. During World War II it investigated pro-fascist groups, but after the war it turned to investigating alleged communists. From 1947-1949, it conducted a series of sensational investigations into supposed communist infiltration of the U.S. government and Hollywood film industry.
Huey Long
The Share the Wealth society was founded in 1934 by Senator Huey Long of Louisiana. He called for the confiscation of all fortunes over $5 million and a 100% tax on annual incomes over $1 million. He was assassinated in 1935 and his successor Gerald K. Smith lacked the ability to be a strong head of the society.
Hugo Black
Supreme court justice 1937-1971, strong defender of civil liberties.
Hurrican Andrew
(GB1) 1992, delayed so critizied Federal Emergency Managment Agency (FEMA)
I shall return
Words of MacArthur when he left Phillipines to invading Japanese. He returned in 1944.
Ida Tarbell
Wrote History of the Standard Oil Company in 1904 which exposed the monpolistic practices of the Standard Oil Company. Strengthened the movement for outlawing monopolies. A muckraker novel.
Immigration Act
(LBJ) 1965, law discontinued quota based on national origin
immigration act of 1924?
Set immigration quotas of 2 percent of the number of foreign-born persons from a given nation, based on the Census of 1890. Drastically cut immigration from south and east europe, as well as asia.
Immigration act of 1986?
In 1986, Congress passed the Immigration Reform and Control Act, a comprehensive overhaul of immigration policy designed to nationalize all of the country’s permanent inhabitants and prevent illegal entrance in the future. The bill granted temporary resident status to illegal aliens who had lived continuously in the United States since before January 1, 1982. With a basic understanding of English and American civics, these temporary residents could become permanent residents after 18 months. Illegal aliens who had lived in the United States for three years and worked at least 90 days each year in American agriculture could also claim temporary resident status and could become permanent residents three years after the bill’s enactment if they worked in agriculture at least one more year. To discourage people from entering the country illegally, Congress authorized over $400 million per year for two years to the INS and strengthened penalties for knowingly hiring an illegal immigrant or smuggling illegal immigrants into the United States.
Immigration act of 1990?
In 1990, Congress passed the Immigration Act, approving a substantial increase in immigration. The United States would now admit 700,000 new immigrants annually, up from 500,000 before the bill’s passage. The new system continued to favor people with family members already in the United States, but added 55,000 “diversity visas” for countries from which few were emigrating as well as 40,000 permanent job-related visas and 65,000 temporary worker visas. Additional provisions strengthened the U.S. Border Patrol and altered language regarding disease restrictions in a way that permitted the secretary of Health and Human Services to remove AIDS from the list of illnesses making a prospective immigrant ineligible to enter the country.
Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965?
The Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965 (also known as the Hart-Celler Act or the INS Act of 1965) abolished the national-origin quotas that had been in place in the United States since the Immigration Act of 1924. An annual limitation of 170,000 visas was established for immigrants from Eastern Hemisphere countries with no more than 20,000 per country. By 1968, the annual limitation from the Western Hemisphere was set at 120,000 immigrants, with visas available on a first-come, first-served basis. The democratic controlled Congress (House of Representatives voted 326 to 69) in favor while the Senate passed the bill by a vote of (76 to 18). President Lyndon Johnson signed the legislation into law.
Impeachment of Johnson
Congress, who strongly disliked Johnson, finally got it’s chance to impeach him when he violated the Tenure of Office Act (even though it was unfair).
Impressment
British seamen often deserted to join the American merchant marines. The British would board American vessels in order to retrieve the deserters, and often seized any sailor who could not prove that he was an American citizen and not British.
Income Tax Cut
(LBJ) 1964, income tax was reduced to some extent, cuts were made in govt. spending, armed forces installations were shut down
Independent Treasury Act
“Divorced” US government from banking. Passed in 1840 but was repealed by Whigs (who wanted to revive Bank of US) the next year.
Independent Treasury System AKA Subtreasuries
(MVB), 1840 Meant to keep government out of banking. Vaults were to be constructed in various cities to collect and expand government funds in gold and silver. Proposed after the National Bank was destroyed as a method for maintaining government funds with minimum risk. Passed by Van Buren and Polk.
Indian Removal Act?
(1830): A law passed by Congress in order to facilitate the relocation of American Indian tribes living east of the Mississippi River to lands further west. It authorized President Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living within the boundaries of existing U.S. states. Resulted in the forcable movement of tens of thousands of native americans. The most well known was the Trail of Tears (1838), when 4,000 cherokees were killed during their forced relocation.
Indian Removal Bill
(RBH), put down of Sioux uprising in Minnesota and the Dakota (last tribe)
Initiatives
People have the right to propose a new law. Made elected officials more responsible and sensitive to the needs of the people, and part of the movement to make government more efficient and scientific.
Insular Cases
(WMc) , These were court cases dealing with islands/countries that had been recently annexed and demanded the rights of a citizen. These Supreme Court cases decided that the Constitution did not always follow the flag, thus denying the rights of a citizen to Puerto Ricans and Filipinos. It was congress who had the power
Intermidate Nuclear Forces Treaty*
(RR), 1987, Reagan and Gorbachev signed treaty to eliminate Soviet and American medium range nuclear missiles, Soviet economy cut back on military, treaty was gain for the West, more critical problem was nuclear testing, first joint reduction, on site inspection for the first time.
International Confederation of Free Trade Unions?
Claiming 157 million members in 225 affiliated organisations in 148 countries and territories, the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) came into being on December 7, 1949 following a split within the World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU). Central to the ICFTU’s work has been the struggle to defend workers’ rights. The ICFTU lobbies for the ratification of what it calls “core labour standards” – the various conventions of the International Labour Organization.
International Military Tribunal*
(HT) Robert Jackson, defined crime as something against - peace, humanity, and international law
International Trade Agreement*
(WJC) Mickey Kantor, agreement in Tokyo, cut tariff to reduce consumer prices and raise living standards around the world, however didn’t resolve tariff cuts on apparel and textiles, to achieve success, US had to open its border wider to foreign textiles
Internment of Japanese Americans
More than 100,000 people put in relocation camps during WWII.
Interstate Commerce Act
(GC) 1887, a law that made a federal Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate unfair railroad practices
Interstate Commerce Commission
A five member board that monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states.
Interstate Highway Act
(DDE), now rapid growth of suburban housing, like Levittown, NY , 1956 law that authorized the speding of $32 billion to build 41,000 miles oh highway. The scale of suburban growth would not have been remotely possible without a massive federal program of highway building. Committed to the idea of easing automobile travel, President Eisenhower authorized the first funding of the Interstate system in 1953. Further legislation passed by Congress in 1956 resulted in the Interstate Highway Act. This consisted of multilane expressways that would connect the nations major cities. Biggest public works expedenture in history even bigger than any New Deal program. The new highways eased commutes from suburbs to cities, boosted travel and vacation industries.
Intolerable Acts
Intolerable Acts, passed in 1774, were the combination of the four Coercive Acts, meant to punish the colonists after the 1773, Boston Tea Party and the unrelated Quebec Act. The Intolerable Acts were seen by American colonists as a blueprint for a British plan to deny the Americans representative government. They were the impetus for the convening of the First Continental Congress.
Iran-Contra affair
Sale of arms to Iran in exchange for release of American hostages in Lebannon. Proceeds from sales illegally transferred to Contras.
Iron Curtain
(HT) , Term used by Churchill in 1946 to describe the growing East-West divide in postwar Europe between communist and democratic nations
Irreconcilables
Senators who voted against the League of Nations with or without reservations
IWW?
The IWW was founded in Chicago in June 1905 at a convention of two hundred socialists, anarchists, and radical trade unionists from all over the United States (mainly the Western Federation of Miners) who were opposed to the policies of the American Federation of Labor. The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or the Wobblies) is a famous international union currently headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. It contends that all workers should be united within a single union as a class and the wage system abolished. At its peak in 1923 the organization claimed some 100,000 members in good standing, and could marshal the support of perhaps 300,000 workers. Its membership declined dramatically after a 1924 split brought on by internal conflict and government repression. Today it numbers about 2,000 members world-wide, but with a recent renewal of organizing activity membership appears to be rising again. IWW membership does not require that one works in a represented workplace, nor does it exclude membership in another labor union.
J. Edgar Hoover
Director of FBI 1921-1972. Vigorous investigation of gangsters and spies. Controversial because seen as overzealous with respect to communists.
J.P. Morgan
Business man -refinanced railroads during depression of 1893 - built intersystem alliance by buying stock in competeing railroads - marketed US governemnt securities on large scale
Jackie Robinson
First black to play major league baseball.
Jacksonian Democracy
The Jacksonian era (1829-1841) included many reforms: free public schools, more women’s rights, better working conditions in factories, and the rise of the Abolition movement. In the election, Jackson was portrayed as a common man and his opponent, J.Q. Adams, was attacked for his aristocratic principles. Electors in the Electoral College were also chosen by popular vote. Common man, nationalism, National Nominating Conventions.
Jacob Riis
Early 1900’s writer who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. Muckraker novel, How the Other Half Lives. It shocked the middle class and deeply influenced Theodore Roosevelt.
James A. Garfield
1881, Republican, Greenback Labor Party, Republican - protective tariff, Democrats - revenue tariff, shot by Julius Guiteau (mental unstable, thought unfair spoils system)
James Buchanan
1857-1861, Democrat, Know-Nothings Party (Fillmore), Democrats (Compromise of 1850 and Kansas Nebraska Bill)
James G. Blaine
The 1884 nomination for the Rebublican presidential candidate. Pan-Americanism stated that events in the Americans affected the U.S. and we thus had reason to intervene.
- Pushed the “Big Sister” Policy and said we should open Latin American markets to Yankee traders.
James Garfield
President 1881. Assassinated by a man who had been angered by not having received a public job under the Spoils System. Gave momentum to abandon this system.
James K. Polk
Polk was a slave owning southerner dedicated to Democratic party. In 1844, he was a “dark horse” candidate for president, and he won the election. Polk favored American expansion, especially advocating the annexation of Texas, California, and Oregon. He was a friend and follower of Andrew Jackson. He opposed Clay’s American System, instead advocating lower tariff, separation the treasury and the federal government from the banking system. He was a nationalist who believed in Manifest Destiny.
James Madison
The author of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights, Madison was also the father of the Federalist party and the fourth President of the United States. He was President during the war of 1812 and was also Vice-President under Jefferson. He was a great statesman but was not a strong president.
James Meredith
James tried to attend the University of Mississippi and encountered violent opposition so Kennedy sent in troops for him to graduate.
James Monroe
President after Madison. Issued the Monroe doctrine and the Missouri Compromise took place during his presidency.
Jamestown?
The first successful English colony, established in 1607 on a small river near Chesapeake Bay. It was headed by John Smith, who befriended Pocahontas. It was all male.
Jane Addams
Social reformer who worked to improve the lives of the working class. In 1889 she founded Hull House in Chicago, the first private social welfare agency in the U.S., to assist the poor, combat juvenile delinquency and help immigrants learn to speak English. Provided such services as English lessons, day care, child care classes, and playgrounds.
Japan Trade
(FP), Matthew C. Perry with Japan, Japan dominant power in Far East
Japanese Strike?
It has the workers maximizing their output. They are nominally working as usual but the surplus can break the planning, especially in just-in-time systems.
Jay’s Treaty
1794 – It was signed in the hopes of settling the growing conflicts between the U.S. and Britain. It dealt with the Northwest posts and trade on the Mississippi River. It was unpopular with most Americans because it did not punish Britain for the attacks on neutral American ships. It was particularly unpopular with France, because the U.S. also accepted the British restriction on the rights of neutrals.
Jazz Age
1920s jazz popular, also time of attacks on convention in many areas of American life.
Jeanette Rankin
First woman to serve in Congress. Suffragist and pacifist, voted against US involvement in WWI and WWII.
Jefferson Davis
President of the Confederacy
Jeffersonian democracy
Less radical than Jacksonian democracy, called for leadership by those with greatest ability, not common man.
Jeffersonianism vs. Hamiltonianism
Rival ideas of American Government. Jefferson preferred strong states and focus on agriculture. Hamilton said strong federal government and focus on industrial development.
Jesse Owens
African American who won 4 gold medals at Olympic games in Germany under Hitler (a blow to Nazi notions of a master race).
JFK
1961-1963, Democrat, both parties had the platform of civil rights planks and a national health program, used president to be elected and first Roman Catholic
Jim Crow Laws
State laws which created a racial caste system in the South. They included the laws which prevented blacks from voting and those which created segregated facilities.
Jim Fisk / Jay Gould
Stock manipulators and brothers-in-law of President Grant, they made money selling gold.
Jim Thorpe
Native American olympic athelete in 1912 games.
Jimmy Carter
Peanut farmer who became President. Helped negotiate peace between Egypt and Israel. Seen as too weak, especially after Iran hostage situation. Lost to Regan and became international peacemaker.
Jimmy Hoffa
Labor leader who build the Teamsters Union. Considered corrupt and was likely killed.
John Dewey
Philosophical driver of progressive education in late 19th, early 20th century.
John Adams
Founding father, signer of the declaration of independence, second president. Avoided war with France. Alien & Sedition Acts passed while he was president.
John Birch Society
Conservative group in 50s and 60s, particularly concerned about Communists. Seen as extreme.
John Brown
In 1859, the militant abolitionist John Brown seized the U.S. arsenal at Harper’s Ferry. He planned to end slavery by massacring slave owners and freeing their slaves. He was captured and executed.
John Calhoun
Southern leader who championed slavery and States’ rights. He led nullification movement, and his thinking helped point the way to the civil war
John D. Long
He was a Navy secretary and much of the readiness of the army was owed to him and Theodore Roosevelt.
John D. Rockefeller
American businessman - founder of Standard Oil Co. (major monopoly)
John Dewey
American philosopher and educator, he led the philosophical movement called Pragmatism. Influenced by evolution, he believed that only reason and knowledge could be used to solve problems. Wanted educational reforms.
John Dillinger
Famous bank robber in 1930s.
John F. Kennedy (JFK)
President 1961-63. Brought US out of Cuban Missile Crisis, negotiated the NTBT of 1963. Responsible for the Bay of Pigs disaster. Domestic Agenda called New Frontier. Strongly supported space program and the civil rights movement. Shot by Lee Harvey Oswald.
John Foster Dulles
As Secretary of State. he viewed the struggle against Communism as a classic conflict between good and evil. Believed in containment and the Eisenhower doctrine.
John Hay
September, 1899 - Hay sent imperialist nations a note asking them to offer assurance that they would respect the principle of equal trade opportunities, specifically in the China market.
John L. Lewis
Boss of the United Mine Workers who succeeded in forming the Committee for Industrial Organization.
John Marshall
Chief of Justice that established judicial review and laid the groundwork for a broad interpretation of the Constitution. Chief justice of Supreme Court during Marbury vs. Madison.
John Maynard Keynes
Suggested deficit spending which was later embraced by FDR.
John Pershing
Commander of US troops in WWI in Europe.
John Quincy Adams
Helped negotiate the Treaty of Ghent.
- He served under President Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the U.S. Florida in exchange for the U.S. dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams’ work.
John Slidell
1845 - He went to Mexico to pay for disputed Texas and California land. But the Mexican government was still angry about the annexation of Texas and refused to talk to him.
John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath
1939 - Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath was about “Okies” from Oklahoma migrating from the Dust Bowl to California in the midst of the Depression.
John Tyler
tenth President
- President following the death of William Henry Harrison
- States’ righter, Southerner, and strict constitutionalist
- Rejected the programs of the Whigs who had elected Harrison, which led them to turn against him
- Settled Webster-Ashburton Treaty between the United States and Britain
- Helped Texas achieve statehood in 1845
John Wilkes Booth
The assassin of Lincoln, fanatically devoted to the Confederate cause.
John Winthrop
As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony’s government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a “city upon a hill” from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.
Johnny Appleseed
An American folk hero who traveled throughout the mid-west encouraging people to plant orchards.
Johnson Impeachment
(AJohn) fired someone who was on tenure, only republican, democrats looking for reason to get rid of him
Joint-Stock Company
A group of investors who bought the right to establish New World plantations from the King.
Jonathan Edwards
An American clergyman who was a leader of the Great Awakening in the 1730s.
Jones Act
(WW) 1916, Promised Philippine independence. Given freedom in 1917, their economy grew as a satellite of the U.S. Filipino independence was not realized for 30 years.
Joseph McCarthy
Senator who led an effort to identify ‘communists’ who he said had infiltrated the federal government. Often used ‘guilt by association.’
Joseph Pulitzer
Owner of the “New York World,” helped originate and title the practice of sensationalistic “yellow journalism.”
Josiah Strong
Enivisioned a “final competition of races,” in which the Anglo-Saxons would emerge victorious.
- In the book Our Country, Strong argued that the American country and people were superior because they were Anglo-Saxon.
- Helped write the Yellow Press.
Judicial Nationalism
The Constitution and Federal Law is superior to State Constitutions and State Law—Article VI of the Constitution
- The Supreme Court is the final arbiter on Constitutional Questions
Judiciary Act of 1789
It organized the Supreme Court, originally with five justices and a chief justice along with several federal district and circuit courts. It also created the attorney general’s office. This Act created the judiciary branch of the U.S. government and thus helped to shape the future of this country.
Kansas-Nebraska Act
created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands, repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and allowed the settlers to decide whether or not to have slavery within those territories
Keating-Owen Child Labor Act
Prohibited the sale of interstate commerce goods produced by children
Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928
1928 “Pact of Paris” or “Treaty for the Renunciation of War,” it made war illegal as a tool of national policy, allowing only defensive war. The Treaty was generally believed to be useless.
Kennedy Assassination
(JFK) , Kennedy was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald in Dallas 1963, LBJ took the oath of office
Kent State
National Guard killed 4 students who were demonstrating against the Vietnam war. Served to turn moderates against the war.
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
Jefferson and Madison’s response to Alien and Sedition Acts. Promoted states’ right to nullify federal laws considered unconstitutional (1799)
Key Players of Mexican War
Fremont - “Pathfinder” California, Kearny - New Mexico, Winfield Scott - Vera Cruz to Mexico City (ended war), Zachary Taylor - Buena Vista
King Cotton
Expression used by Southern authors and orators before the civil War to indicate the economic dominance of the Southern cotton industry, and that the North needed the south’s cotton. In a speech to the Senate in 1858, James Hammond declared, “You daren’t make war against cotton!…Cotton is king!â€
King George’s War
War between British and Spaniards on American soil.
King Philip’s War
Bloodiest English-Native American conflict of the time. Leader of the Pokanokets, Metacomet, led attacks on several expanding colonist settlements. He formed an alliance with other tribes, but soon they were defeated due to lack of supplies.
King William’s War
War against French and Natiive Americans on Canadian Border (1689-97)
Kit Carson
Helped open up California, a general in the Civil War, and displacer of Navajo
Klondike Gold Rush*
(WMc) occurred in the Yukon Territory in 1897 after gold was discovered there
Knights of Labor
(GC) , one of the most important American labor organizations of the 19th century. Founded by seven Philadelphia tailors in 1869 and led by Uriah S. Stephens, its ideology may be described as producerist, demanding an end to child and convict labor, equal pay for women, a progressive income tax, and the cooperative employer-employee ownership of mines and factories. Leaderships under Powderly, successful with Southwest Railroad System, failed after Haymarket Riot
Know Nothing
1850s - Nativist movement - against Irish Immigrants and Roman Catholics
Korean war
(HT) 1950-1953, division between US and Russia, UN formed a representative govt there, NOrth Korean crossed the 38th parallel in force to South, so Truman order troops to Korea, sent MacArthur with UN forces, Mao Tse-tung (North Korea) was against the US, but MacArthur said he needed to to “end the war” offensive, but Red Chinese helped NK, MacArthur wanted to attack against but Truman said no, and MacArthur insulted Truman, so Truman got rid of him
Korematsu v. United States
(1944) Japanese American was convicted of not reporting to internment camp. Court upheld the president’s power to intern probable threats during wartime
Ku Klux Klan
A secret society dedicated to the supremecy of White People in the U.S. Began during reconstruction, and has waxed and waned since. Burn crosses to intimidate people to leave an area.
Kyoto Accord*
(WJC), multilateral environmental agreement which called on industrial nations to cut the discharge of harmful gases
Labor during Reagan
(RR) 1980s, decline in industrial unions and less factory workers, but more service industry personnel, United Auto Workers and United Mine Workers diminished contracts, gave up wages and benefits in exchange for greater job security, mostly made of the middle class.
Laissez Faire
(USG) , the doctrine that government should not interfere in commercial affairs
Land Ordinance of 1785
A red letter law which stated that disputed land the Old Northwest was to be equally divided into townships and sold for federal income. Promoted education and ended confusing legal disagreements over land.
Land Ordinance of 1787
Once a territory reached 60,000 citizens, it could become a state.
Lecopmton Constitution
Proslavery Kansans drafted constitution, but voters had to vote for it “with slavery” or “with no slavery.” Win-win situation for them, because constitution w/o slavery protected rights of slave-holding Kansans. Buchanan supported it, but Douglas made sure entire constitution went up for vote instead.
Lee Harvey Oswald
November, 22, 1963 - Oswald shot Kennedy from a Dallas book depository building, and was later himself killed by Jack Ruby. Chief Justice Earl Warren ruled that they both acted alone.
Lend Lease Act*
(FDR) , 1941 March; Congress’ act which allied the president to lend or sell war materials to any country he deemed vital to that country’s defense, had to return things though, Taft was against, used “gum theory”
Letter from Birmingham Jail
Letters written by MLK encouraging non-violent protest against segregation.
Lewis & Clark expedition
Explored the Northwest, newly purchased from France. Helped open up the area.
Liberal Republicans*
(USG) , wanted to end Reconstruction, sought honest government, and the riding of “grantism’, so they nominated Greeley as their candidate. The Democratic Party had also chosen Greeley, hoping that Grant would be defeated if they united against him. But Regular Republicans renominated Grant. The Republicans controlled enough Black votes to gain victory for Grant.
Liberty Loans
(WW) , War bonds to help fund the war
Liberty Party
Antislavery party that won 16,000 votes in election of 1844, hurt Clay’s chance at victory.
Lincoln Steffens
(TR) , United States journalist who exposes in 1906 started an era of muckraking journalism (1866-1936)
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
Debates during Illinois Senate race, focused largely on slavery. Propelled Lincoln to be national figure.
Lincoln’s Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (10% Plan)
Proclaimed a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10% of its voters pledged their allegiance to the U.S. and emancipation, and then formally erected a state government.
Lincoln’s second inaugural address
Delivered after victory in Civil War. Called for malice toward none, reconciliation and reconstruction.
Little Rock
(DDE) , Governor Faubus ordered the Arkansas National Guard to surround Central High School to keep the nine students from entering the school, because he believed black and whites should be segregated, despite Federal laws on integration. President Dwight D. Eisenhower ordered the 101st Airborne Division to keep them safe
Lochner v. New York
Invalidated a New York law establishing a ten-hour day for bakers, was later repealed. (1905)
London Economic Conference
In the summer of 1933, 66 nations sent delegates to the London Economic Conference. The delegates hoped to organize a coordinated international attack on the global depression. They sought to stabilize the values of various nations’ currencies and the rates at which they could be exchanged. President Roosevelt, at first, agreed to send delegates to the conference, but had second thoughts after he realized that an international agreement to maintain the value of the dollar in terms of other currencies wouldn’t allow him to inflate the value of the dollar. He declared that America wouldn’t take place in the negotiations. Without support from the United States, the London Economic Conference fell apart. The collapse strengthened the global trend towards nationalism, while making international cooperation increasingly difficult.
Lone Star State
Perhaps one of the most recognized nicknames of any state, “The Lone Star State” comes from the symbolism of the star on the 1836 flag of the republic, the “National Standard of Texas.” The single golden star on a blue background signified Texas as an independent republic and was a reminder of the state’s struggle for independence from Mexico.
- A single star was part of the Long Expedition (1819), Austin Colony (1821) and several flags of the early Republic of Texas. Some say that the star represented the wish of many Texans to achieve statehood in the United States. Others say it originally represented Texas as the lone state of Mexico which was attempting to uphold its rights under the Mexican Constitution of 1824.
Los Angeles Riots
(GB1) , Outbreak of violence in 1992 caused by the acquittal of four white policemen of beating an African American = Rodney King, motorist in Los Angeles
Lou Gehrig
Famous contemporary of Babe Ruth. Later developed rare nervous system disease now known as ‘Lou Gehrig disease.’
Louis Brandeis
Supreme court justice 1916-1939, argued that economic and social facts had to take precedence over legal theory.
Louis Sullivan
Known as the father of the skyscraper because he designed the first steel-skeleton skyscraper. Mentor of Frank Lloyd Wright.
Louisiana Purchase
- Jefferson feared Napolean’s imperial ambitions so wanted to buy the land. Napolean just wanted the cash ($15 million). Effectively doubled the size of the U.S.
Lowell System
Guaranteed employees housing in respectable, chaperoned boardinghouses, cash wages, and participation in cultural and social events.
Loyalists
Those who supported the King.
- They often went to battle against fellow Americans, and were called “Tories.â€
- They were generally conservatives.
- They were most numerous where the Anglican Church was strongest.
- They were less numerous in New England, where Presbyterianism and Congregationalism flourished.
Lucretia Mott
(AJ) , was an American Quaker minister, abolitionist, social reformer and proponent of women’s rights. She is credited as the first American “feminist” in the early 1800s but was, more accurately, the initiator of women’s political advocacy.
Lusitania
(WW), British passenger boat sunk by a German submarine that claimed 1,000 lives. One of main reasons US decided to join the war.
Lynch law
The punishment of supposed criminals, especially by hanging, by agreement of a crowd. Used in the West as a way of maintaining minimum law and order before courts set up.
Lyndon Johnson
President 1963-69. Became president when Kennedy assassinated. Guided Kennedy’s New Frontier, including Voting Rights Act of 1965. His domestic program was the Great Society. Sharp buildup of forces in Vietnam.
Macon Act
(JM), 1810, The Macon Bill stated that if either Britain or France agreed to observe the neutrality of the United States, the US would resume trading with that country and continue the embargo on the other. The French soon agreed to American demands.
Madeline Albright
First woman secretary of state under Clinton
Malcolm X
One-time pimp and street hustler, converted to a Black Muslim while in prison. At first urged Blacks to seize their freedom by any means necessary, but later changed position and advocated racial harmony. He was assassinated in February, 1965.
Manhattan Project
Name of program to develop atomic weapons in WWII.
Manifest destiny
Belief in 1840s that the US was destined to expand across North America to the Pacific Ocean.
Mann-Elkins Act
Further extended the regulatory ability of the ICC by letting it regulate cable and wireless companies dealing with telephone and telegraph lines.
Marbury v. Madison
1803 (TJ) , The 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the U.S. Constitution. The decision established the Court’s power of judicial review over acts of Congress, in this case the Judiciary Act of 1789
Marcus Garvey
Black separatist and nationalist of 1920s. Helped ship Blacks back to Africa. Was later deported for fear of his influence on the black community.
Margaret Sanger
Founder in 10s and 20s of Birth Control movement. Later headed Planned Parenthood Federation.
Marquis de Lafayette
French General who helped American Revolution and later became important in French Revolution.
Martin Luther King
Most prominent member of the Civil rights Movement. Letters from Birmingham Jail set tone for non-violent resistance. Helped organize march on Washington and gave I have a Dream speech. Received Nobel prize and was assissinated in 1968.
Martin Van Buren
Supported by Jackson and became his successor, but did little as president and is often forgotten.
Mary Lyon
(AJ) in 1837 founded the first college for women, Mount Holyoke Female Seminary
Mary McLeod Bethune
Founded National Council of Negro Women, promoted teaching of black history
Maryland
Declared by Lord Baltimore as haven of religious tolerance for all Christians. Became first major Catholic enclave in the New World.
Maryland Toleration Act
A legal document that allowed all Christian religions in Maryland. Protestants invaded the Catholics in 1649 around Maryland, and this protected the Catholics from Protestant rage of sharing the land. Maryland became the #1 colony to shelter Catholics in the New World.
Mashall Plan
Introduced by Secretary of State George G. Marshall in 1947, he proposed massive and systematic American economic aid to Europe to revitalize the European economies after WWII and help prevent the spread of Communism.
Mason-Dixon line
Line dividing Maryland and PA, considered the line between slaveholding vs. free states.
Massachusetts Bay Colony
One of the first settlements in New England. Established in 1629 and led under John Winthrop, it became a major Puritan colony.It was a major trading center, and absorbed the Plymouth community
