FSOT Master 7 Flashcards
Ahisma
A Jainism principle: the non violence towards all living things.
Akbar
Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus. (p. 536)
Akhenaten
Egyptian pharaoh (r. 1353-1335 B.C.E.). He built a new capital at Amarna, fostered a new style of naturalistic art, and created a religious revolution by imposing worship of the sun-disk. (p.66)
Albert Einstein
German physicist who developed the theory of relativity, which states that time, space, and mass are relative to each other and not fixed. (p. 774)
Aleandria
City on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt founded by Alexander. It became the capital of the Hellenistic kingdom of the Ptolemies. It contained the famous Library and the Museum-a center for leading scientific and literary figures. (138)
Alexander
King of Macedonia in northern Greece. Between 334 and 323 B.C.E. he conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus Valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread Greek culture across the Middle East. Later known as Alexander the Great. (p. 136)
Alexander Nevski
Prince of Novgorod (r. 1236-1263). He submitted to the invading Mongols in 1240 and received recognition as the leader of the Russian princes under the Golden Horde. (p. 339)
Alexander the Great
Macedonia. He conquered Persia and ruled over Greece, allowing Greek culture to prosper.
Alfred Dreyfus
Highest ranking jewish officer in the french army around 1894. Falsly accused of being a spy.
Alhambra Palace
The palace was in Granada, Spain and it reflects Islamic-Spanish civilization
Allah
The one true god of Islam.
Allied Powers?
The countries of Britain, Soviet Union, United States, and France that formed an alliance during World War II.
All-India Muslim League
Political organization founded in India in 1906 to defend the interests of India’s Muslim minority. Led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, it attempted to negotiate with the Indian National Congress. Demanded Pakistan (813)
Amazon River
Greatest river of South America and the largest drainage system in the world in terms of the volume of its flow and the area of its basin. Total length of the river—measured from the headwaters of the Ucayali-ApurÃmac river system in Peru — is about 4,000 miles, which is slightly shorter than the Nile River. Its westernmost source is high in the Andes Mountains, within 100 miles of the Pacific Ocean, and its mouth is in the Atlantic Ocean.
Amon
Egyptian god related to the creator god.
Anasazi
Important culture of what is now the southwest (1000-1300 C.E.). Centered on Chaco Canyon in New Mexico and Mesa Verde in Colorado, the Anasazi culture built multistory residences and worshipped in subterranean buildings called kivas. (pg 308)
Ancien regime
Time before French revolution, built on belief of absolute monarchy and divine right of kings
Andrei Sakharov
Developed soviet H-bomb. Later became critic of Soviets, exiled and awarded Nobel.
Anwar Sadat
Egyptian president who signed peace with Israel, but later assassinated for it.
Appeal of June 18?
A speech on June 18th, 1940 by Charles de Gaulle, calling on the French to resist Germany.
aqueduct
A conduit, either elevated or under ground, using gravity to carry water from a source to a location-usually a city-that needed it. The Romans built many aqueducts in a period of substantial urbanization. (p. 156)
Arawak
Amerindian peoples who inhabited the Greater Antilles of the Caribbean at the time of Columbus. (p. 423)
Aristophanes
a comedic writer, was the author of The Clouds
Aristotle
established The Lyceum, pupil of Plato, wrote The Politics
Armenia
One of the earliest Christian kingdoms, situated in eastern Anatolia and the western Caucasus and occupied by speakers of the Armenian language. (p. 221)
Armenian massacres
Genoicide committed by the Turks in late 19th, early 20th century.
As a result of the defeat of the Spanish Armada…?
Spain decreased as a European power
Asante
African kingdom on the Gold Coast that expanded rapidly after 1680. Asante participated in the Atlantic economy, trading gold, slaves, and ivory. It resisted British imperial ambitions for a quarter century before being absorbed into Britain. 1902 (736)
Ashikaga Shogunate
The second of Japan’s military governments headed by a shogun (a military ruler). Sometimes called the Muromachi Shogunate. (p. 365)
Ashoka
Third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (r. 270-232 B.C.E.). He converted to Buddhism and broadcast his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars, the earliest surviving Indian writing. (p. 184)
Ashur
Chief deity of the Assyrians, he stood behind the king and brought victory in war. Also the name of an important Assyrian religious and political center. (p. 94)
Asia Minor
the modern day nation of Turkey, a war with the Byzantines took place there
Asian Tigers
Collective name for South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore-nations that became economic powers in the 1970s and 1980s. (p. 861)
Asiatic Huns
200-600CE. Lead to decline of all 3 classical civilizations
Assyrians
WorldÂ’s first true empire (large state created by conquest of neighbors)
Atahualpa
Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish. (p. 438)
Atlantic System
The network of trading links after 1500 that moved goods, wealth, people, and cultures around the Atlantic Ocean basin. (p. 497)
Attila the Hun
King of the Huns who conquered much of Europe.
Augustine
wrote City of God, it showed there was order in history
Augustus
Honorific name of Octavian, founder of the Roman Principate, the military dictatorship that replaced the failing rule of the Roman Senate. (151)
Auschwitz
Nazi extermination camp in Poland, the largest center of mass murder during the Holocaust. Close to a million Jews, Gypsies, Communists, and others were killed there. (p. 800)
australopithecines
Genus of extinct hominids that lived in Africa from the early Pliocene Epoch (beginning about 5.3 million years ago) to the beginning of the Pleistocene (about 1.6 million years ago), and believe to be ancestral to modern human beings. The australopithecines were distinguished from early apes by their upright posture and bipedal gait.
Austronesean
The earliest inhabitants of New Guinea that led seafaring lives. In 3000BCE established themselves on many islands.
autocracy
The theory justifying strong, centralized rule, such as by the tsar in Russia or Haile Selassie in Ethiopia. The autocrat did not rely on the aristocracy or the clergy for his or her legitimacy. (p. 553)
Axis Powers?
A group of countries that opposed the Allied Powers in World War II, including Germany, Italy, and Japan as well as Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, and Yugoslavia.
Axum
A great Christian kingdom of Ethiopia about 400CE with a prominent sea port known for trade.
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini
Shi’ite philosopher and cleric who led the overthrow of the shah of Iran in 1979 and created an Islamic republic. (p. 859)
ayllu
Andean lineage group or kin-based community. (p. 312)
Aztecs
Also known as Mexica, the Aztecs created a powerful empire in central Mexico (1325-1521 C.E.). They forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax. (p. 305)
Babylon
The largest and most important city in Mesopotamia. It achieved particular eminence as the capital of the Amorite king Hammurabi in the eighteenth century B.C.E. and the Neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar in the sixth century B.C.E. (p. 29)
balance of power
The policy in international relations by which, beginning in the eighteenth century, the major European states acted together to prevent any one of them from becoming too powerful. (p. 455)
Balfour Declaration
Statement issued by Britain’s Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour in 1917 favoring the establishment of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine. (p. 761)
Balkanization
dividing up of territory into different states
Bands or tribes
Social group which resulted from clans becoming larger and mixing with neighboring groups
Bannermen
Hereditary military servants of the Qing Empire, in large part descendants of peoples of various origins who had fought for the founders of the empire. (p. 684)
Bantu
An African people who migrated throughout Africa (2000-1000BCE) spreading agriculture while displacing hunter gatherers.
Bartolome de Las Casas
First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor, (476
Bartolomeu Dias
Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean. (p. 428)
Batavi
Fort established ca.1619 as headquarters of Dutch East India Company operations in Indonesia; today the city of Jakarta. (p. 543)
Battle of Britain
WWII air battle. RAF defeated Germans, thus averting German invasion.
Battle of Hastings
When William the Conqueror of Normandy takes the English Crown
Battle of Manzikert
Celtic Turks defeated the Byzantines, the Byzantine Empire was lost
Battle of Marathon
5th century battle in which Greeks defeated larger army of Persian empire.
Battle of Midway
U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. It marked a turning point in World War II. (p. 795)
Battle of Omdurman
British victory over the Mahdi in the Sudan in 1898. General Kitchener led a mixed force of British and Egyptian troops armed with rapid-firing rifles and machine guns. (p. 730)
Battle of the Bulge
Last major offensive of Germany in WWII. Patton drove them back, but heavy casualties on both sides.
Battle of Trafalgar
Major british naval victory over Napolean.
Battle of Waterloo?
The Battle of Waterloo, fought on June 18, 1815, was Napoleon Bonaparte’s last battle. After his exile to Elba, he had reinstalled himself on the throne of France for a Hundred Days. During this time, the forces of the rest of Europe converged on him, commanded by the United Kingdom’s Duke of Wellington, and Prussia’s Gebhard von Blücher.The battlefield is in present day Belgium, about 12 km (7.5 miles) SSE of Brussels, and 2 km (1.2 miles) from the town of Waterloo. As far back as 13 March, six days before Napoleon reached Paris, the powers at the Congress of Vienna declared him an outlaw; four days later the United Kingdom, Russia, Austria and Prussia bound themselves to put 150,000 men into the field to end his rule. Napoleon knew that, once his attempts at dissuading one or more of the allies from invading France had failed, his only chance of remaining in power was to attack before the Allies put together an overwhelming force. If he could destroy the existing Allied forces in Belgium before they were reinforced, he might be able to drive the British back to the sea and knock the Prussians out of the war. He failed, and died in exile 6 years later.
Battle of Zama
When Marcipial beat Hannabal in Africa
Bedouin
Nomadic tribes originally from Northern Arabia who became important traders after the domestication of the camel during the first millennium. Early Converts to Islam, their values and practitioners included Bernini, Rubens, Handel, and Bach.
Beijing
China’s northern capital, first used as an imperial capital in 906 and now the capital of the People’s Republic of China. (p. 351)
Beism
the concept of god during the scientific revolution. The role of divinity was limited to setting natural laws of motion.
Belisarius
The general who reconquered the Western Roman Empire.
Bengal
Region of northeastern India. It was the first part of India to be conquered by the British in the eighteenth century and remained the political and economic center of British India throughout the nineteenth century.(812)
Benito Mussolini
Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy. (p. 786)
Benjamin Disraeli
British PM who expanded rule over colonies.
Benjamin Franklin
American intellectual, inventor, and politician He helped to negotiate French support for the American Revolution. (p. 577)
Berlin Airlift
SU sorounded Berlin; US flew 13000 tons of supplies into berlin daily. 1949
Berlin Conference
Conference that German chancellor Otto von Bismarck called to set rules for the partition of Africa. It led to the creation of the Congo Free State under King Leopold II of Belgium. (See also Bismarck, Otto von.) (p. 732)
Between 1934 & 1939, the great purge was a campaign to eliminate?
opposition to Stalin’s power
Bhagavad-Gita
The most important work of Indian sacred literature, a dialogue between the great warrior Arjuna and the god Krishna on duty and the fate of the spirit. (p. 185)
Bhakti
An Indian movement that sought to erase the distinction between Hinduism and Islam.
Black Death
An outbreak of bubonic plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers of persons. (p. 397)
Blaise Diagne
Senegalese political leader. He was the first African elected to the French National Assembly. During World War I, in exchange for promises to give French citizenship to Senegalese, he helped recruit Africans to serve in the French army. (809)
Boer Wars
Dutch people fighting independence of boer republic. British won. (1899-1902)
Boers
Dutch and other European settlers 19th century, British occupations
Bolsheviks
Radical Marxist political party founded by Vladimir Lenin in 1903. Under Lenin’s leadership, the Bolsheviks seized power in November 1917 during the Russian Revolution. (See also Lenin, Vladimir.) (p. 761)
Bombing of the Panay?
The Panay incident was a Japanese attack on the United States Navy gunboat Panay while she was anchored in the Yangtze River outside of Nanjing on December 12, 1937, immediately preceeding the Rape of Nanking. Japan and the United States were not at war at the time. The Japanese claimed that they did not see the United States flags painted on the deck of the gunboat, apologized and paid an indemnity. Nevertheless, the attack and reports of the Nanking Massacre caused US opinion to turn sharply against the Japanese. In spite of this outrage, American isolationism kept them out of war, even when it was clear that the act was intentional.
Borobodur
A massive stone monument on the Indonesian island of Java, erected by the Sailendra kings around 800 C.E. The winding ascent through ten levels, decorated with rich relief carving, is a Buddhist allegory for the progressive stages of enlightenment. (193)
Bourbons
Ruling family of France until the French Revolution.
bourgeoisie
In early modern Europe, the class of well-off town dwellers whose wealth came from manufacturing, finance, commerce, and allied professions. (p. 459)
Boxer Rebellion
Kick out foriegners, defeated but gave more control to europeans
Boyar
The Russian Nobility
breech loading rifle
Gun into which the projectiles had to be individually inserted. Later guns had magazines, a compartment holding multiple projectiles that could be fed rapidly into the firing chamber. (p. 681)
British Empire
16th - 20th century. Colonized much of the world. Became the Commonwealth after decolonization.
British raj
The rule over much of South Asia between 1765 and 1947 by the East India Company and then by a British government. (p. 659)
Bronze Age
- 3500 to 1200 BCE
- mixture of copper and tin to create bronze
- developed in China and Middle East between 4000 and 3000 BCE
- better quality and adaptibility than stone
- signals end of Stone Age
Brutus
Roman politician who assassinated Caesar.
bubonic plague
A bacterial disease of fleas that can be transmitted by flea bites to rodents and humans; humans in late stages of the illness can spread the bacteria by coughing. High mortality rate and hard to contain. Disastrous. (280)
Buddha
An Indian prince named Siddhartha Gautama, who renounced his wealth and social position. After becoming ‘enlightened’ (the meaning of Buddha) he enunciated the principles of Buddhism. (180)
Buddhism
Founded by Siddhartha Guantana in 500 BCE. 4 noble truths and 8th fold way. Don’t desire.
Burlingame Treaty?
The Burlingame Treaty, between the United States and China, amended the Treaty of Tientsin and established formal friendly relations between the two countries, with the United States granting China Most Favored Nation status. It was ratified in 1868. Importantly, Chinese immigration to the United States was encouraged. The treaty was reversed in 1882 by the Chinese Exclusion Act.
business cycle
Recurrent swings from economic hard times to recovery and growth, then back to hard times and a repetition of the sequence. (p. 615)
By 1812, Napoleon had conquered most of Europe except
England
By 1849, most of Europe was under the control of the ?
Conservatives
By 1935, the only eastern European country that was still a democracy was
Czechoslovakia
Byzantine Empire
Historians’ name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward, taken from ‘Byzantion,’ an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453. (250)
Caesaropapism
The idea that a king’s rule has an aura of divinity and is sanctioned by God.
Caligula
Insane Roman emperor. Nominated his horse to the Senate.
caliphate
Office established in succession to the Prophet Muhammad, to rule the Islamic empire; also the name of that empire. (See also Abbasid Caliphate; Sokoto Caliphate; Umayyad Caliphate.) (p. 232)
Camp David Accords?
Started by President Carter in 1978, a framework for peace negotiations concerning Israeli-occupied Arab territories—Jordan’s West Bank, and Egypt’s Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula.
capitalism
The economic system of large financial institutions-banks, stock exchanges, investment companies-that first developed in early modern Europe. Commercial capitalism, the trading system of the early modern economy. (506)
Captain James Cook
English explorer of Australia, New Zealand Hawaii, antarctica and West Coast of North America.
Captain William Kidd
Famous English pirate in 17th-18th century.
caravel
A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic. (p. 427)
Caribbean Sea
Sea that is point of connection between North and South America, resource rich, and first territories reached by European settlers in 15th and 16th centuries
Carthage
City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by Rome in the third century B.C.E. (p. 107)
Cassaks
Peasant adventures with agricultural and military skills, recruited to concur and settle newly settled lands in southeast Russia and Siberia.
Caste System
System of rigid social hierarchy. Birthed into specific “ranksâ€
Cathars
Encountered Byzantine ideas in long distance trade. Adopted an ascetic heretic lifestyle.
Catherine the Great
German born, Russian Zarina. Combined ideas with a strong policy. Converted nobility to a service aristocracy by granting them the power over the peasants.
Catholic Reformation
Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline. (p. 447)
Cato
Roman politician bent on destruction of Carthage.
cavalry warfare
New skill of warfare developed by Assyrians.
Cecil Rhodes Asante
British entrepreneur and politician involved in the expansion of the British Empire from South Africa into Central Africa. The colonies of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) were named after him. (p. 736)
Celts
Peoples sharing a common language and culture that originated in Central Europe in the first half of the first millennium B.C.E.. After 500 B.C.E. they spread as far as Anatolia in the east, Spain and the British Isles in the west, onquered by Romans (90)
Central Powers
Germany and its allies in WWI.
Chaing Kai Shek
followed sun yat sen; military leader; leader of nationalist party in China in 1920’s. driven out by communist in WWII
Champa
A state formerly located in what is now southern Vietnam. It was hostile to Annam and was annexed by Annam and destroyed as an independent entity in 1500. (p. 366)
Champa Rice
Quick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season. Originally introduced into Champa from India, it was later sent to China as a tribute gift by the Champa state. (See also tributary system.) (p. 295)
Chan Buddhism
Called “Zen†, meditation and appreciation of natural and artistic beauty, popular among the rich.
Chandragupta Maurya
A king who reigned (322-298BCE) who starved himself to death after becoming a Jainist monk.
Chang’an
City in the Wei Valley in eastern China. It became the capital of the Zhou kingdom and the Qin and early Han Empires. Its main features were imitated in the cities and towns that sprang up throughout the Han Empire. >(p. 164)
Charlemagne?
Also known as Charles the Great, he was king of the Franks from 768 to 814 and king of the Lombards from 774 to 814. He was crowned Imperator Augustus in Rome on Christmas Day, 800 by Pope Leo III and is therefore regarded as the founder of the Holy Roman Empire, a reincarnation of the ancient Western Roman Empire. Through military conquest and defence, he solidified and expanded his realm to cover most of Western Europe and is today regarded as the founding father of both France and Germany and sometimes as the Father of Europe. His was the first truly imperial power in the West since the fall of Rome.
Charles Darwin
English naturalist. He studied the plants and animals of South America and the Pacific islands, and in his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859) set forth his theory of evolution. (p. 715)
Charles Martel
Charles “The Hammer” Martel this Frank established the Carolingian Empire and defeated the Gaul’s in the Battle of Tours.
chartered Company
Groups of private investors who paid an annual fee to France and England in exchange for a monopoly over trade to the West Indies colonies. (p. 498)
Chav?n
The first major urban civilization in South America (900-250 B.C.E.). Its capital, Chav?n de Hu?ntar, was located high in the Andes Mountains of Peru. Chav?n became politically and economically dominant in a densely populated region. (89)
Chiang Kai-Shek
General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong. (p. 788)
chiefdom
Form of political organization with rule by a hereditary leader who held power over a collection of villages and towns. Less powerful than kingdoms and empires, chiefdoms were based on gift giving and commercial links. (p. 311)
Chimu
Powerful Peruvian civilization based on conquest. Located in the region earlier dominated by Moche. Conquered by Inca in 1465. (p. 314)
chinampas
Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields. (p. 301)
Chivalry
A code of conduct among nobles which held a high ethical standard of individuals to become examples of behavior in society.
Christianity
emphasized church interaction. Focused on missionary activity and wide spread conversion. Based on birth and resurrection of Jesus
Christopher Columbus
Genoese mariner who in the service of Spain led expeditions across the Atlantic, reestablishing contact between the peoples of the Americas and the Old World and opening the way to Spanish conquest and colonization. (p. 430)
Cicero
historian, wrote On The Republic
city
protection and defense for large numbers of people; points of trade and economic activity; exchange of ideas, information, religious beliefs and cultural values; specialization of labor
city-state
A small independent state consisting of an urban center and the surrounding agricultural territory. A characteristic political form in early Mesopotamia, Archaic and Classical Greece, Phoenicia, and early Italy. (p. 32)
civilization
complex forms of social and political organization; practice of agriculture; advanced tool use; and the rise of cities
Clans
Groups of extended families which tended to cluster together, bound together by ties of kinship
classical antiquity
Greek and Roman times
Cleopatra
Queen of Egypt. Girlfriend of Caesar and Mark Antony. Committed suicide with Antony.
clipper ship
Large, fast, streamlined sailing vessel, often American built, of the mid-to-late nineteenth century rigged with vast canvas sails hung from tall masts. (p. 666)
Clovis
The Frankish warlord who conquered much of Gaul in 486 who converted to Roman Christianity.
Cold War
The ideological struggle between communism (Soviet Union) and capitalism (United States) for world influence. The Soviet Union and the United States came to the brink of actual war during the Cuban missile crisis but never attacked one another. (831)
Collapse of Communism
1989-91. EE countries facing resistance. Gorbachev did not send troops. Lost Pland to Solidarity in 1989. Berlin wall fell. Failed communist Coup against Gorbechev marked end.
colonialism
Policy by which a nation administers a foreign territory and develops its resources for the benefit of the colonial power. (p. 731)
Columbian Exchange
The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus’s voyages. (p. 472)
Commonwealth
1649 brief Republic established between Britain and Ireland. Later say resoration of the Monarchy.
Confederation of 1867
Negotiated union of the formerly separate colonial governments of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. This new Dominion of Canada with a central government in Ottawa is seen as the beginning of the Canadian nation.(p. 627)
Confucianism
Doctrine that focused on morally superior individuals which took a broad view of political affairs but emphasized social activism.
Confucius
Western name for the Chinese philosopher Kongzi (551-479 B.C.E.). His doctrine of duty and public service had a great influence on subsequent Chinese thought and served as a code of conduct for government officials.(p. 62)
Congress of Vienna
Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon I. (p. 594)
Congress of Vienna
Drew boundaries of Europe after defeat of Napolean. Lead to peace in Europe for next 40 years.
Congress party
Political party of Ghandi and Nehru during Indian independence.
conquistadors
Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (See Cort?s, Hern?n; Pizarro, Francisco.) (p. 436)
Constantine
Roman emperor (r. 312-337). After reuniting the Roman Empire, he moved the capital to Constantinople and made Christianity a favored religion. (p.159)
Constantinople
Set up by ruler Constantine. 312-337CE. Se up his capital city to regulate Eastern Roman Empire
Constitutional Convention
Meeting in 1787 of the elected representatives of the thirteen original states to write the Constitution of the United States. (p. 583)
constitutionalism
The theory developed in early modern England and spread elsewhere that royal power should be subject to legal and legislative checks. (p. 452)
contract of indenture
A voluntary agreement binding a person to work for a specified period of years in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most indentured servants were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians. (p. 670)
Cortez?
A spanish explorer who conquered the Aztecs.
Cossaks
Peoples of the Russian Empire who lived outside the farming villages, often as herders, mercenaries, or outlaws. Cossacks led the conquest of Siberia in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. (p. 552)
cottage industries
Weaving, sewing, carving, and other small-scale industries that can be done in the home. The laborers, frequently women, are usually independent. (p. 353)
cotton
The plant that produces fibers from which cotton textiles are woven. Native to India, cotton spread throughout Asia and then to the New World. It has been a major cash crop in various places, including early Islamic Iran, Yi Korea, Egypt, & US (363)
Council of the Indes
The institution responsible for supervising Spain’s colonies in the Americas from 1524 to the early eighteenth century, when it lost all but judicial responsibilities. (p. 476)
coureurs de bois
(runners of the woods) French fur traders, many of mixed Amerindian heritage, who lived among and often married with Amerindian peoples of North America. (p. 489)
creoles
In colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World. Elsewhere in the Americas, the term is used to describe all nonnative peoples. (p. 482)
Crimean war?
The Crimean War lasted from 28 March 1854 until 1856 and was fought between Imperial Russia on one side and an alliance of the United Kingdom, France, The Piedmont-Sardinia, and (to some extent) the Ottoman Empire on the other. The majority of the conflict took place on the Crimean peninsula in the Black Sea. Cigarettes were invented during the war. First war to have tactical use of railways. First war to have live reporting (via telegraph). Russia lost.
Cro-Magnon
Existed 40,000 years ago and is a homo sapien. They were highly reflective in art and existed in Europe.
Crusades
Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. The Crusades brought an end to western Europe’s centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation. (p. 270)
Crystal Palace
Building erected in Hyde Park, London, for the Great Exhibition of 1851. Made of iron and glass, like a gigantic greenhouse, it was a symbol of the industrial age. (p. 606)
Cuban Missile Crisis
Brink-of-war confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over the latter’s placement of nuclear-armed missiles in Cuba. (p. 839)
cultural imperialism
Domination of one culture over another by a deliberate policy or by economic or technological superiority. (p. 894)
Cultural Revolution
Campaign in China ordered by Mao Zedong to purge the Communist Party of his opponents and instill revolutionary values in the younger generation.(p. 848)
Cuneiform
earliest known forms of writing in ancient Sumer
Cyrus
Founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Between 550 and 530 B.C.E. he conquered Media, Lydia, and Babylon. Revered in the traditions of both Iran and the subject peoples.
Dag Hammarskjold
UN Secretary General during Cold War and oversaw decolonization.
dalai lama
Originally, a title meaning ‘universal priest’ that the Mongol khans invented and bestowed on a Tibetan lama (priest) in the late 1500s to legitimate their power in Tibet. Subsequently, the title of the religious and political leader of Tibet. (p. 556)
Dante Alighieri
wrote Divine Comedy (1313-1321), it describes the poets journey through hell, purgatory, and heaven
Danube River
Second longest river in Europe after the Volga, which rises in the Black Forest mountains of western Germany and flows for some 1,770 miles to its mouth on the Black Sea. Along its course, it passes through nine countries: Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro, Bulgaria, Romania, and Ukraine.
Daoism
Chinese School of Thought: Daoists believe that the world is always changing and is devoid of absolute morality or meaning. They accept the world as they find it, avoid futile struggles, and deviate as little as possible from the Dao, or ‘path’ of nature.
Darius
Persian King who led first invasion of Greece, expanded Persia and built a canal from the Red Sea to the Meditteranian
Dark Ages
Period in Europe after the Fall of Rome known for its barbarism.
Dates of the Ottoman Empire?
1299-1922. Capital was Istanbul.
David Ben-Gurion
Israeli leader at formation of Israel. First PM.
David Lloyd George
PM of Britain at end of WWI. Wanted to punish Germany in Treaty of Versailles.
Declaration of the Rights of Man
Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution. (p. 586)
deforestation
The removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves. (p. 462)
Delhi Sulatanate
Centralized Indian empire of varying extent, created by Muslim invaders. (p. 374)
Delian League
military alliance led by Athens to resist Persian Imperialism
Demak
on the north coast of central Java province, on the island of java, Indonesia
democracy
system of government in which all ‘citizens’ (however defined) have equal political and legal rights, privileges, and protections, as in the Greek city-state of Athens in the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.E. (p. 127)
Demographic Transition
A change in the rates of population growth. Before the transition, both birth and death rates are high, resulting in a slowly growing population; then the death rate drops but the birth rate remains high, causing a population explosion. (867)
Deng Xiaoping
Communist Party leader who forced Chinese economic reforms after the death of Mao Zedong. (p. 862)
Despite its unification as a nation, Italy suffered from which of the following problems?
tension between industrial N and agricultural south
devshirme
‘Selection’ in Turkish. The system by which boys from Christian communities were taken by the Ottoman state to serve as Janissaries.(p. 526)
Dharma
Set of laws
dhow
Ship of small to moderate size used in the western Indian Ocean, traditionally with a triangular sail and a sewn timber hull. (p. 382)
diaspora
A Greek word meaning ‘dispersal,’ used to describe the communities of a given ethnic group living outside their homeland. Jews, for example, spread from Israel to western Asia and Mediterranean lands in antiquity and today can be found in other places.103
Dienbienphu
Where Vietnamese defeated French in 1954, lead to French withdrawal.
Diocletian
An emperor, reigned (284-305CE) divided the empire into two administrative districts. He was a skillful administrator.
Dirty War
War waged by the Argentine military (1976-1982) against leftist groups. Characterized by the use of illegal imprisonment, torture, and executions by the military. (p. 857)
divination
Techniques for ascertaining the future or the will of the gods by interpreting natural phenomena such as, in early China, the cracks on oracle bones or, in ancient Greece, the flight of birds through sectors of the sky. (p. 59)
Divine right of kings
Belief that rebellion against the king is a sin, in particular by Louis XIV of France.
division of labor
Manufacturing technique that breaks down a craft into many simple and repetitive tasks that can be performed by unskilled workers. Pioneered in the pottery works of Josiah Wedgwood and in other eighteenth-century factories, increasing productivity, (603)
Domesday Book
a comprehensive survey of the lands of england
Domino Theory
the belief that if the communist succeed in vietnam other countries is SE and E asia would also fall to communism
Dreyfus Affair?
The Dreyfus Affair was a political scandal which divided France during the 1890s and early 1900s. It involved the wrongful conviction of Jewish military officer Alfred Dreyfus for treason. The Dreyfus Affair split France into Dreyfusards and anti-Dreyfusards. The sometimes-violent quarrel involved controversial issues in a heated political climate. To some extent, the division was between right-wing anti-Dreyfusards supportive of a return to monarchy and clericalism (the involvement of the Roman Catholic Church in public policy) and left-wing Dreyfusards supportive of the Republic and angry with the Church. However, some right-wingers supported Dreyfus for his courage and some left-wingers opposed him for his bourgeois background. The factions in the Dreyfus affair remained in place for decades afterwards. The far right remained a potent force, as did the moderate liberals. The liberal victory played an important role in pushing the far right to the fringes of French politics. It also prompted legislation such as a 1905 enactment separating church and state.
driver
A privileged male slave whose job was to ensure that a slave gang did its work on a plantation. (p. 503)
Druids
The class of religious experts who conducted rituals and preserved sacred lore among some ancient Celtic peoples. They provided education, mediated disputes between kinship groups, and were suppressed by the Romans as potential resistance. (92)
Dumbarton Oaks Conference?
The Dumbarton Oaks Conference (or Washington Conversations on International Peace and Security Organization), held beginning in August 1944 in a Washington, DC mansion (Dumbarton Oaks), was where the United Nations was formulated and negotiated. Discussions on the make-up of the UN included which states would be invited as members. The conference was attended by representatives of the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the Republic of China. Discussions included the formation of the Security Council and the right of veto that would be given to its permanent members. The conference was followed up by a San Francisco Conference, where the Security Council veto powers were established.
Dunkirk
Site of English retreat out of France in WWII.
durbar
An elaborate display of political power and wealth in British India in the nineteenth century, ostensibly in imitation of the pageantry of the Mughal Empire. (p. 661)
During Spain’s civil war, Franco was the leader of ?
Spanish rebel groups
During the 19th century, what happened in Europe? (3)
Conflict between conservative and liberal movements, the resurgence of conservatives over liberals, and the decline of established empires
During the cold war, who was India mainly allied with?
The USSR.
During the cold war, who was pakistan mainly allied with?
The US.
During the global depression, war debts caused great suffereing in?
Germany
During the mid 1800’s, count Camillo di Cavour expanded the Piedmont-Sardinia’s power and also..?
Unified Italy
During the rule of Frederick II, Prussia …?
rejected pragmatic sanction against division of Hasburg land
Dutch West India Company
Trading company chartered by the Dutch government to conduct its merchants’ trade in the Americas and Africa. (p. 498)
early China (Yellow River)
Also known as Huang Ho River.
economic sanctions
Boycotts, embargoes, and other economic measures that one country uses to pressure another country into changing its policies. (p. 889)
Edict of Milan?
It was a policy under Constantine the great under the Roman empire to end persecution of the christians in the eastern Roman empire, which became the Byzantine empire after Constantine’s death.
Edmund Burke
English politician who supported American revolutionary war, but opposed French Revolution.
Edward 1
English monarch, issued the Statues of Realm (1301), it set a precedent for changing law by legislation rather than administrative decision
Edwardian period
In England prior to WWI, known for its extravagance and unpreparedness for the 20th Century.
Egypt (the Nile River)
Agricultural settlement emerged 5500 bce.
Egyptian religion and Egyptian Book of the Dead
Part of elaborate religion in which chief god was Re, the sun god.
El Alamein
Town in Egypt, site of the victory by Britain’s Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery over German forces led by General Erwin Rommel (the ‘Desert Fox’) in 1942-1943. (p. 793)
Eleanor of Aquitane
(1122-1204) liberally supported romantic poets & entertainers. The most celebrated woman of her time supporting chivalry, good manners, refinement, and romantic love.
electric telegraph
A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s and replaced telegraph systems that utilized visual signals such as semaphores. (609)
electricity
A form of energy used in telegraphy from the 1840s on and for lighting, industrial motors, and railroads beginning in the 1880s. (p. 702)
Elizabeth I
16th-17th century queen of England during Renaissance. Shakespere and defeat of the Spanish Armada.
Elizabeth II
Current queen. Overseen decolonization.
Emilano Zapata
Revolutionary and leader of peasants in the Mexican Revolution. He mobilized landless peasants in south-central Mexico in an attempt to seize and divide the lands of the wealthy landowners. Though successful for a time, he was ultimately assassinated. 819
Emilio Aguinaldo
Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901. (p. 743)
Emperor Menelik
. Emperor of Ethiopia (r. 1889-1911). He enlarged Ethiopia to its present dimensions and defeated an Italian invasion at Adowa (1896). (p. 737)
Empress Dowager Cixi
Empress of China and mother of Emperor Guangxi. She put her son under house arrest, supported antiforeign movements, and resisted reforms of the Chinese government and armed forces. (p. 721)
encomienda
A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians. (479)
England’s Glorious Revolution?
The term Glorious Revolution refers to the generally popular overthrow of James II of England in 1688 by a conspiracy between some parliamentarians and the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau. The event is sometimes referred to as the Bloodless Revolution but this name is a misnomer as there was much fighting, with loss of life, in Ireland and to a lesser degree in Scotland. The Glorious Revolution was one of the most important events in the long evolution of powers possessed by Parliament and by the Crown in England. With the passage of the Bill of Rights, it stamped out any final possibility of a Catholic monarchy, and ended moves towards monarchical absolutism in the British Isles by circumscribing the monarch’s powers. The King’s powers were greatly restricted; he could no longer suspend laws, levy taxes, or maintain a standing army during peacetime without Parliament’s permission. Since 1689, England, and later the United Kingdom, has been governed under a system of constitutional monarchy, which has been uninterrupted. Since then, Parliament has gained more and more power, and the Crown has progressively lost it.
English Bill of Rights?
(1689): It is one of the basic documents of English constitutional law, alongside Magna Carta, the Act of Settlement and the Parliament Acts.
English Civil War?
A series of armed conflicts and political machinations which took place between English Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 until 1651. The first (1642 - 1645) and the second (1648) Unlike other civil wars in England which focused on who ruled, this war also concerned itself with the manner of governing the British isles. Accordingly, historians also refer to the English Civil War as the English Revolution. Oliver Cromwell was leader of the Parlimentarians.
Enlightenment
A philosophical movement in eighteenth-century Europe that fostered the belief that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and were just as scientific as the laws of physics. (pp. 468, 574)
Epic of Gilgamesh
Sometime before 2000 BCE in Sumeria.
Tells story of a king’s quest to achieve immortality.
Epicureanism
A philosophy that identified pleasure as the greatest good.
equites
In ancient Italy, landowners second in wealth and status to the senatorial aristocracy. The Roman emperors allied with this group to counterbalance the influence of the old aristocracy and used the equites to staff the imperial civil service (152)
Ernesto ‘Che’ Guevara
Latin American revolutionary who helped Castro come to power. Later became guerrilla leader in Latin America and was killed in Bolivia in 1967. Now symbol of martyr for radical students in many countries.
Estates General
France’s traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution. (p. 585)
Ethiopia
Borded by Eritrea to the north, Sudan to the west, Kenya to the south, Somalia to the east. CHRISTIAN
ethnic cleansing
Effort to eradicate a people and its culture by means of mass killing and the destruction of historical buildings and cultural materials. Ethnic cleansing was used by both sides in the conflicts that accompanied the disintegration of Yugoslavia (883)
Ethnocentrism
judging foreigners by standards of ones own group
Etruscans
Forming around 800BCE they controlled much of Italy while manufacturing bronze, iron, silver, and gold.
Eurasia
The name given to Europe and Asia as one continent
Euripides
the author of Medea and other tragedies
European Community
An organization promoting economic unity in Europe formed in 1967 by consolidation of earlier, more limited, agreements. Replaced by the European Union (EU) in 1993. (p. 834)
Eva Peron
Wife of Juan Per?n and champion of the poor in Argentina. She was a gifted speaker and popular political leader who campaigned to improve the life of the urban poor by founding schools and hospitals and providing other social benefits. (p. 824)
extraterritoriality
Foreign residents in a country living under the laws of their native country, disregarding the laws of the host country. 19th/Early 20th Centuries: European and US nationals in certain areas of Chinese and Ottoman cities were granted this right. (682)
Faisal
Arab prince, leader of the Arab Revolt in World War I. The British made him king of Iraq in 1921, and he reigned under British protection until 1933. (p. 760)
Falkland Islands
Argentina tried to seize them, Britain recaptured them in 1982.
Fall of Rome
Collapse of Roman empire in 5th Century. Plundered by the Vandals, then finally abdication of the last Roman emperor, romulus Augustulus, 476
Family unit
Social unit resulting from ability to choose sexual partners, emotional bonding, and length of time needed to raise human offspring.
Fascism?
Form of government characterized by militarism, extreme nationalism, and a oneparty dictatorship.
Fascist Party
Italian political party created by Benito Mussolini during World War I. It emphasized aggressive nationalism and was Mussolini’s instrument for the creation of a dictatorship in Italy from 1922 to 1943. (See also Mussolini, Benito.) (p. 786)
Features of civilization
(1) Economic system able to make basic goods and services available; (2)Form of political organization capable of governing, creating social institutions, enforcing laws, and protecting people from outside threats, (3) Moral code in the form of a shared religion, and (4) Intellectual tradition that includes a written language and encourages the pursuit of knowledge, science and the arts.
Features of the “city”
protection and defense for large numbers of people; points of trade and economic activity; enable exchange of ideas, information, religious beliefs, and cultural values
Ferdinand and Isabela
Monarchs of Christian Kingdoms. Marriage created the future Spain and initiated exploration of the new world.
Ferdinand Magellan
Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world. (p. 431)
Fertile Crescent (Tigris-Euphrates river system)
Settlement began as early as 8000 BCE.
Large scale agriculture by 5000 BCE.
Sumerian-Babylonian civilizations
Feudalism
Relationship among military elite during middle ages. Greater lords provided protection for lesser lords in return for military service
fidel Castro
Overthew Batista in 1959. Turned to communism.
Fifth column
People willing to cooperate with an aggressor against their own country
First geneva convention? The last?
- These conventions set norms for international law.
First Temple
A monumental sanctuary built in Jerusalem by King Solomon in the tenth century B.C.E. to be the religious center for the Israelite god Yahweh. The Temple priesthood conducted sacrifices, received a tithe or percentage of agricultural revenues. (102)
Five Pillars
The obligatory religious duties for all Muslims: Confession of faith, Prayer, Fasting during Mamadan, Zakat, Hajj
Five prophets of Islam
1)Noah 2)Abraham 3)Moses 4)Jesus 5)Mohammad(last and greatest prophet)
Five Year Plans
Plans that Joseph Stalin introduced to industrialize the Soviet Union rapidly, beginning in 1928. They set goals for the output of steel, electricity, machinery, and most other products and were enforced by the police powers of the state. (781)
Footbinding
Male imposed practice to mutilate women’s feet in order to reduce size, produce pain, and restrict movement. Confined women to household
Forbidden City
The walled section of Beijing where emperors lived between 1121 and 1924. A portion is now a residence for leaders of the People’s Republic of China. (p. 355)
Fourth Lateran Council
Identified the 7 sacraments and reaffirmed that they are essential to salvation
Fracis Xavier
Missionary who worked in India during 1540. Worked among outcast and lower cast groups. Later worked in Japan
Francis Bacon
Renaissance leader in England.
Francisco Franco
Facist dictator of Spain, Head of state for life. Died in 1975
Francisco Pancho Villa
A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata. (819)
Francois Dominique Toussaint L’Ouverture
Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French. (p. 593)
Francois Toussanit Loveture
Leader of slave rebellion on french island of St. Dominique. Created independent republic of Haiti 1804
Fransisco Pizarro
Spanish explorer who led the conquest of the Inca Empire of Peru in 1531-1533. (p. 438)
Fredrick Nietesche
Athiest German philosopher, known as a existentialist
Free French?
During WWII, the French who refused the legitimacy of the Vichy Regime. Headed by Charles De Gaulle, they eventually took part in normandy and liberated Paris.
free-trade imperialism
Economic dominance of a weaker country by a more powerful one, while maintaining the legal independence of the weaker state. In the late nineteenth century, free-trade imperialism characterized the relations between the Latin American republics. (744)
French revolution
1789 - 1799
fresco
A technique of painting on walls covered with moist plaster. It was used to decorate Minoan and Mycenaean palaces and Roman villas, and became an important medium during the Italian Renaissance. (p. 73)
Friedrich Engels
Collaborated with Marx on Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital.
From the 1200’s to the early 1700’s, Russia can best be described as…?
isolated
Funan
An early complex society in Southeast Asia between the first and sixth centuries C.E. It was centered in the rich rice-growing region of southern Vietnam, and it controlled the passage of trade across the Malaysian isthmus. (p. 191)
Gamal Abdel Nasser
Egyptian leader who took Suez Canal in 1956. Also launched unsuccessful 6 day war against Israel.
Gang of Four
Political leaders close to Mao. Later convicted of committing torture during Cultural Revolution.
Gaul
the modern day nation of France
Gender division of labor
Feature of Stone Age society. Due to basic physical differences, various food-gathering tasks and everyday activities tended to be assigned by sex. Did not necessarily mean men’s roles were superior to women. Over time, gender division of labor led to inequality of sexes, despite technological advances that have made physical differences less important.
gens de couleur
Free men and women of color in Haiti. They sought greater political rights and later supported the Haitian Revolution. (See also L’Ouverture, Fran?ois Dominique Toussaint.) (p. 593)
gentry
In China, the class of prosperous families, next in wealth below the rural aristocrats, from which the emperors drew their administrative personnel. (166)
George III
King of Britain during American Revolutionary War.
George Keenan “Containment”
US diplomat who advocated to keep communism where it was and not to let it spread
George Washington
Military commander of the American Revolution. He was the first elected president of the United States (1789-1799). (p. 581)
Georges Clemenceau
French leader at end of WWI. Wanted to punish Germany in Treaty of Versailles and compenate France.
Georges Danton
French revolutionary who called for execution of the king and others. Later considered not radical enough and was himself killed by other revolutionaries.
Getulio Vargas
Dictator of Brazil from 1930 to 1945 and from 1951 to 1954. Defeated in the presidential election of 1930, he overthrew the government and created Estado Novo (‘New State’), a dictatorship that emphasized industrialization. (823)
Ghana
First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E. Also the modern West African country once known as the Gold Coast. (p. 215)
Gheghis Khan
Born in 1170’s. Elected supreme Mongol ruler in 1206 then began the Mongol ride to world power.
Gilgamesh
legendary king who was half man and half god. He went on a journey to find eternal youth with his friend Eucles. He died in the end.
Giovanni Boccacio
wrote the Decameron, recounts how a group of young Florentines fled during the Black Death
Gold Coast
Region of the Atlantic coast of West Africa occupied by modern Ghana; named for its gold exports to Europe from the 1470s onward. (p. 428)
Golden Horde
A group of Mongols that overran Russia, Poland, and Hungary. (1237-1242).
Goose step
Way Nazi’s marched.
Gothic
Architectural developed in the Middle age in Western Europe/ Flying Buttress
Gothic Cathedrals
Large churches originating in twelfth-century France; built in an architectural style featuring pointed arches, tall vaults and spires, flying buttresses, and large stained-glass windows. (p. 405)
Grand Canal
The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire. (p. 277)
Great Canal
canal system began by Yangdi Sui Dynasty around 600, joined yellow and yantze river.
Great Circuit
The network of Atlantic Ocean trade routes between Europe, Africa, and the Americas that underlay theAtlantic system. (p. 508)
Great War
Another name for WWI
Great Western Schism
A division in the Latin (Western) Christian Church between 1378 and 1417, when rival claimants to the papacy existed in Rome and Avignon. (p. 411)
Great Zimbabwe
City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state. (p. 385)
Greek City States
Polis. Has a government. A city that has its own country. Has Council.
Greek fire
Greek fire (also called Byzantine fire, wildfire and liquid fire, Greek Υγρό Πυρ, igró pir) was a weapon used by the Byzantine Empire, said to have been invented by a Syrian Christian refugee named Kallinikos (Callinicus) of Heliopolis (Syria), probably about 673. Some people believe that he acquired this knowledge from the chemists of Alexandria. It was capable of discharging a stream of burning fluid, and was very effective both on sea and land. However, it was used primarily at sea. It is rumored that the key to Greek fire’s effectiveness was that it could continue burning under almost any conditions, even under water. It was known to the Byzantines’ enemies as a “wet, dark, sticky fire” because it stuck to the unfortunate object it hit and was impossible to extinguish. Enemy ships were often afraid to come too near to the Byzantine fleet, because, once within range, the fire gave the Byzantines a strong military advantage. The last testimony of Greek Fire usage was in the Siege of Constantinople, where the secret itself was destroyed in the flames of the Ottoman torches.
Grigori Rasputin
Healer for czar Nicolas during WWI, gave advice on how to run the government. Later killed by jealous noblemen.
Gueranica
town in spain; used by hitler for target practice; used first ariel bombing against unarmed citizens
guild
In medieval Europe, an association of men (rarely women), such as merchants, artisans, or professors, who worked in a particular trade and banded together to promote their economic and political interests. (403)
Guilds
Organizations of artisans in the Middle Ages
Gujarat
Region of western India famous for trade and manufacturing; the inhabitants are called Gujarati. (p. 380)
gunpowder
The formula, brought to China in the 400s or 500s, was first used to make fumigators to keep away insect pests and evil spirits. In later centuries it was used to make explosives and grenades and to propel cannonballs, shot, and bullets. (p. 289)
Guomindang
Nationalist political party founded on democratic principles by Sun Yat-sen in 1912. After 1925, the party was headed by Chiang Kai-shek, who turned it into an increasingly authoritarian movement. (p. 769)
Gupta Empire
Powerful Indian state based, like its Mauryan predecessor, on a capital at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valley. It controlled most of the Indian subcontinent through a combination of military force and its prestige as a center of sophisticated culture (186)
Guptas
Large Indian empire. Lasted 200 years. Gave classical India its greatest period of political stability
Habsburg
A powerful European family that provided many Holy Roman Emperors, founded the Austrian (later Austro-Hungarian) Empire, and ruled sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Spain. (p. 449)
hadith
A tradition relating the words or deeds of the Prophet Muhammad; next to the Quran, the most important basis for Islamic law. (p. 241)
Hafaz Assad
President of Syria 1971 to 2000. Hard-liner against Israel and Islamic fundamentalism.
Hagia Sophia
church rebuilt by Justinian. The model for churches all over the empire
Hague Conventions?
1899 and 1907 conventions were, along with the Geneva Conventions, among the first formal statements of the laws of war and war crimes in the nascent body of international law.
Haile Selassie
Emperor of Ethiopia (r. 1930-1974) and symbol of African independence. He fought the Italian invasion of his country in 1935 and regained his throne during World War II, when British forces expelled the Italians. He ruled Ethiopia as an autocrat. (809)
Hammurabi
Amorite ruler of Babylon (r. 1792-1750 B.C.E.). He conquered many city-states in southern and northern Mesopotamia and is best known for a code of laws, inscribed on a black stone pillar, illustrating the principles to be used in legal cases. (p. 34)
Han
A term used to designate (1) the ethnic Chinese people who originated in the Yellow River Valley and spread throughout regions of China suitable for agriculture and (2) the dynasty of emperors who ruled from 206 B.C.E. to 220 C.E. (p. 164)
Han Dynasty
(200BCE- 200CE) Strong centralized govt. Spread borders. Not as violent.
Hannibal
A Carthage military commander. Marched troops through the alps and defeated many Roman armies. Returned to Carthage and failed as an administrator. Voluntary exiled himself to the Seleucid Court where he was a military adviser.
Hansaetic League
Trade network in the Baltic and North Sea which embraced many cities. This encouraged economic, social, and banking growth.
Hapsburgs
Lead Austrian empire 13th - 20th century
Harappa
Site of one of the great cities of the Indus Valley civilization of the third millennium B.C.E. It was located on the northwest frontier of the zone of cultivation , and may have been a center for the acquisition of raw materials. (p. 48)
Hatshepsut
Queen of Egypt (1473-1458 B.C.E.). Dispatched a naval expedition down the Red Sea to Punt (possibly Somalia), the faraway source of myrrh. There is evidence of opposition to a woman as ruler, and after her death her name was frequently expunged. (p.66)
Hebrew Bible
A collection of sacred books containing diverse materials concerning the origins, experiences, beliefs, and practices of the Israelites. Most of the extant text was compiled by members of the priestly class in the fifth century B.C.E. (99)
Heinrich Himmler
Head of SS and Gestapo. Also supervised holocaust.
Hellenistic
literally “To imitate the Greeks†The era after the death of Alexander the Great when Greek culture spread into the near east and blended with the cultures of that region.
Hellenistic Age
Greek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. The period ended with the fall of the last major Hellenistic kingdom to Rome, but Greek cultural influence persisted until spread of islam. (137)
Helsinki Accords
Political and human rights agreement signed in Helsinki, Finland, by the Soviet Union and western European countries. (p. 839)
Henan Curfs
Led to Expeditions to Mexico in 1519 defeated Aztec Empire and established Spanish colonial rule.
Henry the Navigator
(1394-1460) Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa. (p. 425)
Henry VIII
English king who made himself head of the Church of England when Pope would not recognize his divorce. Since then, England has been Protestant.
Herding societies
Social groups that domesticated animals, but not plants. Had to move from place to place on constant basis, in order to obtain grass or fodder. Herding societies were less likely to develop into civilized societies.
Hermann Goering
Head of luftwaffe during Battle of Britain.
Hernando Cortes
Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain. (p. 437)
Herodotus
Greek scholar, nickname was the “father of history”, wrote “The Histories” (about Persian War vs. Greek city states)
Hidden Imam
Last in a series of twelve descendants of Muhammad’s son-in-law Ali, whom Shi’ites consider divinely appointed leaders of the Muslim community. In occlusion since ca. 873, he is expected to return as a messiah at the end of time. (p. 532)
hieroglyphics
System of writing in which pictorial symbols represented sounds, syllables, or concepts. Used for official and monumental inscriptions in ancient Egypt.
high culture
Canons of artistic and literary masterworks recognized by dominant economic classes. (p. 897)
Hijra
Muhammad’s emigration from Mecca to Yathrib
Hinduism
Term for a wide variety of beliefs and ritual practices that have developed in the Indian subcontinent since antiquity. Hinduism has roots in ancient Vedic, Buddhist, and south Indian religious concepts and practices. Spread along trade routes (181)
Hippocrates
Medicine in the 5th century BC greek empire.
Hirohito
Emperor of Japan during WWII. Remained emperor after WWII but just figure head not really in charge
Hiroshima
City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945. The bombing hastened the end of World War II. (p. 797)
history v. prehistory
History goes back to a little more than 5000 years ago.
Prehistory refers to the vast expanse of time that precedes the birth of civilized societies
Hitlers main method for achieving lebensraum was to ?
conquer other countries
Hittites
A people from central Anatolia who established an empire in Anatolia and Syria in the Late Bronze Age. With wealth from the trade in metals and military power based on chariot forces, the hittites vied with New Kingdom Egypt over Syria (p.64)
Ho Chi Minh
Vietnamese revolutionary Marxist
Holocaust
Nazis’ program during World War II to kill people they considered undesirable. Some 6 million Jews perished during the Holocaust, along with millions of Poles, Gypsies, Communists, Socialists, and others. (p. 800)
Holy Roman Empire
Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806. (pp. 260, 449)
Homer
poet who wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey
Homo erectus
Extinct species of early hominid that is thought to be the direct ancestor of modern Homo sapiens. Flourished from the beginning of the Pleistocene epoch to sometime in the Middle Pleistocene, about 1,600,000 to 250,000 years ago. Fossil remains of H.erectus were first found in the 1890s. Stone axes, basic wooden tools, clothing of skin and furs, and larger brain than H. erectus
Homo habilis
Extinct species of early hominid that inhabited parts of sub-Saharan Africa about 2 million to 1.5 million years ago, and generally accepted as the earliest member of the genus Homo, following Australopithecus and preceding H. erectus. Remains of H. habilis were first discovered in 1959 and 1960 at Olduvai Gorge in northern Tanzania. Name, by Leakey, refers to able or “handy” man.
Homo sapiens - Neanderthal
Early form of Homo sapiens that inhabited much of Europe and the Mediterranean lands during the late Pleistocene Epoch, about 100,000 to 30,000 years ago. Neanderthal remains have also been found in the Middle East, North Africa, and western Central Asia. Name derives from the discovery in 1856 of the first remains of the type in a cave above the Neander Valley in Germany, not far from Düsseldorf. Advanced tools, clothing, semi or permanent dwellings and social groups.
Homo sapiens sapiens
Genus and species to which all modern human beings (Homo sapiens sapiens) belong and to which are attributable fossil remains of humans 100,000 to 200,000, and perhaps as much as 400,000 years old.
hoplite
Heavily armored Greek infantryman of the Archaic and Classical periods who fought in the close-packed phalanx formation. Hoplite armies-militias composed of middle- and upper-class citizens supplying their own equipment: Superior to all other forces 128
horse collar
Harnessing method that increased the efficiency of horses by shifting the point of traction from the animal’s neck to the shoulders; its adoption favors the spread of horse-drawn plows and vehicles. (p. 269)
House of Burgesses
Elected assembly in colonial Virginia, created in 1618. (p. 486)
House of Hanover
Series of English kings and queens who strengthened parliament.
How are Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle related?
Plato was Socrates’ student. Aristotle was Plato’s student. The three worked with the rationalizing and linearalizing of thought and ideas.
How did Admiral Nelson defeat the French-Spanish fleet in the Battle of Trafalgar?
divided French fleet into small groups and attacked
How did Cardinal Richelieu work to increase the power of the Bourbon monarchy?
Moved against the Huguenots and weakened the power of the nobles
How did civilians join the war effort?
Scrap metal drives, working in war industries, rationing
How did Europeans use paternalism to govern people in colonies?
they provided for colonial peoples’ needs but did not give them full rights
How did indirect control compare to direct control?
Indirect control allowed limited self-rule
How did Kristallnacht demonstrate Nazi persecution of Jews?
Nazi troops attacked Jewish homes, business and synagogues
How did life change for Russians after the sucess of the Bolshevik revolution?
Russia was organized into several self-governing republics
How did Menelik II keep colonial interests of Ethiopia?
he exploited European rivalries and built a modern army
How did the Allies respond to Wilson’s vision for peace? (3)
Briatin and France showed little sign of agreeing to Wilson’s plan, B & F were concerned with strengthening their own security, B & F wanted to strip Germany of its war-making power
How did the French govern the people of French Indochina?
Direct Colonial Control
How did the Japanese try to build a pacific empire?
by taking over US British and French territories
How did the Lend-Lease act benefit the US?
it enriched the US economy through selling arms to the Allies
How did the Puritans finally win the English Civil War?
Cromwells army defeated the ROyalists and the Puritans held the King Prisoner
How did the reigns of Alexander III and Nicholas II help pave the way for revolution?
They both upheld an autocratic government without reforms
How did the Treaty of Versailles affect postwar Germany?
it left a legacy of bitterness in the hearts of the German people
How did the United Provinces of the Netherlands differ from the neighboring states?
elect governments whose power depends on landowners and merchants
How did zoroastrianism influence judaism and christianity?
It introduced the concepts of angels, satan, ressurection, and afterlife.
How were France and Russia similar during the 1800’s?
Both had policies that encouraged industrialization
How were Muhammad Ali’s policies and European colonial policies similar?
Peasants were forced to grow cash crops instead of food
How were the books Les Miserables and Frankenstein different?
Both were written by British authors
How were the Holocaust and Hitler’s final solution related?
Holocaust is the term for genocide that resulted form the plan called the “final solution”
How were the unifications of Italy and Germany similar?
Both use military to unify territories
Huguenots
French protestants of the 16th-17th century persecuted by Roman Catholic Church. Louis XIV banned them, and many fled to America.
humanism?
It came from the rennaissance. It places emphasis on the individual’s potential to reach greatness in any realm - art, science, spirituality, etc…
humanists (renaissance)
European scholars, writers, and teachers associated with the study of the humanities (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, languages, and moral philosophy), influential in the fifteenth century and later. (p. 408)
Hundred Years War
Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families. (p. 413) (1337-1453) France vs. England, France won, lasted 116 yrs-a series of conflicts
Huns
Tribe from Western Asia who conquered much of Europe during the 5th century.
Hunting and gathering societies
Also called foraging societies. Living off resources that could be taken directly from land. When resources grew scarce, they moved on to another area.
Ibn Battuta
Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. (p. 373)
Ibn Khaldun
Arab historian. He developed an influential theory on the rise and fall of states. Born in Tunis, he spent his later years in Cairo as a teacher and judge. In 1400 he was sent to Damascus to negotiate the surrender of the city. (336)
Ibn;Rushdi
Iberian Muslim philosopher. Helped to make works done by Plato and Aristotle become well known.
Iconoclasm
Breaking of images; Religious controversy of the 8th century. Byzantine Empire attempted but failed to suppress icon veneration
ides of march
Day Caesar was assassinated.
Il Duce was the title of which of the following leaders?
Benito Mussolini
Il-Khan
A ‘secondary’ or ‘peripheral’ khan based in Persia. The Il-khans’ khanate was founded by H?leg?, a grandson of Genghis Khan, was based at Tabriz in modern Azerbaijan. It controlled much of Iran and Iraq. (p. 333)
Ilkhanate of Persia
Brother of Khubilai Khan who took over Baghdad in 1258.
Imperialism
the policy of extending one countries power over onother by conquest of by establishing direct enviorment, economy, or culture over another
imperium
consuls could take military power and authority
Import Substitution Industrialization
An economic system aimed at building a country’s industry by restricting foreign trade. It was especially popular in Latin American countries such as Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil in the mid-twentieth century. (823)
in 1588, the Spanish Armada met defeat at the hands of?
the English
In 1907, Russia and Britain agreed to Spheres of Influence in..?
Persia
in 1920, a dictatorship ruled
Russia
In the 1860’s, the expansion of Prussia was achieved under the leadership of who?
Otto von Bismark
In the early 19th century Europe, one political goal that liberals had was?
Give more power to elected parliaments
In the first falf of the 1800’s, a political liberal was most likely to be
middle class merchant
In the first practical process of making photographs, on what were photographs printed?
Metal
In the late 1800’s, who competed for industrial domination of Europe?
Great Britain and Germany
In what way did the Bourgeoisie differ from other members of the Third Estate?
believed in enlightenment ideas
Inca
Largest and most powerful Andean empire. Controlled the Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile from its capital of Cuzco. (p. 316)
Inca Socialism
Interpretation describing Inca society as a type of utopia. Organized in which every community collectively contributed to the whole.
Incas?
An empire centered in what is now Peru from AD 1438 to AD 1533. Over that period, the Inca used conquest and peaceful assimilation to incorporate in their empire a large portion of western South America, centred on the Andean mountain ranges, and including parts of Ecuador, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina. The Spanish conquered them in 1533.
indentured servant
A migrant to British colonies in the Americas who paid for passage by agreeing to work for a set term ranging from four to seven years. (p. 486)
Indian Civil Service
The elite professional class of officials who administered the government of British India. Originally composed exclusively of well-educated British men, it gradually added qualified Indians. (p. 661)
Indian National Congress
A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, it appealed to the poor (812)
Indian Ocean Maritime System
In premodern times, a network of seaports, trade routes, and maritime culture linking countries on the rim of the Indian Ocean from Africa to Indonesia. (p. 207)
Indira Ghandi
Daughter of Nehru, PM from 1966 to 1977, later 1980-84. Focused on helping poor and independence of Bangladesh. Assassinated by her own bodyguards.
Indo-Europeans
People from India/Europe: referring to Hitties who migrated to the central plain of Anatolia and imposed their rule and language on the people.
indulgence
The forgiveness of the punishment due for past sins, granted by the Catholic Church authorities as a reward for a pious act. Martin Luther’s protest against the sale of indulgences is often seen as touching off the Protestant Reformation. (p. 446)
Indulgence
Church selling freedom from purgatory. Attack by Martin Luther of this practice began the reformation.
Indus
An Indian River whose source is the Himalayas an is known for its wildness.
Indus valley civilization (Indus River)
Arose around 2600 bce.
Industrial Revolution
The transformation of the economy, the environment, and living conditions, occurring first in England in the eighteenth century, that resulted from the use of steam engines, the mechanization of manufacturing in factories, transit, and communications (599
Inquisition
Court established by Catholic Church to try people for Heresy. Most active in Spain.
investiture (feudal)
ceremony where the lord gave his vassal a clod of earth or sprig of leaves as a symbol of the land the vassal was receiving
investiture (popes)
controversy Dispute between the popes and the Holy Roman Emperors over who held ultimate authority over bishops in imperial lands. (p. 261)
Irish potato famine
19th century famine due to failure of potato crop. Lead to mass migration to the US
Iron Age
After the bronze age, used iron to make tools around 2000 BC
iron curtain
Winston Churchill’s term for the Cold War division between the Soviet-dominated East and the U.S.-dominated West. (p. 831)
Iron Curtain Speech
Churchill phrase; division b/w free and repressed society
Iroquois Confederacy
An alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples (after 1722 six) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English, it dominated W. New England. (488)
Islam
Religion expounded by the Prophet Muhammad (570-632 C.E.) on the basis of his reception of divine revelations, which were collected after his death into the Quran. (231)
Israel
In antiquity, the land between the eastern shore of the Mediterranean and the Jordan River, occupied by the Israelites from the early second millennium B.C.E. The modern state of Israel was founded in 1948. (p. 98)
Ivan the Terrible
Russian czar of 16th century, who battled with his nobles and was known for his cruelty.
Jacobins
Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794. (See also Robespierre, Maximilien.) (p. 588)
James Watt
Scot who invented the condenser and other improvements that made the steam engine a practical source of power for industry and transportation. The watt, an electrical measurement, is named after him. (p. 607)
Janissaries
Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826. See also devshirme. (p. 526, 675)
Japanese Instrument of Surrender?
The Instrument of Surrender of Japan was the armistice ending World War II. It was signed by representatives of Japan, US, China, UK, USSR, Australia, Canada, France, Netherlands, and New Zealand on the deck of the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay on September 2, 1945, and which thereby ended the Pacific War and with it World War II.
Jawaharial Nehru
Indian statesman. He succeeded Mohandas K. Gandhi as leader of the Indian National Congress. He negotiated the end of British colonial rule in India and became India’s first prime minister (1947-1964). (p. 815)
Jean Calvin
French Protestant who stress the doctrine of free destination. Establish Central of group in Geneva Switzerland
Jean-Paul Marat
Leader of Jacobins in French Revolution
Jesuits
Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534. They played an important part in the Catholic Reformation and helped create conduits of trade and knowledge between Asia and Europe. (p. 548)
Jesus
Of Nazareth, a charismatic Jewish teacher. Deemed, Christ, the son of god performing miraculous feats, preaching peace, and was executed in 30CE.
Jihad
In Islam “Striving in the name of the lordâ€. The term is ambiguous and has been subject to varying interpretations, from the practice of conducting raids against local neighbors to the conduct of “holy war†against unbelievers
Joan of Arc
Lead army to establish rightful king on the French throne. Later burned as a witch. Later still made a saint.
Joesph Stalin
Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition (780)
Johann Gutenberg
Invented the first typewriter. Gutenberg bible first book printed from it.
Johannes Gutenburg
introduced movable type to W Europe in the 15th century
joint-stock company
A business, often backed by a government charter, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks (and profits) among many investors. (p. 460)
Jose Maria Morelos
Mexican priest and former student of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, he led the forces fighting for Mexican independence until he was captured and executed in 1814. (See also Hidalgo y Costilla, Miguel.) (p. 626)
Joseph Brant
Mohawk leader who supported the British during the American Revolution. (p. 581)
Joseph Stalin USSR
Succesor to Lenin as head of USSR. Stong nationalist. Very anti western. Control any opposition. died 1953
Josephy Goebbels
Propaganda minister for Hitler. A lie repeated often enough, gains the legitimacy of truth.
Josiah Wedgwood
English industrialist whose pottery works were the first to produce fine-quality pottery by industrial methods. (p. 603)
Juan Peron
President of Argentina (1946-1955, 1973-1974). As a military officer, he championed the rights of labor. Aided by his wife Eva Duarte Per?n, he was elected president in 1946. He built up Argentinean industry, became very popular among the urban poor. (823
Juan Ponce de Leon
Spanish conquistador of 15th-16th century, who conquered Puerto Rico and Florida.
Julius Caesar
A great Roman general of daring acts, later becoming emperor of Rome. Upon declaring himself as dictator he was assassinated.
junk
A very large flatbottom sailing ship produced in the Tang and Song Empires, specially designed for long-distance commercial travel. (p. 288)
Justinian
: period when paganism finally lost its long struggle to survive and when the schism in Christianity between the monophy site east and the chalcedonia west became insurmountable.
Kaiser
German word for emperor.
Kamakura Shogunate
The first of Japan’s decentralized military governments. (1185-1333). (p. 294)
kamikaze
The ‘divine wind,’ which the Japanese credited with blowing Mongol invaders away from their shores in 1281. (p. 365)
Kangxi
Qing emperor (r. 1662-1722). He oversaw the greatest expansion of the Qing Empire.
Karl Marx
German journalist and philosopher, founder of the Marxist branch of socialism. He is known for two books: The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (Vols. I-III, 1867-1894). (p. 709)
karma
In Indian tradition, the residue of deeds performed in past and present lives that adheres to a ‘spirit’ and determines what form it will assume in its next life cycle. Used in India to make people happy with their lot in life (177)
keiretsu
Alliances of corporations and banks that dominate the Japanese economy. (p. 861)
khipu
System of knotted colored cords used by preliterate Andean peoples to transmit information. (p. 312)
