FSOT Master 7

Question 1

Ahisma

Answer 1

A Jainism principle: the non violence towards all living things.

Question 2

Akbar

Answer 2

Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus. (p. 536)

Question 3

Akhenaten

Answer 3

Egyptian pharaoh (r. 1353-1335 B.C.E.). He built a new capital at Amarna, fostered a new style of naturalistic art, and created a religious revolution by imposing worship of the sun-disk. (p.66)

Question 4

Albert Einstein

Answer 4

German physicist who developed the theory of relativity, which states that time, space, and mass are relative to each other and not fixed. (p. 774)

Question 5

Aleandria

Answer 5

City on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt founded by Alexander. It became the capital of the Hellenistic kingdom of the Ptolemies. It contained the famous Library and the Museum-a center for leading scientific and literary figures. (138)

Question 6

Alexander

Answer 6

King of Macedonia in northern Greece. Between 334 and 323 B.C.E. he conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus Valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread Greek culture across the Middle East. Later known as Alexander the Great. (p. 136)

Question 7

Alexander Nevski

Answer 7

Prince of Novgorod (r. 1236-1263). He submitted to the invading Mongols in 1240 and received recognition as the leader of the Russian princes under the Golden Horde. (p. 339)

Question 8

Alexander the Great

Answer 8

Macedonia. He conquered Persia and ruled over Greece, allowing Greek culture to prosper.

Question 9

Alfred Dreyfus

Answer 9

Highest ranking jewish officer in the french army around 1894. Falsly accused of being a spy.

Question 10

Alhambra Palace

Answer 10

The palace was in Granada, Spain and it reflects Islamic-Spanish civilization

Question 11

Allah

Answer 11

The one true god of Islam.

Question 12

Allied Powers?

Answer 12

The countries of Britain, Soviet Union, United States, and France that formed an alliance during World War II.

Question 13

All-India Muslim League

Answer 13

Political organization founded in India in 1906 to defend the interests of India’s Muslim minority. Led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, it attempted to negotiate with the Indian National Congress. Demanded Pakistan (813)

Question 14

Amazon River

Answer 14

Greatest river of South America and the largest drainage system in the world in terms of the volume of its flow and the area of its basin. Total length of the river—measured from the headwaters of the Ucayali-Apurímac river system in Peru — is about 4,000 miles, which is slightly shorter than the Nile River. Its westernmost source is high in the Andes Mountains, within 100 miles of the Pacific Ocean, and its mouth is in the Atlantic Ocean.

Question 15

Amon

Answer 15

Egyptian god related to the creator god.

Question 16

Anasazi

Answer 16

Important culture of what is now the southwest (1000-1300 C.E.). Centered on Chaco Canyon in New Mexico and Mesa Verde in Colorado, the Anasazi culture built multistory residences and worshipped in subterranean buildings called kivas. (pg 308)

Question 17

Ancien regime

Answer 17

Time before French revolution, built on belief of absolute monarchy and divine right of kings

Question 18

Andrei Sakharov

Answer 18

Developed soviet H-bomb. Later became critic of Soviets, exiled and awarded Nobel.

Question 19

Anwar Sadat

Answer 19

Egyptian president who signed peace with Israel, but later assassinated for it.

Question 20

Appeal of June 18?

Answer 20

A speech on June 18th, 1940 by Charles de Gaulle, calling on the French to resist Germany.

Question 21

aqueduct

Answer 21

A conduit, either elevated or under ground, using gravity to carry water from a source to a location-usually a city-that needed it. The Romans built many aqueducts in a period of substantial urbanization. (p. 156)

Question 22

Arawak

Answer 22

Amerindian peoples who inhabited the Greater Antilles of the Caribbean at the time of Columbus. (p. 423)

Question 23

Aristophanes

Answer 23

a comedic writer, was the author of The Clouds

Question 24

Aristotle

Answer 24

established The Lyceum, pupil of Plato, wrote The Politics

Question 25

Armenia

Answer 25

One of the earliest Christian kingdoms, situated in eastern Anatolia and the western Caucasus and occupied by speakers of the Armenian language. (p. 221)

Question 26

Armenian massacres

Answer 26

Genoicide committed by the Turks in late 19th, early 20th century.

Question 27

As a result of the defeat of the Spanish Armada…?

Answer 27

Spain decreased as a European power

Question 28

Asante

Answer 28

African kingdom on the Gold Coast that expanded rapidly after 1680. Asante participated in the Atlantic economy, trading gold, slaves, and ivory. It resisted British imperial ambitions for a quarter century before being absorbed into Britain. 1902 (736)

Question 29

Ashikaga Shogunate

Answer 29

The second of Japan’s military governments headed by a shogun (a military ruler). Sometimes called the Muromachi Shogunate. (p. 365)

Question 30

Ashoka

Answer 30

Third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (r. 270-232 B.C.E.). He converted to Buddhism and broadcast his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars, the earliest surviving Indian writing. (p. 184)

Question 31

Ashur

Answer 31

Chief deity of the Assyrians, he stood behind the king and brought victory in war. Also the name of an important Assyrian religious and political center. (p. 94)

Question 32

Asia Minor

Answer 32

the modern day nation of Turkey, a war with the Byzantines took place there

Question 33

Asian Tigers

Answer 33

Collective name for South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore-nations that became economic powers in the 1970s and 1980s. (p. 861)

Question 34

Asiatic Huns

Answer 34

200-600CE. Lead to decline of all 3 classical civilizations

Question 35

Assyrians

Answer 35

WorldÂ’s first true empire (large state created by conquest of neighbors)

Question 36

Atahualpa

Answer 36

Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish. (p. 438)

Question 37

Atlantic System

Answer 37

The network of trading links after 1500 that moved goods, wealth, people, and cultures around the Atlantic Ocean basin. (p. 497)

Question 38

Attila the Hun

Answer 38

King of the Huns who conquered much of Europe.

Question 39

Augustine

Answer 39

wrote City of God, it showed there was order in history

Question 40

Augustus

Answer 40

Honorific name of Octavian, founder of the Roman Principate, the military dictatorship that replaced the failing rule of the Roman Senate. (151)

Question 41

Auschwitz

Answer 41

Nazi extermination camp in Poland, the largest center of mass murder during the Holocaust. Close to a million Jews, Gypsies, Communists, and others were killed there. (p. 800)

Question 42

australopithecines

Answer 42

Genus of extinct hominids that lived in Africa from the early Pliocene Epoch (beginning about 5.3 million years ago) to the beginning of the Pleistocene (about 1.6 million years ago), and believe to be ancestral to modern human beings. The australopithecines were distinguished from early apes by their upright posture and bipedal gait.

Question 43

Austronesean

Answer 43

The earliest inhabitants of New Guinea that led seafaring lives. In 3000BCE established themselves on many islands.

Question 44

autocracy

Answer 44

The theory justifying strong, centralized rule, such as by the tsar in Russia or Haile Selassie in Ethiopia. The autocrat did not rely on the aristocracy or the clergy for his or her legitimacy. (p. 553)

Question 45

Axis Powers?

Answer 45

A group of countries that opposed the Allied Powers in World War II, including Germany, Italy, and Japan as well as Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, and Yugoslavia.

Question 46

Axum

Answer 46

A great Christian kingdom of Ethiopia about 400CE with a prominent sea port known for trade.

Question 47

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

Answer 47

Shi’ite philosopher and cleric who led the overthrow of the shah of Iran in 1979 and created an Islamic republic. (p. 859)

Question 48

ayllu

Answer 48

Andean lineage group or kin-based community. (p. 312)

Question 49

Aztecs

Answer 49

Also known as Mexica, the Aztecs created a powerful empire in central Mexico (1325-1521 C.E.). They forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax. (p. 305)

Question 50

Babylon

Answer 50

The largest and most important city in Mesopotamia. It achieved particular eminence as the capital of the Amorite king Hammurabi in the eighteenth century B.C.E. and the Neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar in the sixth century B.C.E. (p. 29)

Question 51

balance of power

Answer 51

The policy in international relations by which, beginning in the eighteenth century, the major European states acted together to prevent any one of them from becoming too powerful. (p. 455)

Question 52

Balfour Declaration

Answer 52

Statement issued by Britain’s Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour in 1917 favoring the establishment of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine. (p. 761)

Question 53

Balkanization

Answer 53

dividing up of territory into different states

Question 54

Bands or tribes

Answer 54

Social group which resulted from clans becoming larger and mixing with neighboring groups

Question 55

Bannermen

Answer 55

Hereditary military servants of the Qing Empire, in large part descendants of peoples of various origins who had fought for the founders of the empire. (p. 684)

Question 56

Bantu

Answer 56

An African people who migrated throughout Africa (2000-1000BCE) spreading agriculture while displacing hunter gatherers.

Question 57

Bartolome de Las Casas

Answer 57

First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor, (476

Question 58

Bartolomeu Dias

Answer 58

Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean. (p. 428)

Question 59

Batavi

Answer 59

Fort established ca.1619 as headquarters of Dutch East India Company operations in Indonesia; today the city of Jakarta. (p. 543)

Question 60

Battle of Britain

Answer 60

WWII air battle. RAF defeated Germans, thus averting German invasion.

Question 61

Battle of Hastings

Answer 61

When William the Conqueror of Normandy takes the English Crown

Question 62

Battle of Manzikert

Answer 62

Celtic Turks defeated the Byzantines, the Byzantine Empire was lost

Question 63

Battle of Marathon

Answer 63

5th century battle in which Greeks defeated larger army of Persian empire.

Question 64

Battle of Midway

Answer 64

U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. It marked a turning point in World War II. (p. 795)

Question 65

Battle of Omdurman

Answer 65

British victory over the Mahdi in the Sudan in 1898. General Kitchener led a mixed force of British and Egyptian troops armed with rapid-firing rifles and machine guns. (p. 730)

Question 66

Battle of the Bulge

Answer 66

Last major offensive of Germany in WWII. Patton drove them back, but heavy casualties on both sides.

Question 67

Battle of Trafalgar

Answer 67

Major british naval victory over Napolean.

Question 68

Battle of Waterloo?

Answer 68

The Battle of Waterloo, fought on June 18, 1815, was Napoleon Bonaparte’s last battle. After his exile to Elba, he had reinstalled himself on the throne of France for a Hundred Days. During this time, the forces of the rest of Europe converged on him, commanded by the United Kingdom’s Duke of Wellington, and Prussia’s Gebhard von Blücher.The battlefield is in present day Belgium, about 12 km (7.5 miles) SSE of Brussels, and 2 km (1.2 miles) from the town of Waterloo. As far back as 13 March, six days before Napoleon reached Paris, the powers at the Congress of Vienna declared him an outlaw; four days later the United Kingdom, Russia, Austria and Prussia bound themselves to put 150,000 men into the field to end his rule. Napoleon knew that, once his attempts at dissuading one or more of the allies from invading France had failed, his only chance of remaining in power was to attack before the Allies put together an overwhelming force. If he could destroy the existing Allied forces in Belgium before they were reinforced, he might be able to drive the British back to the sea and knock the Prussians out of the war. He failed, and died in exile 6 years later.

Question 69

Battle of Zama

Answer 69

When Marcipial beat Hannabal in Africa

Question 70

Bedouin

Answer 70

Nomadic tribes originally from Northern Arabia who became important traders after the domestication of the camel during the first millennium. Early Converts to Islam, their values and practitioners included Bernini, Rubens, Handel, and Bach.

Question 71

Beijing

Answer 71

China’s northern capital, first used as an imperial capital in 906 and now the capital of the People’s Republic of China. (p. 351)

Question 72

Beism

Answer 72

the concept of god during the scientific revolution. The role of divinity was limited to setting natural laws of motion.

Question 73

Belisarius

Answer 73

The general who reconquered the Western Roman Empire.

Question 74

Bengal

Answer 74

Region of northeastern India. It was the first part of India to be conquered by the British in the eighteenth century and remained the political and economic center of British India throughout the nineteenth century.(812)

Question 75

Benito Mussolini

Answer 75

Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy. (p. 786)

Question 76

Benjamin Disraeli

Answer 76

British PM who expanded rule over colonies.

Question 77

Benjamin Franklin

Answer 77

American intellectual, inventor, and politician He helped to negotiate French support for the American Revolution. (p. 577)

Question 78

Berlin Airlift

Answer 78

SU sorounded Berlin; US flew 13000 tons of supplies into berlin daily. 1949

Question 79

Berlin Conference

Answer 79

Conference that German chancellor Otto von Bismarck called to set rules for the partition of Africa. It led to the creation of the Congo Free State under King Leopold II of Belgium. (See also Bismarck, Otto von.) (p. 732)

Question 80

Between 1934 & 1939, the great purge was a campaign to eliminate?

Answer 80

opposition to Stalin’s power

Question 81

Bhagavad-Gita

Answer 81

The most important work of Indian sacred literature, a dialogue between the great warrior Arjuna and the god Krishna on duty and the fate of the spirit. (p. 185)

Question 82

Bhakti

Answer 82

An Indian movement that sought to erase the distinction between Hinduism and Islam.

Question 83

Black Death

Answer 83

An outbreak of bubonic plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers of persons. (p. 397)

Question 84

Blaise Diagne

Answer 84

Senegalese political leader. He was the first African elected to the French National Assembly. During World War I, in exchange for promises to give French citizenship to Senegalese, he helped recruit Africans to serve in the French army. (809)

Question 85

Boer Wars

Answer 85

Dutch people fighting independence of boer republic. British won. (1899-1902)

Question 86

Boers

Answer 86

Dutch and other European settlers 19th century, British occupations

Question 87

Bolsheviks

Answer 87

Radical Marxist political party founded by Vladimir Lenin in 1903. Under Lenin’s leadership, the Bolsheviks seized power in November 1917 during the Russian Revolution. (See also Lenin, Vladimir.) (p. 761)

Question 88

Bombing of the Panay?

Answer 88

The Panay incident was a Japanese attack on the United States Navy gunboat Panay while she was anchored in the Yangtze River outside of Nanjing on December 12, 1937, immediately preceeding the Rape of Nanking. Japan and the United States were not at war at the time. The Japanese claimed that they did not see the United States flags painted on the deck of the gunboat, apologized and paid an indemnity. Nevertheless, the attack and reports of the Nanking Massacre caused US opinion to turn sharply against the Japanese. In spite of this outrage, American isolationism kept them out of war, even when it was clear that the act was intentional.

Question 89

Borobodur

Answer 89

A massive stone monument on the Indonesian island of Java, erected by the Sailendra kings around 800 C.E. The winding ascent through ten levels, decorated with rich relief carving, is a Buddhist allegory for the progressive stages of enlightenment. (193)

Question 90

Bourbons

Answer 90

Ruling family of France until the French Revolution.

Question 91

bourgeoisie

Answer 91

In early modern Europe, the class of well-off town dwellers whose wealth came from manufacturing, finance, commerce, and allied professions. (p. 459)

Question 92

Boxer Rebellion

Answer 92

Kick out foriegners, defeated but gave more control to europeans

Question 93

Boyar

Answer 93

The Russian Nobility

Question 94

breech loading rifle

Answer 94

Gun into which the projectiles had to be individually inserted. Later guns had magazines, a compartment holding multiple projectiles that could be fed rapidly into the firing chamber. (p. 681)

Question 95

British Empire

Answer 95

16th - 20th century. Colonized much of the world. Became the Commonwealth after decolonization.

Question 96

British raj

Answer 96

The rule over much of South Asia between 1765 and 1947 by the East India Company and then by a British government. (p. 659)

Question 97

Bronze Age

Answer 97

• 3500 to 1200 BCE
• mixture of copper and tin to create bronze
• developed in China and Middle East between 4000 and 3000 BCE
• better quality and adaptibility than stone
• signals end of Stone Age

Question 98

Brutus

Answer 98

Roman politician who assassinated Caesar.

Question 99

bubonic plague

Answer 99

A bacterial disease of fleas that can be transmitted by flea bites to rodents and humans; humans in late stages of the illness can spread the bacteria by coughing. High mortality rate and hard to contain. Disastrous. (280)

Question 100

Buddha

Answer 100

An Indian prince named Siddhartha Gautama, who renounced his wealth and social position. After becoming ‘enlightened’ (the meaning of Buddha) he enunciated the principles of Buddhism. (180)

Question 101

Buddhism

Answer 101

Founded by Siddhartha Guantana in 500 BCE. 4 noble truths and 8th fold way. Don’t desire.

Question 102

Burlingame Treaty?

Answer 102

The Burlingame Treaty, between the United States and China, amended the Treaty of Tientsin and established formal friendly relations between the two countries, with the United States granting China Most Favored Nation status. It was ratified in 1868. Importantly, Chinese immigration to the United States was encouraged. The treaty was reversed in 1882 by the Chinese Exclusion Act.

Question 103

business cycle

Answer 103

Recurrent swings from economic hard times to recovery and growth, then back to hard times and a repetition of the sequence. (p. 615)

Question 104

By 1812, Napoleon had conquered most of Europe except

Answer 104

England

Question 105

By 1849, most of Europe was under the control of the ?

Answer 105

Conservatives

Question 106

By 1935, the only eastern European country that was still a democracy was

Answer 106

Czechoslovakia

Question 107

Byzantine Empire

Answer 107

Historians’ name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward, taken from ‘Byzantion,’ an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453. (250)

Question 108

Caesaropapism

Answer 108

The idea that a king’s rule has an aura of divinity and is sanctioned by God.

Question 109

Caligula

Answer 109

Insane Roman emperor. Nominated his horse to the Senate.

Question 110

caliphate

Answer 110

Office established in succession to the Prophet Muhammad, to rule the Islamic empire; also the name of that empire. (See also Abbasid Caliphate; Sokoto Caliphate; Umayyad Caliphate.) (p. 232)

Question 111

Camp David Accords?

Answer 111

Started by President Carter in 1978, a framework for peace negotiations concerning Israeli-occupied Arab territories—Jordan’s West Bank, and Egypt’s Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula.

Question 112

capitalism

Answer 112

The economic system of large financial institutions-banks, stock exchanges, investment companies-that first developed in early modern Europe. Commercial capitalism, the trading system of the early modern economy. (506)

Question 113

Captain James Cook

Answer 113

English explorer of Australia, New Zealand Hawaii, antarctica and West Coast of North America.

Question 114

Captain William Kidd

Answer 114

Famous English pirate in 17th-18th century.

Question 115

caravel

Answer 115

A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic. (p. 427)

Question 116

Caribbean Sea

Answer 116

Sea that is point of connection between North and South America, resource rich, and first territories reached by European settlers in 15th and 16th centuries

Question 117

Carthage

Answer 117

City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by Rome in the third century B.C.E. (p. 107)

Question 118

Cassaks

Answer 118

Peasant adventures with agricultural and military skills, recruited to concur and settle newly settled lands in southeast Russia and Siberia.

Question 119

Caste System

Answer 119

System of rigid social hierarchy. Birthed into specific “ranks”

Question 120

Cathars

Answer 120

Encountered Byzantine ideas in long distance trade. Adopted an ascetic heretic lifestyle.

Question 121

Catherine the Great

Answer 121

German born, Russian Zarina. Combined ideas with a strong policy. Converted nobility to a service aristocracy by granting them the power over the peasants.

Question 122

Catholic Reformation

Answer 122

Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline. (p. 447)

Question 123

Cato

Answer 123

Roman politician bent on destruction of Carthage.

Question 124

cavalry warfare

Answer 124

New skill of warfare developed by Assyrians.

Question 125

Cecil Rhodes Asante

Answer 125

British entrepreneur and politician involved in the expansion of the British Empire from South Africa into Central Africa. The colonies of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) were named after him. (p. 736)

Question 126

Celts

Answer 126

Peoples sharing a common language and culture that originated in Central Europe in the first half of the first millennium B.C.E.. After 500 B.C.E. they spread as far as Anatolia in the east, Spain and the British Isles in the west, onquered by Romans (90)

Question 127

Central Powers

Answer 127

Germany and its allies in WWI.

Question 128

Chaing Kai Shek

Answer 128

followed sun yat sen; military leader; leader of nationalist party in China in 1920’s. driven out by communist in WWII

Question 129

Champa

Answer 129

A state formerly located in what is now southern Vietnam. It was hostile to Annam and was annexed by Annam and destroyed as an independent entity in 1500. (p. 366)

Question 130

Champa Rice

Answer 130

Quick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season. Originally introduced into Champa from India, it was later sent to China as a tribute gift by the Champa state. (See also tributary system.) (p. 295)

Question 131

Chan Buddhism

Answer 131

Called “Zen” , meditation and appreciation of natural and artistic beauty, popular among the rich.

Question 132

Chandragupta Maurya

Answer 132

A king who reigned (322-298BCE) who starved himself to death after becoming a Jainist monk.

Question 133

Chang’an

Answer 133

City in the Wei Valley in eastern China. It became the capital of the Zhou kingdom and the Qin and early Han Empires. Its main features were imitated in the cities and towns that sprang up throughout the Han Empire. >(p. 164)

Question 134

Charlemagne?

Answer 134

Also known as Charles the Great, he was king of the Franks from 768 to 814 and king of the Lombards from 774 to 814. He was crowned Imperator Augustus in Rome on Christmas Day, 800 by Pope Leo III and is therefore regarded as the founder of the Holy Roman Empire, a reincarnation of the ancient Western Roman Empire. Through military conquest and defence, he solidified and expanded his realm to cover most of Western Europe and is today regarded as the founding father of both France and Germany and sometimes as the Father of Europe. His was the first truly imperial power in the West since the fall of Rome.

Question 135

Charles Darwin

Answer 135

English naturalist. He studied the plants and animals of South America and the Pacific islands, and in his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859) set forth his theory of evolution. (p. 715)

Question 136

Charles Martel

Answer 136

Charles “The Hammer” Martel this Frank established the Carolingian Empire and defeated the Gaul’s in the Battle of Tours.

Question 137

chartered Company

Answer 137

Groups of private investors who paid an annual fee to France and England in exchange for a monopoly over trade to the West Indies colonies. (p. 498)

Question 138

Chav?n

Answer 138

The first major urban civilization in South America (900-250 B.C.E.). Its capital, Chav?n de Hu?ntar, was located high in the Andes Mountains of Peru. Chav?n became politically and economically dominant in a densely populated region. (89)

Question 139

Chiang Kai-Shek

Answer 139

General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong. (p. 788)

Question 140

chiefdom

Answer 140

Form of political organization with rule by a hereditary leader who held power over a collection of villages and towns. Less powerful than kingdoms and empires, chiefdoms were based on gift giving and commercial links. (p. 311)

Question 141

Chimu

Answer 141

Powerful Peruvian civilization based on conquest. Located in the region earlier dominated by Moche. Conquered by Inca in 1465. (p. 314)

Question 142

chinampas

Answer 142

Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields. (p. 301)

Question 143

Chivalry

Answer 143

A code of conduct among nobles which held a high ethical standard of individuals to become examples of behavior in society.

Question 144

Christianity

Answer 144

emphasized church interaction. Focused on missionary activity and wide spread conversion. Based on birth and resurrection of Jesus

Question 145

Christopher Columbus

Answer 145

Genoese mariner who in the service of Spain led expeditions across the Atlantic, reestablishing contact between the peoples of the Americas and the Old World and opening the way to Spanish conquest and colonization. (p. 430)

Question 146

Cicero

Answer 146

historian, wrote On The Republic

Question 147

city

Answer 147

protection and defense for large numbers of people; points of trade and economic activity; exchange of ideas, information, religious beliefs and cultural values; specialization of labor

Question 148

city-state

Answer 148

A small independent state consisting of an urban center and the surrounding agricultural territory. A characteristic political form in early Mesopotamia, Archaic and Classical Greece, Phoenicia, and early Italy. (p. 32)

Question 149

civilization

Answer 149

complex forms of social and political organization; practice of agriculture; advanced tool use; and the rise of cities

Question 150

Clans

Answer 150

Groups of extended families which tended to cluster together, bound together by ties of kinship

Question 151

classical antiquity

Answer 151

Greek and Roman times

Question 152

Cleopatra

Answer 152

Queen of Egypt. Girlfriend of Caesar and Mark Antony. Committed suicide with Antony.

Question 153

clipper ship

Answer 153

Large, fast, streamlined sailing vessel, often American built, of the mid-to-late nineteenth century rigged with vast canvas sails hung from tall masts. (p. 666)

Question 154

Clovis

Answer 154

The Frankish warlord who conquered much of Gaul in 486 who converted to Roman Christianity.

Question 155

Cold War

Answer 155

The ideological struggle between communism (Soviet Union) and capitalism (United States) for world influence. The Soviet Union and the United States came to the brink of actual war during the Cuban missile crisis but never attacked one another. (831)

Question 156

Collapse of Communism

Answer 156

1989-91. EE countries facing resistance. Gorbachev did not send troops. Lost Pland to Solidarity in 1989. Berlin wall fell. Failed communist Coup against Gorbechev marked end.

Question 157

colonialism

Answer 157

Policy by which a nation administers a foreign territory and develops its resources for the benefit of the colonial power. (p. 731)

Question 158

Columbian Exchange

Answer 158

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus’s voyages. (p. 472)

Question 159

Commonwealth

Answer 159

1649 brief Republic established between Britain and Ireland. Later say resoration of the Monarchy.

Question 160

Confederation of 1867

Answer 160

Negotiated union of the formerly separate colonial governments of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. This new Dominion of Canada with a central government in Ottawa is seen as the beginning of the Canadian nation.(p. 627)

Question 161

Confucianism

Answer 161

Doctrine that focused on morally superior individuals which took a broad view of political affairs but emphasized social activism.

Question 162

Confucius

Answer 162

Western name for the Chinese philosopher Kongzi (551-479 B.C.E.). His doctrine of duty and public service had a great influence on subsequent Chinese thought and served as a code of conduct for government officials.(p. 62)

Question 163

Congress of Vienna

Answer 163

Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon I. (p. 594)

Question 164

Congress of Vienna

Answer 164

Drew boundaries of Europe after defeat of Napolean. Lead to peace in Europe for next 40 years.

Question 165

Congress party

Answer 165

Political party of Ghandi and Nehru during Indian independence.

Question 166

conquistadors

Answer 166

Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (See Cort?s, Hern?n; Pizarro, Francisco.) (p. 436)

Question 167

Constantine

Answer 167

Roman emperor (r. 312-337). After reuniting the Roman Empire, he moved the capital to Constantinople and made Christianity a favored religion. (p.159)

Question 168

Constantinople

Answer 168

Set up by ruler Constantine. 312-337CE. Se up his capital city to regulate Eastern Roman Empire

Question 169

Constitutional Convention

Answer 169

Meeting in 1787 of the elected representatives of the thirteen original states to write the Constitution of the United States. (p. 583)

Question 170

constitutionalism

Answer 170

The theory developed in early modern England and spread elsewhere that royal power should be subject to legal and legislative checks. (p. 452)

Question 171

contract of indenture

Answer 171

A voluntary agreement binding a person to work for a specified period of years in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most indentured servants were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians. (p. 670)

Question 172

Cortez?

Answer 172

A spanish explorer who conquered the Aztecs.

Question 173

Cossaks

Answer 173

Peoples of the Russian Empire who lived outside the farming villages, often as herders, mercenaries, or outlaws. Cossacks led the conquest of Siberia in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. (p. 552)

Question 174

cottage industries

Answer 174

Weaving, sewing, carving, and other small-scale industries that can be done in the home. The laborers, frequently women, are usually independent. (p. 353)

Question 175

cotton

Answer 175

The plant that produces fibers from which cotton textiles are woven. Native to India, cotton spread throughout Asia and then to the New World. It has been a major cash crop in various places, including early Islamic Iran, Yi Korea, Egypt, & US (363)

Question 176

Council of the Indes

Answer 176

The institution responsible for supervising Spain’s colonies in the Americas from 1524 to the early eighteenth century, when it lost all but judicial responsibilities. (p. 476)

Question 177

coureurs de bois

Answer 177

(runners of the woods) French fur traders, many of mixed Amerindian heritage, who lived among and often married with Amerindian peoples of North America. (p. 489)

Question 178

creoles

Answer 178

In colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World. Elsewhere in the Americas, the term is used to describe all nonnative peoples. (p. 482)

Question 179

Crimean war?

Answer 179

The Crimean War lasted from 28 March 1854 until 1856 and was fought between Imperial Russia on one side and an alliance of the United Kingdom, France, The Piedmont-Sardinia, and (to some extent) the Ottoman Empire on the other. The majority of the conflict took place on the Crimean peninsula in the Black Sea. Cigarettes were invented during the war. First war to have tactical use of railways. First war to have live reporting (via telegraph). Russia lost.

Question 180

Cro-Magnon

Answer 180

Existed 40,000 years ago and is a homo sapien. They were highly reflective in art and existed in Europe.

Question 181

Crusades

Answer 181

Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. The Crusades brought an end to western Europe’s centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation. (p. 270)

Question 182

Crystal Palace

Answer 182

Building erected in Hyde Park, London, for the Great Exhibition of 1851. Made of iron and glass, like a gigantic greenhouse, it was a symbol of the industrial age. (p. 606)

Question 183

Cuban Missile Crisis

Answer 183

Brink-of-war confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over the latter’s placement of nuclear-armed missiles in Cuba. (p. 839)

Question 184

cultural imperialism

Answer 184

Domination of one culture over another by a deliberate policy or by economic or technological superiority. (p. 894)

Question 185

Cultural Revolution

Answer 185

Campaign in China ordered by Mao Zedong to purge the Communist Party of his opponents and instill revolutionary values in the younger generation.(p. 848)

Question 186

Cuneiform

Answer 186

earliest known forms of writing in ancient Sumer

Question 187

Cyrus

Answer 187

Founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Between 550 and 530 B.C.E. he conquered Media, Lydia, and Babylon. Revered in the traditions of both Iran and the subject peoples.

Question 188

Dag Hammarskjold

Answer 188

UN Secretary General during Cold War and oversaw decolonization.

Question 189

dalai lama

Answer 189

Originally, a title meaning ‘universal priest’ that the Mongol khans invented and bestowed on a Tibetan lama (priest) in the late 1500s to legitimate their power in Tibet. Subsequently, the title of the religious and political leader of Tibet. (p. 556)

Question 190

Dante Alighieri

Answer 190

wrote Divine Comedy (1313-1321), it describes the poets journey through hell, purgatory, and heaven

Question 191

Danube River

Answer 191

Second longest river in Europe after the Volga, which rises in the Black Forest mountains of western Germany and flows for some 1,770 miles to its mouth on the Black Sea. Along its course, it passes through nine countries: Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro, Bulgaria, Romania, and Ukraine.

Question 192

Daoism

Answer 192

Chinese School of Thought: Daoists believe that the world is always changing and is devoid of absolute morality or meaning. They accept the world as they find it, avoid futile struggles, and deviate as little as possible from the Dao, or ‘path’ of nature.

Question 193

Darius

Answer 193

Persian King who led first invasion of Greece, expanded Persia and built a canal from the Red Sea to the Meditteranian

Question 194

Dark Ages

Answer 194

Period in Europe after the Fall of Rome known for its barbarism.

Question 195

Dates of the Ottoman Empire?

Answer 195

1299-1922. Capital was Istanbul.

Question 196

David Ben-Gurion

Answer 196

Israeli leader at formation of Israel. First PM.

Question 197

David Lloyd George

Answer 197

PM of Britain at end of WWI. Wanted to punish Germany in Treaty of Versailles.

Question 198

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Answer 198

Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution. (p. 586)

Question 199

deforestation

Answer 199

The removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves. (p. 462)

Question 200

Delhi Sulatanate

Answer 200

Centralized Indian empire of varying extent, created by Muslim invaders. (p. 374)

Question 201

Delian League

Answer 201

military alliance led by Athens to resist Persian Imperialism

Question 202

Demak

Answer 202

on the north coast of central Java province, on the island of java, Indonesia

Question 203

democracy

Answer 203

system of government in which all ‘citizens’ (however defined) have equal political and legal rights, privileges, and protections, as in the Greek city-state of Athens in the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.E. (p. 127)

Question 204

Demographic Transition

Answer 204

A change in the rates of population growth. Before the transition, both birth and death rates are high, resulting in a slowly growing population; then the death rate drops but the birth rate remains high, causing a population explosion. (867)

Question 205

Deng Xiaoping

Answer 205

Communist Party leader who forced Chinese economic reforms after the death of Mao Zedong. (p. 862)

Question 206

Despite its unification as a nation, Italy suffered from which of the following problems?

Answer 206

tension between industrial N and agricultural south

Question 207

devshirme

Answer 207

‘Selection’ in Turkish. The system by which boys from Christian communities were taken by the Ottoman state to serve as Janissaries.(p. 526)

Question 208

Dharma

Answer 208

Set of laws

Question 209

dhow

Answer 209

Ship of small to moderate size used in the western Indian Ocean, traditionally with a triangular sail and a sewn timber hull. (p. 382)

Question 210

diaspora

Answer 210

A Greek word meaning ‘dispersal,’ used to describe the communities of a given ethnic group living outside their homeland. Jews, for example, spread from Israel to western Asia and Mediterranean lands in antiquity and today can be found in other places.103

Question 211

Dienbienphu

Answer 211

Where Vietnamese defeated French in 1954, lead to French withdrawal.

Question 212

Diocletian

Answer 212

An emperor, reigned (284-305CE) divided the empire into two administrative districts. He was a skillful administrator.

Question 213

Dirty War

Answer 213

War waged by the Argentine military (1976-1982) against leftist groups. Characterized by the use of illegal imprisonment, torture, and executions by the military. (p. 857)

Question 214

divination

Answer 214

Techniques for ascertaining the future or the will of the gods by interpreting natural phenomena such as, in early China, the cracks on oracle bones or, in ancient Greece, the flight of birds through sectors of the sky. (p. 59)

Question 215

Divine right of kings

Answer 215

Belief that rebellion against the king is a sin, in particular by Louis XIV of France.

Question 216

division of labor

Answer 216

Manufacturing technique that breaks down a craft into many simple and repetitive tasks that can be performed by unskilled workers. Pioneered in the pottery works of Josiah Wedgwood and in other eighteenth-century factories, increasing productivity, (603)

Question 217

Domesday Book

Answer 217

a comprehensive survey of the lands of england

Question 218

Domino Theory

Answer 218

the belief that if the communist succeed in vietnam other countries is SE and E asia would also fall to communism

Question 219

Dreyfus Affair?

Answer 219

The Dreyfus Affair was a political scandal which divided France during the 1890s and early 1900s. It involved the wrongful conviction of Jewish military officer Alfred Dreyfus for treason. The Dreyfus Affair split France into Dreyfusards and anti-Dreyfusards. The sometimes-violent quarrel involved controversial issues in a heated political climate. To some extent, the division was between right-wing anti-Dreyfusards supportive of a return to monarchy and clericalism (the involvement of the Roman Catholic Church in public policy) and left-wing Dreyfusards supportive of the Republic and angry with the Church. However, some right-wingers supported Dreyfus for his courage and some left-wingers opposed him for his bourgeois background. The factions in the Dreyfus affair remained in place for decades afterwards. The far right remained a potent force, as did the moderate liberals. The liberal victory played an important role in pushing the far right to the fringes of French politics. It also prompted legislation such as a 1905 enactment separating church and state.

Question 220

driver

Answer 220

A privileged male slave whose job was to ensure that a slave gang did its work on a plantation. (p. 503)

Question 221

Druids

Answer 221

The class of religious experts who conducted rituals and preserved sacred lore among some ancient Celtic peoples. They provided education, mediated disputes between kinship groups, and were suppressed by the Romans as potential resistance. (92)

Question 222

Dumbarton Oaks Conference?

Answer 222

The Dumbarton Oaks Conference (or Washington Conversations on International Peace and Security Organization), held beginning in August 1944 in a Washington, DC mansion (Dumbarton Oaks), was where the United Nations was formulated and negotiated. Discussions on the make-up of the UN included which states would be invited as members. The conference was attended by representatives of the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the Republic of China. Discussions included the formation of the Security Council and the right of veto that would be given to its permanent members. The conference was followed up by a San Francisco Conference, where the Security Council veto powers were established.

Question 223

Dunkirk

Answer 223

Site of English retreat out of France in WWII.

Question 224

durbar

Answer 224

An elaborate display of political power and wealth in British India in the nineteenth century, ostensibly in imitation of the pageantry of the Mughal Empire. (p. 661)

Question 225

During Spain’s civil war, Franco was the leader of ?

Answer 225

Spanish rebel groups

Question 226

During the 19th century, what happened in Europe? (3)

Answer 226

Conflict between conservative and liberal movements, the resurgence of conservatives over liberals, and the decline of established empires

Question 227

During the cold war, who was India mainly allied with?

Answer 227

The USSR.

Question 228

During the cold war, who was pakistan mainly allied with?

Answer 228

The US.

Question 229

During the global depression, war debts caused great suffereing in?

Answer 229

Germany

Question 230

During the mid 1800’s, count Camillo di Cavour expanded the Piedmont-Sardinia’s power and also..?

Answer 230

Unified Italy

Question 231

During the rule of Frederick II, Prussia …?

Answer 231

rejected pragmatic sanction against division of Hasburg land

Question 232

Dutch West India Company

Answer 232

Trading company chartered by the Dutch government to conduct its merchants’ trade in the Americas and Africa. (p. 498)

Question 233

early China (Yellow River)

Answer 233

Also known as Huang Ho River.

Question 234

economic sanctions

Answer 234

Boycotts, embargoes, and other economic measures that one country uses to pressure another country into changing its policies. (p. 889)

Question 235

Edict of Milan?

Answer 235

It was a policy under Constantine the great under the Roman empire to end persecution of the christians in the eastern Roman empire, which became the Byzantine empire after Constantine’s death.

Question 236

Edmund Burke

Answer 236

English politician who supported American revolutionary war, but opposed French Revolution.

Question 237

Edward 1

Answer 237

English monarch, issued the Statues of Realm (1301), it set a precedent for changing law by legislation rather than administrative decision

Question 238

Edwardian period

Answer 238

In England prior to WWI, known for its extravagance and unpreparedness for the 20th Century.

Question 239

Egypt (the Nile River)

Answer 239

Agricultural settlement emerged 5500 bce.

Question 240

Egyptian religion and Egyptian Book of the Dead

Answer 240

Part of elaborate religion in which chief god was Re, the sun god.

Question 241

El Alamein

Answer 241

Town in Egypt, site of the victory by Britain’s Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery over German forces led by General Erwin Rommel (the ‘Desert Fox’) in 1942-1943. (p. 793)

Question 242

Eleanor of Aquitane

Answer 242

(1122-1204) liberally supported romantic poets & entertainers. The most celebrated woman of her time supporting chivalry, good manners, refinement, and romantic love.

Question 243

electric telegraph

Answer 243

A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s and replaced telegraph systems that utilized visual signals such as semaphores. (609)

Question 244

electricity

Answer 244

A form of energy used in telegraphy from the 1840s on and for lighting, industrial motors, and railroads beginning in the 1880s. (p. 702)

Question 245

Elizabeth I

Answer 245

16th-17th century queen of England during Renaissance. Shakespere and defeat of the Spanish Armada.

Question 246

Elizabeth II

Answer 246

Current queen. Overseen decolonization.

Question 247

Emilano Zapata

Answer 247

Revolutionary and leader of peasants in the Mexican Revolution. He mobilized landless peasants in south-central Mexico in an attempt to seize and divide the lands of the wealthy landowners. Though successful for a time, he was ultimately assassinated. 819

Question 248

Emilio Aguinaldo

Answer 248

Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901. (p. 743)

Question 249

Emperor Menelik

Answer 249

. Emperor of Ethiopia (r. 1889-1911). He enlarged Ethiopia to its present dimensions and defeated an Italian invasion at Adowa (1896). (p. 737)

Question 250

Empress Dowager Cixi

Answer 250

Empress of China and mother of Emperor Guangxi. She put her son under house arrest, supported antiforeign movements, and resisted reforms of the Chinese government and armed forces. (p. 721)

Question 251

encomienda

Answer 251

A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians. (479)

Question 252

England’s Glorious Revolution?

Answer 252

The term Glorious Revolution refers to the generally popular overthrow of James II of England in 1688 by a conspiracy between some parliamentarians and the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau. The event is sometimes referred to as the Bloodless Revolution but this name is a misnomer as there was much fighting, with loss of life, in Ireland and to a lesser degree in Scotland. The Glorious Revolution was one of the most important events in the long evolution of powers possessed by Parliament and by the Crown in England. With the passage of the Bill of Rights, it stamped out any final possibility of a Catholic monarchy, and ended moves towards monarchical absolutism in the British Isles by circumscribing the monarch’s powers. The King’s powers were greatly restricted; he could no longer suspend laws, levy taxes, or maintain a standing army during peacetime without Parliament’s permission. Since 1689, England, and later the United Kingdom, has been governed under a system of constitutional monarchy, which has been uninterrupted. Since then, Parliament has gained more and more power, and the Crown has progressively lost it.

Question 253

English Bill of Rights?

Answer 253

(1689): It is one of the basic documents of English constitutional law, alongside Magna Carta, the Act of Settlement and the Parliament Acts.

Question 254

English Civil War?

Answer 254

A series of armed conflicts and political machinations which took place between English Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 until 1651. The first (1642 - 1645) and the second (1648) Unlike other civil wars in England which focused on who ruled, this war also concerned itself with the manner of governing the British isles. Accordingly, historians also refer to the English Civil War as the English Revolution. Oliver Cromwell was leader of the Parlimentarians.

Question 255

Enlightenment

Answer 255

A philosophical movement in eighteenth-century Europe that fostered the belief that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and were just as scientific as the laws of physics. (pp. 468, 574)

Question 256

Epic of Gilgamesh

Answer 256

Sometime before 2000 BCE in Sumeria.

Tells story of a king’s quest to achieve immortality.

Question 257

Epicureanism

Answer 257

A philosophy that identified pleasure as the greatest good.

Question 258

equites

Answer 258

In ancient Italy, landowners second in wealth and status to the senatorial aristocracy. The Roman emperors allied with this group to counterbalance the influence of the old aristocracy and used the equites to staff the imperial civil service (152)

Question 259

Ernesto ‘Che’ Guevara

Answer 259

Latin American revolutionary who helped Castro come to power. Later became guerrilla leader in Latin America and was killed in Bolivia in 1967. Now symbol of martyr for radical students in many countries.

Question 260

Estates General

Answer 260

France’s traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution. (p. 585)

Question 261

Ethiopia

Answer 261

Borded by Eritrea to the north, Sudan to the west, Kenya to the south, Somalia to the east. CHRISTIAN

Question 262

ethnic cleansing

Answer 262

Effort to eradicate a people and its culture by means of mass killing and the destruction of historical buildings and cultural materials. Ethnic cleansing was used by both sides in the conflicts that accompanied the disintegration of Yugoslavia (883)

Question 263

Ethnocentrism

Answer 263

judging foreigners by standards of ones own group

Question 264

Etruscans

Answer 264

Forming around 800BCE they controlled much of Italy while manufacturing bronze, iron, silver, and gold.

Question 265

Eurasia

Answer 265

The name given to Europe and Asia as one continent

Question 266

Euripides

Answer 266

the author of Medea and other tragedies

Question 267

European Community

Answer 267

An organization promoting economic unity in Europe formed in 1967 by consolidation of earlier, more limited, agreements. Replaced by the European Union (EU) in 1993. (p. 834)

Question 268

Eva Peron

Answer 268

Wife of Juan Per?n and champion of the poor in Argentina. She was a gifted speaker and popular political leader who campaigned to improve the life of the urban poor by founding schools and hospitals and providing other social benefits. (p. 824)

Question 269

extraterritoriality

Answer 269

Foreign residents in a country living under the laws of their native country, disregarding the laws of the host country. 19th/Early 20th Centuries: European and US nationals in certain areas of Chinese and Ottoman cities were granted this right. (682)

Question 270

Faisal

Answer 270

Arab prince, leader of the Arab Revolt in World War I. The British made him king of Iraq in 1921, and he reigned under British protection until 1933. (p. 760)

Question 271

Falkland Islands

Answer 271

Argentina tried to seize them, Britain recaptured them in 1982.

Question 272

Fall of Rome

Answer 272

Collapse of Roman empire in 5th Century. Plundered by the Vandals, then finally abdication of the last Roman emperor, romulus Augustulus, 476

Question 273

Family unit

Answer 273

Social unit resulting from ability to choose sexual partners, emotional bonding, and length of time needed to raise human offspring.

Question 274

Fascism?

Answer 274

Form of government characterized by militarism, extreme nationalism, and a oneparty dictatorship.

Question 275

Fascist Party

Answer 275

Italian political party created by Benito Mussolini during World War I. It emphasized aggressive nationalism and was Mussolini’s instrument for the creation of a dictatorship in Italy from 1922 to 1943. (See also Mussolini, Benito.) (p. 786)

Question 276

Features of civilization

Answer 276

(1) Economic system able to make basic goods and services available; (2)Form of political organization capable of governing, creating social institutions, enforcing laws, and protecting people from outside threats, (3) Moral code in the form of a shared religion, and (4) Intellectual tradition that includes a written language and encourages the pursuit of knowledge, science and the arts.

Question 277

Features of the “city”

Answer 277

protection and defense for large numbers of people; points of trade and economic activity; enable exchange of ideas, information, religious beliefs, and cultural values

Question 278

Ferdinand and Isabela

Answer 278

Monarchs of Christian Kingdoms. Marriage created the future Spain and initiated exploration of the new world.

Question 279

Ferdinand Magellan

Answer 279

Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world. (p. 431)

Question 280

Fertile Crescent (Tigris-Euphrates river system)

Answer 280

Settlement began as early as 8000 BCE.
Large scale agriculture by 5000 BCE.
Sumerian-Babylonian civilizations

Question 281

Feudalism

Answer 281

Relationship among military elite during middle ages. Greater lords provided protection for lesser lords in return for military service

Question 282

fidel Castro

Answer 282

Overthew Batista in 1959. Turned to communism.

Question 283

Fifth column

Answer 283

People willing to cooperate with an aggressor against their own country

Question 284

First geneva convention? The last?

Answer 284

1864. 1949. These conventions set norms for international law.

Question 285

First Temple

Answer 285

A monumental sanctuary built in Jerusalem by King Solomon in the tenth century B.C.E. to be the religious center for the Israelite god Yahweh. The Temple priesthood conducted sacrifices, received a tithe or percentage of agricultural revenues. (102)

Question 286

Five Pillars

Answer 286

The obligatory religious duties for all Muslims: Confession of faith, Prayer, Fasting during Mamadan, Zakat, Hajj

Question 287

Five prophets of Islam

Answer 287

1)Noah 2)Abraham 3)Moses 4)Jesus 5)Mohammad(last and greatest prophet)

Question 288

Five Year Plans

Answer 288

Plans that Joseph Stalin introduced to industrialize the Soviet Union rapidly, beginning in 1928. They set goals for the output of steel, electricity, machinery, and most other products and were enforced by the police powers of the state. (781)

Question 289

Footbinding

Answer 289

Male imposed practice to mutilate women’s feet in order to reduce size, produce pain, and restrict movement. Confined women to household

Question 290

Forbidden City

Answer 290

The walled section of Beijing where emperors lived between 1121 and 1924. A portion is now a residence for leaders of the People’s Republic of China. (p. 355)

Question 291

Fourth Lateran Council

Answer 291

Identified the 7 sacraments and reaffirmed that they are essential to salvation

Question 292

Fracis Xavier

Answer 292

Missionary who worked in India during 1540. Worked among outcast and lower cast groups. Later worked in Japan

Question 293

Francis Bacon

Answer 293

Renaissance leader in England.

Question 294

Francisco Franco

Answer 294

Facist dictator of Spain, Head of state for life. Died in 1975

Question 295

Francisco Pancho Villa

Answer 295

A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata. (819)

Question 296

Francois Dominique Toussaint L’Ouverture

Answer 296

Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French. (p. 593)

Question 297

Francois Toussanit Loveture

Answer 297

Leader of slave rebellion on french island of St. Dominique. Created independent republic of Haiti 1804

Question 298

Fransisco Pizarro

Answer 298

Spanish explorer who led the conquest of the Inca Empire of Peru in 1531-1533. (p. 438)

Question 299

Fredrick Nietesche

Answer 299

Athiest German philosopher, known as a existentialist

Question 300

Free French?

Answer 300

During WWII, the French who refused the legitimacy of the Vichy Regime. Headed by Charles De Gaulle, they eventually took part in normandy and liberated Paris.

Question 301

free-trade imperialism

Answer 301

Economic dominance of a weaker country by a more powerful one, while maintaining the legal independence of the weaker state. In the late nineteenth century, free-trade imperialism characterized the relations between the Latin American republics. (744)

Question 302

French revolution

Answer 302

1789 - 1799

Question 303

fresco

Answer 303

A technique of painting on walls covered with moist plaster. It was used to decorate Minoan and Mycenaean palaces and Roman villas, and became an important medium during the Italian Renaissance. (p. 73)

Question 304

Friedrich Engels

Answer 304

Collaborated with Marx on Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital.

Question 305

From the 1200’s to the early 1700’s, Russia can best be described as…?

Answer 305

isolated

Question 306

Funan

Answer 306

An early complex society in Southeast Asia between the first and sixth centuries C.E. It was centered in the rich rice-growing region of southern Vietnam, and it controlled the passage of trade across the Malaysian isthmus. (p. 191)

Question 307

Gamal Abdel Nasser

Answer 307

Egyptian leader who took Suez Canal in 1956. Also launched unsuccessful 6 day war against Israel.

Question 308

Gang of Four

Answer 308

Political leaders close to Mao. Later convicted of committing torture during Cultural Revolution.

Question 309

Gaul

Answer 309

the modern day nation of France

Question 310

Gender division of labor

Answer 310

Feature of Stone Age society. Due to basic physical differences, various food-gathering tasks and everyday activities tended to be assigned by sex. Did not necessarily mean men’s roles were superior to women. Over time, gender division of labor led to inequality of sexes, despite technological advances that have made physical differences less important.

Question 311

gens de couleur

Answer 311

Free men and women of color in Haiti. They sought greater political rights and later supported the Haitian Revolution. (See also L’Ouverture, Fran?ois Dominique Toussaint.) (p. 593)

Question 312

gentry

Answer 312

In China, the class of prosperous families, next in wealth below the rural aristocrats, from which the emperors drew their administrative personnel. (166)

Question 313

George III

Answer 313

King of Britain during American Revolutionary War.

Question 314

George Keenan “Containment”

Answer 314

US diplomat who advocated to keep communism where it was and not to let it spread

Question 315

George Washington

Answer 315

Military commander of the American Revolution. He was the first elected president of the United States (1789-1799). (p. 581)

Question 316

Georges Clemenceau

Answer 316

French leader at end of WWI. Wanted to punish Germany in Treaty of Versailles and compenate France.

Question 317

Georges Danton

Answer 317

French revolutionary who called for execution of the king and others. Later considered not radical enough and was himself killed by other revolutionaries.

Question 318

Getulio Vargas

Answer 318

Dictator of Brazil from 1930 to 1945 and from 1951 to 1954. Defeated in the presidential election of 1930, he overthrew the government and created Estado Novo (‘New State’), a dictatorship that emphasized industrialization. (823)

Question 319

Ghana

Answer 319

First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E. Also the modern West African country once known as the Gold Coast. (p. 215)

Question 320

Gheghis Khan

Answer 320

Born in 1170’s. Elected supreme Mongol ruler in 1206 then began the Mongol ride to world power.

Question 321

Gilgamesh

Answer 321

legendary king who was half man and half god. He went on a journey to find eternal youth with his friend Eucles. He died in the end.

Question 322

Giovanni Boccacio

Answer 322

wrote the Decameron, recounts how a group of young Florentines fled during the Black Death

Question 323

Gold Coast

Answer 323

Region of the Atlantic coast of West Africa occupied by modern Ghana; named for its gold exports to Europe from the 1470s onward. (p. 428)

Question 324

Golden Horde

Answer 324

A group of Mongols that overran Russia, Poland, and Hungary. (1237-1242).

Question 325

Goose step

Answer 325

Way Nazi’s marched.

Question 326

Gothic

Answer 326

Architectural developed in the Middle age in Western Europe/ Flying Buttress

Question 327

Gothic Cathedrals

Answer 327

Large churches originating in twelfth-century France; built in an architectural style featuring pointed arches, tall vaults and spires, flying buttresses, and large stained-glass windows. (p. 405)

Question 328

Grand Canal

Answer 328

The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire. (p. 277)

Question 329

Great Canal

Answer 329

canal system began by Yangdi Sui Dynasty around 600, joined yellow and yantze river.

Question 330

Great Circuit

Answer 330

The network of Atlantic Ocean trade routes between Europe, Africa, and the Americas that underlay theAtlantic system. (p. 508)

Question 331

Great War

Answer 331

Another name for WWI

Question 332

Great Western Schism

Answer 332

A division in the Latin (Western) Christian Church between 1378 and 1417, when rival claimants to the papacy existed in Rome and Avignon. (p. 411)

Question 333

Great Zimbabwe

Answer 333

City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state. (p. 385)

Question 334

Greek City States

Answer 334

Polis. Has a government. A city that has its own country. Has Council.

Question 335

Greek fire

Answer 335

Greek fire (also called Byzantine fire, wildfire and liquid fire, Greek Υγρό Πυρ, igró pir) was a weapon used by the Byzantine Empire, said to have been invented by a Syrian Christian refugee named Kallinikos (Callinicus) of Heliopolis (Syria), probably about 673. Some people believe that he acquired this knowledge from the chemists of Alexandria. It was capable of discharging a stream of burning fluid, and was very effective both on sea and land. However, it was used primarily at sea. It is rumored that the key to Greek fire’s effectiveness was that it could continue burning under almost any conditions, even under water. It was known to the Byzantines’ enemies as a “wet, dark, sticky fire” because it stuck to the unfortunate object it hit and was impossible to extinguish. Enemy ships were often afraid to come too near to the Byzantine fleet, because, once within range, the fire gave the Byzantines a strong military advantage. The last testimony of Greek Fire usage was in the Siege of Constantinople, where the secret itself was destroyed in the flames of the Ottoman torches.

Question 336

Grigori Rasputin

Answer 336

Healer for czar Nicolas during WWI, gave advice on how to run the government. Later killed by jealous noblemen.

Question 337

Gueranica

Answer 337

town in spain; used by hitler for target practice; used first ariel bombing against unarmed citizens

Question 338

guild

Answer 338

In medieval Europe, an association of men (rarely women), such as merchants, artisans, or professors, who worked in a particular trade and banded together to promote their economic and political interests. (403)

Question 339

Guilds

Answer 339

Organizations of artisans in the Middle Ages

Question 340

Gujarat

Answer 340

Region of western India famous for trade and manufacturing; the inhabitants are called Gujarati. (p. 380)

Question 341

gunpowder

Answer 341

The formula, brought to China in the 400s or 500s, was first used to make fumigators to keep away insect pests and evil spirits. In later centuries it was used to make explosives and grenades and to propel cannonballs, shot, and bullets. (p. 289)

Question 342

Guomindang

Answer 342

Nationalist political party founded on democratic principles by Sun Yat-sen in 1912. After 1925, the party was headed by Chiang Kai-shek, who turned it into an increasingly authoritarian movement. (p. 769)

Question 343

Gupta Empire

Answer 343

Powerful Indian state based, like its Mauryan predecessor, on a capital at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valley. It controlled most of the Indian subcontinent through a combination of military force and its prestige as a center of sophisticated culture (186)

Question 344

Guptas

Answer 344

Large Indian empire. Lasted 200 years. Gave classical India its greatest period of political stability

Question 345

Habsburg

Answer 345

A powerful European family that provided many Holy Roman Emperors, founded the Austrian (later Austro-Hungarian) Empire, and ruled sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Spain. (p. 449)

Question 346

hadith

Answer 346

A tradition relating the words or deeds of the Prophet Muhammad; next to the Quran, the most important basis for Islamic law. (p. 241)

Question 347

Hafaz Assad

Answer 347

President of Syria 1971 to 2000. Hard-liner against Israel and Islamic fundamentalism.

Question 348

Hagia Sophia

Answer 348

church rebuilt by Justinian. The model for churches all over the empire

Question 349

Hague Conventions?

Answer 349

1899 and 1907 conventions were, along with the Geneva Conventions, among the first formal statements of the laws of war and war crimes in the nascent body of international law.

Question 350

Haile Selassie

Answer 350

Emperor of Ethiopia (r. 1930-1974) and symbol of African independence. He fought the Italian invasion of his country in 1935 and regained his throne during World War II, when British forces expelled the Italians. He ruled Ethiopia as an autocrat. (809)

Question 351

Hammurabi

Answer 351

Amorite ruler of Babylon (r. 1792-1750 B.C.E.). He conquered many city-states in southern and northern Mesopotamia and is best known for a code of laws, inscribed on a black stone pillar, illustrating the principles to be used in legal cases. (p. 34)

Question 352

Han

Answer 352

A term used to designate (1) the ethnic Chinese people who originated in the Yellow River Valley and spread throughout regions of China suitable for agriculture and (2) the dynasty of emperors who ruled from 206 B.C.E. to 220 C.E. (p. 164)

Question 353

Han Dynasty

Answer 353

(200BCE- 200CE) Strong centralized govt. Spread borders. Not as violent.

Question 354

Hannibal

Answer 354

A Carthage military commander. Marched troops through the alps and defeated many Roman armies. Returned to Carthage and failed as an administrator. Voluntary exiled himself to the Seleucid Court where he was a military adviser.

Question 355

Hansaetic League

Answer 355

Trade network in the Baltic and North Sea which embraced many cities. This encouraged economic, social, and banking growth.

Question 356

Hapsburgs

Answer 356

Lead Austrian empire 13th - 20th century

Question 357

Harappa

Answer 357

Site of one of the great cities of the Indus Valley civilization of the third millennium B.C.E. It was located on the northwest frontier of the zone of cultivation , and may have been a center for the acquisition of raw materials. (p. 48)

Question 358

Hatshepsut

Answer 358

Queen of Egypt (1473-1458 B.C.E.). Dispatched a naval expedition down the Red Sea to Punt (possibly Somalia), the faraway source of myrrh. There is evidence of opposition to a woman as ruler, and after her death her name was frequently expunged. (p.66)

Question 359

Hebrew Bible

Answer 359

A collection of sacred books containing diverse materials concerning the origins, experiences, beliefs, and practices of the Israelites. Most of the extant text was compiled by members of the priestly class in the fifth century B.C.E. (99)

Question 360

Heinrich Himmler

Answer 360

Head of SS and Gestapo. Also supervised holocaust.

Question 361

Hellenistic

Answer 361

literally “To imitate the Greeks” The era after the death of Alexander the Great when Greek culture spread into the near east and blended with the cultures of that region.

Question 362

Hellenistic Age

Answer 362

Greek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. The period ended with the fall of the last major Hellenistic kingdom to Rome, but Greek cultural influence persisted until spread of islam. (137)

Question 363

Helsinki Accords

Answer 363

Political and human rights agreement signed in Helsinki, Finland, by the Soviet Union and western European countries. (p. 839)

Question 364

Henan Curfs

Answer 364

Led to Expeditions to Mexico in 1519 defeated Aztec Empire and established Spanish colonial rule.

Question 365

Henry the Navigator

Answer 365

(1394-1460) Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa. (p. 425)

Question 366

Henry VIII

Answer 366

English king who made himself head of the Church of England when Pope would not recognize his divorce. Since then, England has been Protestant.

Question 367

Herding societies

Answer 367

Social groups that domesticated animals, but not plants. Had to move from place to place on constant basis, in order to obtain grass or fodder. Herding societies were less likely to develop into civilized societies.

Question 368

Hermann Goering

Answer 368

Head of luftwaffe during Battle of Britain.

Question 369

Hernando Cortes

Answer 369

Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain. (p. 437)

Question 370

Herodotus

Answer 370

Greek scholar, nickname was the “father of history”, wrote “The Histories” (about Persian War vs. Greek city states)

Question 371

Hidden Imam

Answer 371

Last in a series of twelve descendants of Muhammad’s son-in-law Ali, whom Shi’ites consider divinely appointed leaders of the Muslim community. In occlusion since ca. 873, he is expected to return as a messiah at the end of time. (p. 532)

Question 372

hieroglyphics

Answer 372

System of writing in which pictorial symbols represented sounds, syllables, or concepts. Used for official and monumental inscriptions in ancient Egypt.

Question 373

high culture

Answer 373

Canons of artistic and literary masterworks recognized by dominant economic classes. (p. 897)

Question 374

Hijra

Answer 374

Muhammad’s emigration from Mecca to Yathrib

Question 375

Hinduism

Answer 375

Term for a wide variety of beliefs and ritual practices that have developed in the Indian subcontinent since antiquity. Hinduism has roots in ancient Vedic, Buddhist, and south Indian religious concepts and practices. Spread along trade routes (181)

Question 376

Hippocrates

Answer 376

Medicine in the 5th century BC greek empire.

Question 377

Hirohito

Answer 377

Emperor of Japan during WWII. Remained emperor after WWII but just figure head not really in charge

Question 378

Hiroshima

Answer 378

City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945. The bombing hastened the end of World War II. (p. 797)

Question 379

history v. prehistory

Answer 379

History goes back to a little more than 5000 years ago.

Prehistory refers to the vast expanse of time that precedes the birth of civilized societies

Question 380

Hitlers main method for achieving lebensraum was to ?

Answer 380

conquer other countries

Question 381

Hittites

Answer 381

A people from central Anatolia who established an empire in Anatolia and Syria in the Late Bronze Age. With wealth from the trade in metals and military power based on chariot forces, the hittites vied with New Kingdom Egypt over Syria (p.64)

Question 382

Ho Chi Minh

Answer 382

Vietnamese revolutionary Marxist

Question 383

Holocaust

Answer 383

Nazis’ program during World War II to kill people they considered undesirable. Some 6 million Jews perished during the Holocaust, along with millions of Poles, Gypsies, Communists, Socialists, and others. (p. 800)

Question 384

Holy Roman Empire

Answer 384

Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806. (pp. 260, 449)

Question 385

Homer

Answer 385

poet who wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey

Question 386

Homo erectus

Answer 386

Extinct species of early hominid that is thought to be the direct ancestor of modern Homo sapiens. Flourished from the beginning of the Pleistocene epoch to sometime in the Middle Pleistocene, about 1,600,000 to 250,000 years ago. Fossil remains of H.erectus were first found in the 1890s. Stone axes, basic wooden tools, clothing of skin and furs, and larger brain than H. erectus

Question 387

Homo habilis

Answer 387

Extinct species of early hominid that inhabited parts of sub-Saharan Africa about 2 million to 1.5 million years ago, and generally accepted as the earliest member of the genus Homo, following Australopithecus and preceding H. erectus. Remains of H. habilis were first discovered in 1959 and 1960 at Olduvai Gorge in northern Tanzania. Name, by Leakey, refers to able or “handy” man.

Question 388

Homo sapiens - Neanderthal

Answer 388

Early form of Homo sapiens that inhabited much of Europe and the Mediterranean lands during the late Pleistocene Epoch, about 100,000 to 30,000 years ago. Neanderthal remains have also been found in the Middle East, North Africa, and western Central Asia. Name derives from the discovery in 1856 of the first remains of the type in a cave above the Neander Valley in Germany, not far from Düsseldorf. Advanced tools, clothing, semi or permanent dwellings and social groups.

Question 389

Homo sapiens sapiens

Answer 389

Genus and species to which all modern human beings (Homo sapiens sapiens) belong and to which are attributable fossil remains of humans 100,000 to 200,000, and perhaps as much as 400,000 years old.

Question 390

hoplite

Answer 390

Heavily armored Greek infantryman of the Archaic and Classical periods who fought in the close-packed phalanx formation. Hoplite armies-militias composed of middle- and upper-class citizens supplying their own equipment: Superior to all other forces 128

Question 391

horse collar

Answer 391

Harnessing method that increased the efficiency of horses by shifting the point of traction from the animal’s neck to the shoulders; its adoption favors the spread of horse-drawn plows and vehicles. (p. 269)

Question 392

House of Burgesses

Answer 392

Elected assembly in colonial Virginia, created in 1618. (p. 486)

Question 393

House of Hanover

Answer 393

Series of English kings and queens who strengthened parliament.

Question 394

How are Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle related?

Answer 394

Plato was Socrates’ student. Aristotle was Plato’s student. The three worked with the rationalizing and linearalizing of thought and ideas.

Question 395

How did Admiral Nelson defeat the French-Spanish fleet in the Battle of Trafalgar?

Answer 395

divided French fleet into small groups and attacked

Question 396

How did Cardinal Richelieu work to increase the power of the Bourbon monarchy?

Answer 396

Moved against the Huguenots and weakened the power of the nobles

Question 397

How did civilians join the war effort?

Answer 397

Scrap metal drives, working in war industries, rationing

Question 398

How did Europeans use paternalism to govern people in colonies?

Answer 398

they provided for colonial peoples’ needs but did not give them full rights

Question 399

How did indirect control compare to direct control?

Answer 399

Indirect control allowed limited self-rule

Question 400

How did Kristallnacht demonstrate Nazi persecution of Jews?

Answer 400

Nazi troops attacked Jewish homes, business and synagogues

Question 401

How did life change for Russians after the sucess of the Bolshevik revolution?

Answer 401

Russia was organized into several self-governing republics

Question 402

How did Menelik II keep colonial interests of Ethiopia?

Answer 402

he exploited European rivalries and built a modern army

Question 403

How did the Allies respond to Wilson’s vision for peace? (3)

Answer 403

Briatin and France showed little sign of agreeing to Wilson’s plan, B & F were concerned with strengthening their own security, B & F wanted to strip Germany of its war-making power

Question 404

How did the French govern the people of French Indochina?

Answer 404

Direct Colonial Control

Question 405

How did the Japanese try to build a pacific empire?

Answer 405

by taking over US British and French territories

Question 406

How did the Lend-Lease act benefit the US?

Answer 406

it enriched the US economy through selling arms to the Allies

Question 407

How did the Puritans finally win the English Civil War?

Answer 407

Cromwells army defeated the ROyalists and the Puritans held the King Prisoner

Question 408

How did the reigns of Alexander III and Nicholas II help pave the way for revolution?

Answer 408

They both upheld an autocratic government without reforms

Question 409

How did the Treaty of Versailles affect postwar Germany?

Answer 409

it left a legacy of bitterness in the hearts of the German people

Question 410

How did the United Provinces of the Netherlands differ from the neighboring states?

Answer 410

elect governments whose power depends on landowners and merchants

Question 411

How did zoroastrianism influence judaism and christianity?

Answer 411

It introduced the concepts of angels, satan, ressurection, and afterlife.

Question 412

How were France and Russia similar during the 1800’s?

Answer 412

Both had policies that encouraged industrialization

Question 413

How were Muhammad Ali’s policies and European colonial policies similar?

Answer 413

Peasants were forced to grow cash crops instead of food

Question 414

How were the books Les Miserables and Frankenstein different?

Answer 414

Both were written by British authors

Question 415

How were the Holocaust and Hitler’s final solution related?

Answer 415

Holocaust is the term for genocide that resulted form the plan called the “final solution”

Question 416

How were the unifications of Italy and Germany similar?

Answer 416

Both use military to unify territories

Question 417

Huguenots

Answer 417

French protestants of the 16th-17th century persecuted by Roman Catholic Church. Louis XIV banned them, and many fled to America.

Question 418

humanism?

Answer 418

It came from the rennaissance. It places emphasis on the individual’s potential to reach greatness in any realm - art, science, spirituality, etc…

Question 419

humanists (renaissance)

Answer 419

European scholars, writers, and teachers associated with the study of the humanities (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, languages, and moral philosophy), influential in the fifteenth century and later. (p. 408)

Question 420

Hundred Years War

Answer 420

Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families. (p. 413) (1337-1453) France vs. England, France won, lasted 116 yrs-a series of conflicts

Question 421

Huns

Answer 421

Tribe from Western Asia who conquered much of Europe during the 5th century.

Question 422

Hunting and gathering societies

Answer 422

Also called foraging societies. Living off resources that could be taken directly from land. When resources grew scarce, they moved on to another area.

Question 423

Ibn Battuta

Answer 423

Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. (p. 373)

Question 424

Ibn Khaldun

Answer 424

Arab historian. He developed an influential theory on the rise and fall of states. Born in Tunis, he spent his later years in Cairo as a teacher and judge. In 1400 he was sent to Damascus to negotiate the surrender of the city. (336)

Question 425

Ibn;Rushdi

Answer 425

Iberian Muslim philosopher. Helped to make works done by Plato and Aristotle become well known.

Question 426

Iconoclasm

Answer 426

Breaking of images; Religious controversy of the 8th century. Byzantine Empire attempted but failed to suppress icon veneration

Question 427

ides of march

Answer 427

Day Caesar was assassinated.

Question 428

Il Duce was the title of which of the following leaders?

Answer 428

Benito Mussolini

Question 429

Il-Khan

Answer 429

A ‘secondary’ or ‘peripheral’ khan based in Persia. The Il-khans’ khanate was founded by H?leg?, a grandson of Genghis Khan, was based at Tabriz in modern Azerbaijan. It controlled much of Iran and Iraq. (p. 333)

Question 430

Ilkhanate of Persia

Answer 430

Brother of Khubilai Khan who took over Baghdad in 1258.

Question 431

Imperialism

Answer 431

the policy of extending one countries power over onother by conquest of by establishing direct enviorment, economy, or culture over another

Question 432

imperium

Answer 432

consuls could take military power and authority

Question 433

Import Substitution Industrialization

Answer 433

An economic system aimed at building a country’s industry by restricting foreign trade. It was especially popular in Latin American countries such as Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil in the mid-twentieth century. (823)

Question 434

in 1588, the Spanish Armada met defeat at the hands of?

Answer 434

the English

Question 435

In 1907, Russia and Britain agreed to Spheres of Influence in..?

Answer 435

Persia

Question 436

in 1920, a dictatorship ruled

Answer 436

Russia

Question 437

In the 1860’s, the expansion of Prussia was achieved under the leadership of who?

Answer 437

Otto von Bismark

Question 438

In the early 19th century Europe, one political goal that liberals had was?

Answer 438

Give more power to elected parliaments

Question 439

In the first falf of the 1800’s, a political liberal was most likely to be

Answer 439

middle class merchant

Question 440

In the first practical process of making photographs, on what were photographs printed?

Answer 440

Metal

Question 441

In the late 1800’s, who competed for industrial domination of Europe?

Answer 441

Great Britain and Germany

Question 442

In what way did the Bourgeoisie differ from other members of the Third Estate?

Answer 442

believed in enlightenment ideas

Question 443

Inca

Answer 443

Largest and most powerful Andean empire. Controlled the Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile from its capital of Cuzco. (p. 316)

Question 444

Inca Socialism

Answer 444

Interpretation describing Inca society as a type of utopia. Organized in which every community collectively contributed to the whole.

Question 445

Incas?

Answer 445

An empire centered in what is now Peru from AD 1438 to AD 1533. Over that period, the Inca used conquest and peaceful assimilation to incorporate in their empire a large portion of western South America, centred on the Andean mountain ranges, and including parts of Ecuador, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina. The Spanish conquered them in 1533.

Question 446

indentured servant

Answer 446

A migrant to British colonies in the Americas who paid for passage by agreeing to work for a set term ranging from four to seven years. (p. 486)

Question 447

Indian Civil Service

Answer 447

The elite professional class of officials who administered the government of British India. Originally composed exclusively of well-educated British men, it gradually added qualified Indians. (p. 661)

Question 448

Indian National Congress

Answer 448

A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, it appealed to the poor (812)

Question 449

Indian Ocean Maritime System

Answer 449

In premodern times, a network of seaports, trade routes, and maritime culture linking countries on the rim of the Indian Ocean from Africa to Indonesia. (p. 207)

Question 450

Indira Ghandi

Answer 450

Daughter of Nehru, PM from 1966 to 1977, later 1980-84. Focused on helping poor and independence of Bangladesh. Assassinated by her own bodyguards.

Question 451

Indo-Europeans

Answer 451

People from India/Europe: referring to Hitties who migrated to the central plain of Anatolia and imposed their rule and language on the people.

Question 452

indulgence

Answer 452

The forgiveness of the punishment due for past sins, granted by the Catholic Church authorities as a reward for a pious act. Martin Luther’s protest against the sale of indulgences is often seen as touching off the Protestant Reformation. (p. 446)

Question 453

Indulgence

Answer 453

Church selling freedom from purgatory. Attack by Martin Luther of this practice began the reformation.

Question 454

Indus

Answer 454

An Indian River whose source is the Himalayas an is known for its wildness.

Question 455

Indus valley civilization (Indus River)

Answer 455

Arose around 2600 bce.

Question 456

Industrial Revolution

Answer 456

The transformation of the economy, the environment, and living conditions, occurring first in England in the eighteenth century, that resulted from the use of steam engines, the mechanization of manufacturing in factories, transit, and communications (599

Question 457

Inquisition

Answer 457

Court established by Catholic Church to try people for Heresy. Most active in Spain.

Question 458

investiture (feudal)

Answer 458

ceremony where the lord gave his vassal a clod of earth or sprig of leaves as a symbol of the land the vassal was receiving

Question 459

investiture (popes)

Answer 459

controversy Dispute between the popes and the Holy Roman Emperors over who held ultimate authority over bishops in imperial lands. (p. 261)

Question 460

Irish potato famine

Answer 460

19th century famine due to failure of potato crop. Lead to mass migration to the US

Question 461

Iron Age

Answer 461

After the bronze age, used iron to make tools around 2000 BC

Question 462

iron curtain

Answer 462

Winston Churchill’s term for the Cold War division between the Soviet-dominated East and the U.S.-dominated West. (p. 831)

Question 463

Iron Curtain Speech

Answer 463

Churchill phrase; division b/w free and repressed society

Question 464

Iroquois Confederacy

Answer 464

An alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples (after 1722 six) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English, it dominated W. New England. (488)

Question 465

Islam

Answer 465

Religion expounded by the Prophet Muhammad (570-632 C.E.) on the basis of his reception of divine revelations, which were collected after his death into the Quran. (231)

Question 466

Israel

Answer 466

In antiquity, the land between the eastern shore of the Mediterranean and the Jordan River, occupied by the Israelites from the early second millennium B.C.E. The modern state of Israel was founded in 1948. (p. 98)

Question 467

Ivan the Terrible

Answer 467

Russian czar of 16th century, who battled with his nobles and was known for his cruelty.

Question 468

Jacobins

Answer 468

Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794. (See also Robespierre, Maximilien.) (p. 588)

Question 469

James Watt

Answer 469

Scot who invented the condenser and other improvements that made the steam engine a practical source of power for industry and transportation. The watt, an electrical measurement, is named after him. (p. 607)

Question 470

Janissaries

Answer 470

Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826. See also devshirme. (p. 526, 675)

Question 471

Japanese Instrument of Surrender?

Answer 471

The Instrument of Surrender of Japan was the armistice ending World War II. It was signed by representatives of Japan, US, China, UK, USSR, Australia, Canada, France, Netherlands, and New Zealand on the deck of the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay on September 2, 1945, and which thereby ended the Pacific War and with it World War II.

Question 472

Jawaharial Nehru

Answer 472

Indian statesman. He succeeded Mohandas K. Gandhi as leader of the Indian National Congress. He negotiated the end of British colonial rule in India and became India’s first prime minister (1947-1964). (p. 815)

Question 473

Jean Calvin

Answer 473

French Protestant who stress the doctrine of free destination. Establish Central of group in Geneva Switzerland

Question 474

Jean-Paul Marat

Answer 474

Leader of Jacobins in French Revolution

Question 475

Jesuits

Answer 475

Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534. They played an important part in the Catholic Reformation and helped create conduits of trade and knowledge between Asia and Europe. (p. 548)

Question 476

Jesus

Answer 476

Of Nazareth, a charismatic Jewish teacher. Deemed, Christ, the son of god performing miraculous feats, preaching peace, and was executed in 30CE.

Question 477

Jihad

Answer 477

In Islam “Striving in the name of the lord”. The term is ambiguous and has been subject to varying interpretations, from the practice of conducting raids against local neighbors to the conduct of “holy war” against unbelievers

Question 478

Joan of Arc

Answer 478

Lead army to establish rightful king on the French throne. Later burned as a witch. Later still made a saint.

Question 479

Joesph Stalin

Answer 479

Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition (780)

Question 480

Johann Gutenberg

Answer 480

Invented the first typewriter. Gutenberg bible first book printed from it.

Question 481

Johannes Gutenburg

Answer 481

introduced movable type to W Europe in the 15th century

Question 482

joint-stock company

Answer 482

A business, often backed by a government charter, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks (and profits) among many investors. (p. 460)

Question 483

Jose Maria Morelos

Answer 483

Mexican priest and former student of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, he led the forces fighting for Mexican independence until he was captured and executed in 1814. (See also Hidalgo y Costilla, Miguel.) (p. 626)

Question 484

Joseph Brant

Answer 484

Mohawk leader who supported the British during the American Revolution. (p. 581)

Question 485

Joseph Stalin USSR

Answer 485

Succesor to Lenin as head of USSR. Stong nationalist. Very anti western. Control any opposition. died 1953

Question 486

Josephy Goebbels

Answer 486

Propaganda minister for Hitler. A lie repeated often enough, gains the legitimacy of truth.

Question 487

Josiah Wedgwood

Answer 487

English industrialist whose pottery works were the first to produce fine-quality pottery by industrial methods. (p. 603)

Question 488

Juan Peron

Answer 488

President of Argentina (1946-1955, 1973-1974). As a military officer, he championed the rights of labor. Aided by his wife Eva Duarte Per?n, he was elected president in 1946. He built up Argentinean industry, became very popular among the urban poor. (823

Question 489

Juan Ponce de Leon

Answer 489

Spanish conquistador of 15th-16th century, who conquered Puerto Rico and Florida.

Question 490

Julius Caesar

Answer 490

A great Roman general of daring acts, later becoming emperor of Rome. Upon declaring himself as dictator he was assassinated.

Question 491

junk

Answer 491

A very large flatbottom sailing ship produced in the Tang and Song Empires, specially designed for long-distance commercial travel. (p. 288)

Question 492

Justinian

Answer 492

: period when paganism finally lost its long struggle to survive and when the schism in Christianity between the monophy site east and the chalcedonia west became insurmountable.

Question 493

Kaiser

Answer 493

German word for emperor.

Question 494

Kamakura Shogunate

Answer 494

The first of Japan’s decentralized military governments. (1185-1333). (p. 294)

Question 495

kamikaze

Answer 495

The ‘divine wind,’ which the Japanese credited with blowing Mongol invaders away from their shores in 1281. (p. 365)

Question 496

Kangxi

Answer 496

Qing emperor (r. 1662-1722). He oversaw the greatest expansion of the Qing Empire.

Question 497

Karl Marx

Answer 497

German journalist and philosopher, founder of the Marxist branch of socialism. He is known for two books: The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (Vols. I-III, 1867-1894). (p. 709)

Question 498

karma

Answer 498

In Indian tradition, the residue of deeds performed in past and present lives that adheres to a ‘spirit’ and determines what form it will assume in its next life cycle. Used in India to make people happy with their lot in life (177)

Question 499

keiretsu

Answer 499

Alliances of corporations and banks that dominate the Japanese economy. (p. 861)

Question 500

khipu

Answer 500

System of knotted colored cords used by preliterate Andean peoples to transmit information. (p. 312)