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FSOT > FSOT Master 16 > Flashcards

FSOT Master 16 Flashcards

1
Q

emotional response theory

A

any human emotion experienced can be interpreted along three deminsions

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2
Q

emotive language

A

language that conveys the senders attitude rather than simply offering an objective description

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3
Q

empathetic listening

A

listening in which the goals are to help the speaker solve a problem

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4
Q

empathy

A

the ability to project one’s self into another person’s point of view, so as to experience the others thoughts and feelings

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5
Q

encoding

A

translating ideas, feelings and thought into code

-ex: vocalizing a word, gesturing, establishing eye contact

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6
Q

enculturation?

A

The process of learning your culture that you are born into

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7
Q

episode

A

series of interactions between individuals during which the mssage of one person influences the messages of another

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8
Q

equality

A

a type of supportive communication suggesting that the sender reguards as worthy of respect

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9
Q

equivocal language

A

language with one or more interpretations

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10
Q

equivocal words

A

words that have more than one dictionary definition

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11
Q

equivocation

A

a vague statement that can be interpreted in more than one way

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12
Q

escalatory conflict spiral

A

a reciprical pattern of communications of which messages between communicators reinforce eachother

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13
Q

ethics

A

beliefs, values, and moral principals by which we determine what is right or wrong

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14
Q

euphemism

A

a pleaseant sounding word used in place of a more direct less pleaseant one

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15
Q

evaluative communication

A

messages in which the sender judges the reciever in some way

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16
Q

examples of culture?

A

language, laws, religion, ways of acting/thinking

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17
Q

examples of transitional devices you can use to show a contrasting relationship?

A

But, still, however, neavertheless, andyet.

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18
Q

Expentancy Violations Model

A

A model that suggests that we develope rules or expectations for appropraite non verbal behavior and react when those expectations are violated.

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19
Q

Explain the following formula: SAB=SAC+2.

A

A single accomplishment bullet consists of the following attributes: specific, accurate, concise, single accomplishment/achievment, and impact.

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20
Q

Explain the two audience concept as it applies to communication?

A

Every communication has a sending and receiving audience. The sending audience is the group we represent, while the receiving audience is the group with whom we are communicating.

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21
Q

extemporaneous speaking mode

A

developing a set of “talking points,” such as notes or an outline, to assist them in presenting their ideas

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22
Q

extensional orientation?

A

tendency to look first at the actual people, objects, and events and then look at their labels

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23
Q

eye contact

A

looking into the eyes of your audience as you speak

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24
Q

fabrication

A

making up information or guessing at information and making it appear true

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25
Q

face

A

is the most significant place to express emotion

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26
Q

face work

A

verbal and nonverbal behavior designed to create and maintain a communicators face and the face of others

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27
Q

fact-interference confusion?

A

when someone makes an inference and thinks its a fact and acts upon it as a fact but really isn’t

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28
Q

factual statement

A

statement that can be verified as being true of false

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29
Q

Feedback

A

response to a message

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30
Q

feedforward?

A

information you provide before sending your primary message

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31
Q

five different patterns used when organizing a presentation.

A

Types of patterns include: topical; time or chronological; reason;problem-solution; spatial or geographical; and/or summarize of facts or data

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32
Q

five types of support and give a brief description of each.

A

(1) Definitions explain or clarify unfamiliar items; (2) examples provide an illustration of what we are trying to communicate; (3) comparisonsprovide a reference to a similar and usually better known item; (4) testimony express the item through the words and thoughts of others; and (5)statistics show relationships and/or summarize collections of facts or data.

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33
Q

For what three reasons do we generally try to communicate with each other?

A

We communicate to direct, influence or inform our audience.

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34
Q

forecast

A

a statement that alerts the audience to ideas that are coming

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35
Q

four concepts of self-efficacy?

A

predicting our performance, relationally-based self-efficacy judgments, gut-feeling based, and consequences expected from your performance

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36
Q

four parts to self-image?

A

Phsychological(introspection), physical self-image, emotional self-image, intellectual self-image

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37
Q

four resources for researching your subject.

A

Four available resources are the library, the internet, referance books, and individuals.

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38
Q

four steps in the process of writing?

A

(1)Prewriting, (2)drafting, (3)editing, and(4)revising.

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39
Q

four types of sentences you should use throughout your written communication.

A

(1) Simple sentence-a sentence that expresses one complete thought.
(2) Compound sentence-A union of two or more simple sentences.
(3) Complex sentence-a simple sentence with a dependent clause attatched to it.
(4) Compound-complex sentence-a combination of a compound and a complex sentence

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40
Q

Geert Hofstede

A

created a framework of culture

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41
Q

Gender

A

A cultural construction that includes one’s biological sex, psychological charaterics (feminnity, mascularity and drogyny), attitudes about the sexes and sexual orientation

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42
Q

Generalized other perspective

A

Future predicted based on what people generally do

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43
Q

Generic Language

A

General terms that stad for all persons or things within a given category.

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44
Q

gestures

A

incorporate the use of hands, body movements, and facial expressions

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45
Q

Gibb Categories

A

six sets of contrasting styles of verbal and nonverbal behavior

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46
Q

goal of the speech

A

expressed in terms of its expected outcome

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47
Q

Group

A

A collection of people who have a common goal, feel a sense of belonging to the group, and influence each other.

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48
Q

halo

A

attractive: smart, happy, rich, honest

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49
Q

Halo Effect

A

One good quality implied other ones

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50
Q

haptics

A

study of human touching behaviors

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51
Q

Health Communication

A

The study of communication that has an impact on human health.

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52
Q

Hearing

A

The physiological process of decoding sounds

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53
Q

hearing informational speaking

A

the process where a sound wave strikes the ear-drum and causes vibrations that are transmitted to the brain

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54
Q

Heterosexist Language

A

Language that revels an assumption that the world is heterosexual, as if hemosexuality or bisexual did not exist.

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55
Q

heterostereotype

A

observation about another culture without judgement

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56
Q

high content culture

A

a culture that avoids direct use of language to express information especially about relational matters

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57
Q

high power distance culture

A

inequalities expected, children respect parents, teachers take initiative, hierarchy is normal

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58
Q

high-context culture?

A

information shared through assumptions, information is communicated but not stated explicitly.

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59
Q

Homophobic Language

A

Language that overtly denigrates persons of non-heterosexual orientations, usually arising out of a fear of being labeled gay or lesbian

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60
Q

Honeymoon stage

A

Everything seems fabulous

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61
Q

horn effect

A

one bad quality implies others

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62
Q

How are concepts of communication preperation universal?

A

The basic philosophy and guidance for effective writing and speaking are the same. Both involve getting started with the communication, subject research, support selection, and organizing.

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63
Q

How are people with low self-esteem counterintuitive?

A

they pay more attention to negative evaluations; are more likely to have partners with similar self views; experience worse health after experiencing positive events

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64
Q

How are the concepts of communication preparation universal?

A

The basic philosophy and guidance for effective writing and speaking are the same. Both involve getting started with the communication, subject research, support selection, and organizing.

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65
Q

How are transitional devices valuable tools when arranging the elements your message?

A

Transitional devices, when woven skillfully into your message, can assist your audience in following your train of thought.

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66
Q

How can communication be a nonverbal behavior?

A

the clothes you wear, the way you walk, shake hands, cock you head, comb your hair, sit and smile

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67
Q

How do communications flow within an orginization?

A

Communications flow in three directions-upward, downward, and lateral.

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68
Q

How do you use number to maintain pargraph coherence?

A

If the controlling idea is singular, you keep all the references to it singular.

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69
Q

How does culture affect communication?

A

talking with friends, lovers, family; interacting in group; topics you talk about and strategies used to inform and persuade; how you use the media and the credibility you give it

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70
Q

How does self-concept develop?

A

others tell us who we are; social comparisons; culture; and gender

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71
Q

How is culture primarily passed on?

A

through culture

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72
Q

how is effect implemented in communication?

A

There is always an outcome or consequence from an action or behavior, communication always has an effect

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73
Q

How many Americans define themselves a non-white?

A

1 in 4

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74
Q

How many types of accomplishment bullet statements are there? Name them.

A

There are three-action verb bullet; modified verb bullet; and specific achievment bullet.

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75
Q

How many types of physical behaviors are there? Name them.

A

There are three types of physical behavior: eye contact, body movement and gestures.

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76
Q

How you look at yourself, the mental picture of how you believe you appear to others, and how you picture yourself physically to others are characteristics of what?

A

Self-image or self-awareness

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77
Q

Human Communication

A

the process of making sense out of the world and sharing that sense with others bt creating meaning through verbal and non verbal messages

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78
Q

human communication as a transaction

A
  • when communication is mutually interactive

- created based on concurrent sharing of ideas and feelings

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79
Q

human communication as action

A

think: one way

- linear

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80
Q

human communication as an interaction

A

reciever responds to source with feedback.

-linear action/reaction within a certain context

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81
Q

hyperpersonal communication

A

a certain type of interpersonal communication that is facilitated by using a computer to establish relationship with others because you are more mindful about what you’re saying.

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82
Q

ideal model of communication?

A

transactional communication

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83
Q

Illustrator

A

A non verbal behavior that accompanies a verbal message and either complemets, contradicts, or accents it.

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84
Q

illustrators

A

non verbal behaviors that accompany and support non verbal messages

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85
Q

Immediacy

A

Non verbal behavior such as eye contact, foward lean, touch and open body orientation that communicate feelings of liking pleasure and closeness. the degree of interest or attraction we feel toward and communicate to others

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86
Q

Impersonal Communication

A

communication that treats people as objects or that responds only to their roles, rather thanto who they are as quique people.

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87
Q

Implicit personality theory

A

our past influences how we judge others

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88
Q

impression

A

must have met a person to form one

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89
Q

impression formation theory

A

we make up stories about people

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90
Q

impression management

A

stratagies used by communicators to influence the way others view them

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91
Q

impromptu speaking

A

a speaker uses information acquired from experience, speaks with little or no preparation, and organizes ideas while he or she is communicating

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92
Q

In what manner did Socrates describe speech? How did this correlate to a speech structure?

A

Socrates analogized the parts of a speech to a body of an animal having a head(Introduction), body, and tail(Conclusion).

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93
Q

In what way can organization personnel verify whether they are engaging critically and constructively in the exchange of ideas?

A

By completing a short, self-diagnostic exercise that personal but applicable barriers to communicating.

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94
Q

in which communication type do you interact with others, normally two people?

A

interpersonal

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95
Q

In which culture are messages clearly verbalized?

A

low-context culture.

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96
Q

in which part of a speech or written presentation would you evaluate the use integration of transitions?

A

Organization.

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97
Q

In which type of communication are you entertained, informed, and persuaded by the media?

A

mass communication

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98
Q

indirect communication

A

hinting at a message instead of expressing thoughts and feelings directly

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99
Q

Indirect Preception Checking

A

Using your own perceptual abilities to seek additional information to confirm or refute someoes behavior.

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100
Q

indiscrimination?

A

not evaluating an individual as unique, categorizing them in a group

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101
Q

individualism/collectivism

A

whether an individual places importance on self or on community

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102
Q

individualist culture.

A

individual values such as power, achievement, hedonism, and stimulation (Americans fall under this category) success is measured by how well you outshine others, and you are responsible for you and you alone.

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103
Q

inferential statement

A

conclusion arrived at from an interpretation of evidence

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104
Q

influences on perception

A

physiological, and social

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105
Q

informative briefing

A

fundamental objective to present information to a specialized audience, followed by the exchange of data, ideas, and questions among participants

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106
Q

informative speaking

A

has been defined as discourse that imparts new information, secures understanding, or reinforces accumulated information

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107
Q

insensitive listeners

A

failure to recognize the thoughts or feelings that are not directly expressed by a speaker instead accepting the speakers words at face value

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108
Q

insulated listeners

A

a style in which the reciever ignores undesirable information

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109
Q

intensional orientation?

A

the tendency to view people, objects, and events according to the way they are talked about

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110
Q

interactional view of communication?

A

the speaker and listener take turns speaking and listening.

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111
Q

intercultural communication?

A

where you communicate with members of other cultures

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112
Q

internal summary

A

a short restatement of what has just been said in the section that you are about to leave, before proceeding to the next segment

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113
Q

internation communication

A

country based communication

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114
Q

interpersonal communication

A
  • mutual influence
  • for the purpose of managing a realtionship
  • specific kind of human communication
  • when you view reciever as unique authentic individual
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115
Q

Interpretation

A

Attaching meaning to what is attended to, selected, and organized

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116
Q

intimacy

A

a state of closness between two people

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117
Q

intimate distance

A

one of Halls four distance zones ranging from skin contact to eighteen inches

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118
Q

intracultural communication

A

1 culture communication

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119
Q

IntRApersonal Communication

A

Communication that occurs within yourself including your thoughts and emotins.

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120
Q

Interpersonal Communication

A

communication that occurs simultaniously between two people who attempt to mutually influence each other, usually for the purpose of managing relationship.

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121
Q

introduction to a speech

A

to gain the listeners’ attention and orient them to the material that will be presented

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122
Q

jargon

A

the specialized vocabulary that is used as kind of a short hand by people with common backgrounds and experience

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123
Q

Johari model of self disclosure

A

window of self (open,blind,hidden,unknown)

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124
Q

johari window

A

a model that describes the realstionship between self disclosure and self awareness

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125
Q

judging

A

a reaction in which the reciever evaluates the sender’s message either favorably of un favorably

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126
Q

kinesics

A

the study of body movement posture and gesture

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127
Q

Language

A

The system of symbols(words or vocabulary) structured by rules (grammer) that makes it possible for people to understand one another.

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128
Q

language distortion where one assumes that all can be known or is known about a given person?

A

allness

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129
Q

leakage cues

A

eye contact, shoulder shrug

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130
Q

lecture

A

the formal presentation of material to facilitate learning

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131
Q

linear view of communication.

A

the speaker speaks and the listener listens

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132
Q

linguistic determinism

A

theory that a culture’s world view is unavoidably shaped and reflected by the language its members speak

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133
Q

linguistic relativism

A

a moderate form of linguistic determinism that argues that language exerts a strong influence on perceptions of the people who speak it

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134
Q

List five categories of refrence tools.

A

Almanacs, Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, Thesauruses, E-resources.

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135
Q

listenable speech

A

one that is formatted in a way that when it is received it is understood by listener

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136
Q

Listening

A

Acomplex process of receiving constructing meaning fromand responding to verbal and non verbal messges which involves selecting attending and responding

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137
Q

Listening style

A

A persons preferred way of making sense uot of messages.

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138
Q

lose-lose problem solving

A

an approach to conflict resoloution in which neither parties achieve their goals

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139
Q

low context culture

A

a culture that relies heavily on language to make messages especially of relational nature explicit

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140
Q

low power distance culture

A

inequalities minimized, parents and kids equal, students take initiative, hierarchy is exploitive

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141
Q

low-monitored-high-monitored dimension of feedback?

A

feedback varies from spontaneous and totally honest to carefully constructed responses

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142
Q

low-power-distance culture?

A

power is evenly distributed between citizenry

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143
Q

manipulators

A

movements in which one part of the body grooms masages rubs holds fidgets pinches picks or otherwise manipulates another part

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144
Q

manuscript speech mode

A

the material is written out and delivered word for word; offers the advantages of providing accurate language and solid organization; gives the speaker a permanent written record of the speech

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145
Q

masc./femm. culture

A

masc=success,money,assertive,competitiveness

femm=caring for others, quality of life

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146
Q

masculine culture.

A

people value male aggressivenes, material success and strength; women are valued for modesty

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147
Q

Mass Communication

A

Communication accomplished through a mediated message that is sent to many people at the same time.

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148
Q

Material Self

A

The element of the self reflected in all the tangible things you own.

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149
Q

Meaning

A

A person interpretation of a symbol

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150
Q

meanings are

A

culture bond, and context bond

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151
Q

media richness theory

A

identifies richness of a communication medium based on the amount of information, including emotional expression, it communicates.

  • the amount of feedback they can recieve
  • number of ques channel can convey
  • variety of language
  • potential for emotion and feeling
  • when saying something negetive, you might choose a less rich form of communication
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152
Q

Mediated Communication

A

Any communication that is carried out using some channel other than those used in faced-to-face communication

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153
Q

mediated interpersonal communication

A

communications with others established or maintained through media.
-anonyminity
-physical apperance: less emphasis
-distance
time-ASYNCHRONIOUS(message are not easily read or heard at the time they are sent

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154
Q

memorized speech mode

A

a speech is written out word for word and then committed to memory

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155
Q

Message

A

Written, spoken and unspoken elements of communication to which people assign meaning

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156
Q

messages sent back to the speaker reacting to what was said?

A

feedback

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157
Q

messages that contradict themselves?

A

mixed messages

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158
Q

Meta- Message

A

The message about the message

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159
Q

metacommunication?

A

communication about communication

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160
Q

method of arrangement for the body of a speech

A

a guide selected for sequencing information for listener clarity

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161
Q

method of speech development

A

encompasses how you plan to approach the presentation

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162
Q

mind

A

a method of arranging materials visually rather than in list form

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163
Q

mind-mapping.

A

Mind mapping is a brainstorming activity in which you allow your unorganized thoughts to flow onto paper, connecting like items/thoughts as you progress.

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164
Q

Model for communication as an interaction

A

Source-message-Channel-reviever

reviever provides feedback (affected by noise and context) which circles back to source.

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165
Q

modes of speech presentation

A

the preparation method and reference aids to be used during the speech–impromptu, extemporaneous, manuscript, and memorized

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166
Q

nature of communication?

A

to discover, to relate, to help, to persuade and to play

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167
Q

negative core beliefs?

A

not good enough, powerless, don’t know, in danger, defective/imperfect

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168
Q

Neologism

A

A new term introduces into a language.

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169
Q

neutrality

A

a defence arrousing behavior in which the sender expresses indifference toward the reciever

170
Q

Noise

A

Interference, either literal or psychological, that hinders the accurate encoding or decoding of a message.

171
Q

non verbal communication

A

messages expressed by other than linguistic means

172
Q

nonassertion

A

the inability or unwillingness to express ones thoughts or feelings when necessary

173
Q

Non-Verbal Communication

A

Communication by means other than written or spoken language that creates meaning for someone.

174
Q

Often, what is the results of communications having to pass through many organizational levels?

A

it offten causes a delay in communications and creates chances for distortion of the original message.

175
Q

opinion statement

A

statement based on the speaker’s beliefs

176
Q

ORGANINATIONAL Communication

A

The study of human communication as it occurs with in organizations.

177
Q

Organization

A

Converting information into convenient understandable, and efficient patters that allow us to make sense of what we have observed.

178
Q

orienting material

A

gives an audience the background necessary to understand the basic material of the speech

179
Q

other forms of communication

non verbal

A

mass comm- creator not present, cannot immidiately respond

public comm-speak addresses audience in person

small group comm-3-15 meet and interact

180
Q

Other-Oriented

A

Taking other’s feelings into account

181
Q

Para Language (vocalics)

A

Non - Verbal aspects of voice(e.g. pitch, rate, volume,use of silence.)

182
Q

paralanguage

A

non linguistic means of vocal expression rate pitch tone and so on

183
Q

paraphrasing

A

Checking the accuracy of your understanding by restating your partners message in your own words.

184
Q

parochialism/ethnocentrism

A

my culture is better than yours

185
Q

partitioning organizational speech structural

A

a deductive format in which, as the speech proceeds, the speech is partitioned into a number of points

186
Q

partitioning step

A

listing of how the main issues will be presented in the speech

187
Q

passive aggressive

A

an indirect expression of aggression delievered in a way that allows the sender to maintain a façade of kindness

188
Q

People Oriented Listeners

A

Those who perfer to focus on the emotions and feelings communicated by others verbally and non verbally

189
Q

perception

A

is the process of making sense of the world around us

190
Q

perception checking

A

a three part method for varifying the accuracy of interpretations, including the description of the sense data two possible interpertations and a request for confermation of the interpertations

191
Q

Percieved self

A

the person we believe our selves to be in moments of candor

192
Q

personality

A

a realitivly consistant set of traits that a person exhibits across a variety of situations

193
Q

phases of the speaking process?

A

Prewriting, drafting, editing, and presentation phase.

194
Q

phonological rules

A

linguistic rules governing how sounds are combined to form words

195
Q

physical noise?

A

interference that is external to both speaker and listener

196
Q

plagiarism

A

occurs when a speaker uses the ideas and words of others as his or her own without giving credit to the originator of the material

197
Q

poisoning the well”?

A

Poisoning the well is a logical fallacy where adverse information about someone is pre-emptively presented to an audience, with the intention of discrediting or ridiculing everything that person is about to say.

198
Q

Polarization

A

The tendency to describe things in extremes, as though no middle ground existed.

199
Q

post speech analysis

A

paying attention to reactions following a speech

200
Q

poster session

A

prepare a poster, a series of charts or a power point program that visually highlights your research or idea

201
Q

pragmatic rules

A

rules that govern the everyday use of language, they are rarely written down or discussed

202
Q

Presentational Communcation

A

Communication that occurs when a speaker address a gathering of people in order to inform,persuade, or intertain them.

203
Q

presenting self

A

the image a person presents to others; it may be identitical to the percieved selves

204
Q

primacy effect

A

the first info you learn about someone is the most important

205
Q

primary sources of information

A

sources that represent the original reports of the observation or research

206
Q

Principle of selective exposure

A

who do people surround themselves with?

207
Q

prior to the speech analysis

A

work that takes place before the speech is given

208
Q

problem oriented

A

a supportive style of communication in which the communicators focus on working together to solve their problems instead of trying to impose their solutions on one another

209
Q

problem-solution method of issue

A

used when a speaker attempts to identify what is wrong and to determine how to cure it or make a recommendation for its cure

210
Q

process of the speech analysis

A

observing the audience for feedback

211
Q

professional paper

A

a speech in which the presenter briefs his or her audience on some findings that relate to the speaker or the listeners’ area of interest

212
Q

prompting

A

using silence and brief statements of encouragement to draw out a speaker

213
Q

provisionalism

A

a supportive style of communication in which the sender expresses a willingness to consider the other persons position

214
Q

Proxemics

A

The study of how close or far away from people and objects we postion ourselves.

215
Q

pseudolistening

A

an imitation of true listening in which the receivers mind is elsewhere

216
Q

psychographics

A

its attitudes and beliefs–are an important consideration; profile can also be determined by analyzing the listeners

217
Q

psychological noises”?

A

cognitive or mental interference

218
Q

public communication

A

involves a transaction between a speaker and an audience

219
Q

public distance

A

one of Halls four distance zones extending outward from twelve feet

220
Q

punctuation of communication consist of?

A

dividing parts of communication into stimuli and responses

221
Q

purpose of the overview step in the process of speaking?

A

The summary should restate the main points, the relationship between points, and the specific objective of the prsentation.

222
Q

purpose of the speech

A

centers on the speaker’s expected outcomes for the presentation

223
Q

purr words?

A

positive meanings

224
Q

qualitative interpersonal communication

A

interaction in which people treat one another as unique individuals reguardless of the context in which the interaction occurs or the number of people involved

225
Q

Quasi- Courtship Behavior

A

Non verbal behaviors exhibited both consciously and unconsciously when we are attracted to someone.

226
Q

question-and-power session

A

follows many speeches is a type of informative speech in itself

227
Q

questioning

A

feedback that usually request the speaker to supply additional information in order to clarify or expand the receivers understanding

228
Q

Receiver

A

The person who decodes a message and attempts to make sense of what the sourse has encoded.

229
Q

Receiver Apprehension

A

The fear of misunderstanding or misinterpreting the message spoken by others or of not being able to adjust psychologically to messages expressed by others.

230
Q

Recency effect

A

the most recent info you learn about someone is the most important

231
Q

Recovery Stage

A

Coping with the problem

232
Q

reflected appraisal

A

the theory that a persons self content matches the way the way a person believes others reguard him or her

233
Q

Regularator

A

A non verbal behavior that helps to control the interaction or level of communication between people.

234
Q

rejection?

A

you disagree with the person, you are unwilling to accept somethin the other person says or does

235
Q

relational messages

A

a message that expresses the social relationship between two or more individuals

236
Q

relationship

A

connection established when you communicate with another person

237
Q

Relationship Demension

A

The aspect of a communication message that offers cues about the emotion attitudes, and amount of power and control the speaker directs towards others how something is said.

238
Q

relationships must have

A

inclusion, control over relationship, affection (give and recieve)

239
Q

relative words

A

words that gain their meaning by comparison

240
Q

Remember

A

To recall information

241
Q

residual message

A

the part of a message a receiver can recall after short/long term memory loss

242
Q

respect

A

the degree in which we hold others in esteem

243
Q

responding

A

providing observable feedback to another person’s behavior or speech

244
Q

Response Latency

A

The ampunt of time it takes someone to formulate a response to a statement or question in conversation.

245
Q

Reverse Culture Shock

A

Happens when you return to original culture

246
Q

reviever

A

decoder

247
Q

revising phase.

A

Revising is a finishing step to improve the communication based on the editing phase and the feedback from the reviewers. You revise or rewrite your draft to make it into a more formal presentation.

248
Q

Rhetoric

A

The process of using symbols to influence or persuade others.

249
Q

rhetorical question?

A

A rhetorical question is one requiring no answer; it’s answer is usually obvious.

250
Q

Rule

A

A followable precription that indicates what behavior is required or preferred and what behavior is prohibited in a specific situation.

251
Q

Second Guessing

A

Questions the assumptions underlying a message

252
Q

secondary sources of information

A

sources the report, but did not originally generate, the observations or research

253
Q

select

A

To focus on one sound as you sort through various sounds competing for your attention

254
Q

selection

A

what you choose to focus on within a range of stimuli in your environment

255
Q

selective exposure

A

we attend to msg that are in accord with our already held attitudes

256
Q

selective listening

A

a listening style in which the receiver responds to messages that only interest him or her

257
Q

selective retention

A

we remember what is consistent with preexisting attitudes and interest

258
Q

Self

A

The sum of who you are as a person, your central inner force.

259
Q

Self - Reflexiveness

A

The human ability to think about what you are doing while you are doing it

260
Q

self concept

A

the relavtive stable set of percieptions each individual holds of them selves

261
Q

Self Concept Clarity

A

The extent to which beliefs about onesself are clearly and confidently identified and stable over time.

262
Q

self concept components

A

attitudes, beliefs, values

263
Q

self concept stress?

A

connectedness to a group and to fitting in with one’s group

264
Q

self concepts describe?

A

what you could or want to be

265
Q

self concepts emphasize?

A

uniqueness

266
Q

self disclosure

A

the process in which we deliberately reveal information about ones self that is signifigant and would not normally be known by others

267
Q

self esteem

A

the part of the self concept that involves evaluations of self worth

268
Q

self fulfilling prophecy

A

the tendency to become what other people expect you to become

269
Q

Self- Fulfilling Prophecy

A

The notion that perdictions about ones futire are likely to come true because one believes that they will come true.

270
Q

Self Image

A

Your view of yourself in a particular situation or circimstance.

271
Q

self serving bias

A

the thendancy to interperet and explain information in a way that casts the perciever in the most favorable manor

272
Q

self-concept?

A

the internal picture we have of ourselves and the role we play

273
Q

self-efficacy?

A

the belief in your ability to effectively control specific events in your life

274
Q

self-esteem?

A

our personal belief system; your self-appraisal assessment, evaluation; sense of self-worth

275
Q

Self-Expectations

A

Goals you set for yourself; how you believe you ought to behave and what you ought to accomplish.

276
Q

self-schemas?

A

scripts as to how you believe you should act to fit the image

277
Q

semantic noise.

A

different meanings are used by speaker and listener (such as people speaking a different language or speaking more complexly than the listener comprehends)

278
Q

semantic rules

A

rules that govern the meaning of language as opposed by its structure

279
Q

sentence outline

A

has complete sentences for all entries and usually has correct punctuation

280
Q

sentence unity?

A

All the parts of the sentence matching in number, verb, possession, etc.

281
Q

Sex

A

The biological and physiological charateristics that make a person female or male.

282
Q

sex roles

A

a social orientation that governs behavior in contrast to a person’s biological gender

283
Q

Sexist language

A

reveals bias in favor of one sex against another

284
Q

significant other

A

a person who’s oppinion is important enough to effect ones self concept strongly

285
Q

signposting

A

a speaker states where the listeners have been, where they are presently, and forecasts where they are going

286
Q

Simple Model of human communication

A

source, message, channel message reciever

there is noise at each checkpoint.

287
Q

sincere question

A

a question that imposes a genuine desire to learn from another person

288
Q

slang

A

language used by a group of people whose members belong to a similar co-culture or other group

289
Q

Small Group

A

The transactive process of creating meaning among three to about fifteen people who share a conmmon purpose, feel a sense of belonging to the group and exert influnces on one another

290
Q

small group communication?

A

when you interact with others, solving problems, sharing knowledge and experiences

291
Q

snarl words?

A

very negative

292
Q

Social Comparison

A

Process of comparing ones self to others to measure ones worth in relationship to others who are simular

293
Q

Social Decentering

A

Stepping away from your own thoughts and attempting to experience the thoughts of another.

294
Q

social distance

A

one of Halls four distance zones ranging from four to twelve feet

295
Q

social information-processing theory

A

we can communicate relational and emotional messages via the internet, but it just takes longer due to lack of non-verbals.

296
Q

social learning theory

A

suggest that we can learn how to adapt and adjust our behavior towards others; how we behave is not solely dependent on our genetic makeup.

297
Q

social penetration theory

A

relationships start with breadth and then moves toward depth of information

298
Q

Social Self

A

Your concept of self as developed through your personal, social interactions with others.

299
Q

Social Support

A

Senstivite and empathic listening, followed bt messages of comfort or confirmation, that lets a person know that he or she is understood and valued.

300
Q

social-psychological context?

A

the status relationship among the participants

301
Q

sociotype

A

judgement based on researched fact

302
Q

Source

A

The originator of a thought or emotion who puts it into a code that can be understood by a receiver.

303
Q

spatial method of issue arrangement

A

set of point of reference at a specific location and followed a geographic pattern

304
Q

speaking setting

A

encompasses where the speech is given, what the time limit is, when the presentation is made, and the attitude of the audience

305
Q

Specific other perspective

A

Specific past behaviors used to predict future

306
Q

speech of introduction

A

to identify the person who will be speaking to the audience and give any other information that may spark listeners’ interest in the speaker or the topic

307
Q

speech participants

A

the speaker and the members of the audience

308
Q

speech planning outline

A

brief framework used to think through the process of the speech; outline contains the major ideas of the speech, without elaboration

309
Q

speech presentation outline

A

flesh out the outline with examples and illustrations and write in internal summaries and forecasts

310
Q

speeches about concepts

A

examine theories, beliefs, ideas, philosophies, or schools of thought.

311
Q

speeches about events

A

inform the audience about something that has already happened, is happening, or is expected to happen

312
Q

speeches about objects

A

describe a particular thing in detail; the object may be a person, place, animal, structure, machine, or anything else that can be touched or seen

313
Q

speeches about processes

A

instruct the audience about how something works, is made, or is done so that they can apply the skills learned

314
Q

speechophobia

A

public speaking anxiety

315
Q

spiral

A

reciprocal communication pattern in which each person’s message reienforces eachother

316
Q

SPIRITUAL-SELF

A

Your concept of self, based on beliefs and your sense of who you are in relationship to other forces in the universe, also includes your thoughts and introspections about your values and moral standards.

317
Q

spontaneity

A

supportive communication behavior in which the sender expresses a message without any attempt to manipulate the reciever

318
Q

stage hog

A

a listening style in which the receiver is more concerned with making his or her own point than with understanding the speaker

319
Q

standard sentence mechanics you should be aware of when writing.

A

Punctuation, capitalization, and abbreviation.

320
Q

Standpoint theory

A

One action creates multiple interpretations based on gender, race, social class, and culture

321
Q

statement of central idea

A

defines the subject and develops the criteria by which to evaluate the material to be included in the speech

322
Q

statement of the central idea of a speech

A

intended to keep the speaker on course for developing a purposeful and well-organized speech

323
Q

static evaluation?

A

making evaluations without change while the thing/person being discussed is changing

324
Q

steps in overcoming communication barriers?

A

There are two steps. The first is to establish an orginizational policy that defines lines of responsibility and authority, establishes communications channels, provides a climate for effective communication, and keeps key people informed. The next step is to increase skills in written and oral expression.

325
Q

stereotype

A

a generalization applied to persons because you perceive them to have attributes common to a particular group

326
Q

superiority

A

a defence arrousing style of communication in which the sender states or implies that the reciever is inferior

327
Q

supplementary speech aids

A

visual, audio, audiovisual, and computerized graphic

328
Q

supporting

A

a response style in which the receiver reassures comforts or distracts the person seeking help

329
Q

supporting speech material

A

should clarify a point you are making in the speech or offer evidence of the validity of the argument presented

330
Q

Supportive Communication

A

Language that creates a climate of trust, caring and acceptance.

331
Q

Symbol

A

A word, sound gesture, or visual image that represents a thought concept, object, or experience.

332
Q

Symbolic Self- Awareness:

A

A unique human ability to develop and communicate a representation of oneself to others through language.

333
Q

sympathy

A

compassion for another situation

334
Q

Synchronous Communication

A

communications in which message occurs in real time when you speak or write someone immediate responds to your message

335
Q

syntactic rules

A

rules that govern the ways in which symbols can be arranged as opposed to the meanings of those symbols

336
Q

systems theory

A

describes the interconnected elements of a system in which a change in one element affects all the other elements.

think: inputs, throughputs, and outputs

337
Q

talking points

A

bullet points in an abbreviated outline format that serve as a framework for the speech and are used in rehearsal session and as the notes for the actual presentation

338
Q

tangible or concrete environment in which communication takes place?

A

the physical context

339
Q

Team

A

A coordinated group of people intentionally organized to work together to achieve a common goal.

340
Q

team briefing

A

used in technology organizations in which design projects or project proposals must be pitched to potential clients or funding agents

341
Q

technical report

A

a statement describing a process, explaining a technique, or discussing new elements to either people within a business or industry or people outside it, such as customers or researchers, who may be interested in the topic

342
Q

temporal (time) context?

A

the time of day or time in history in which the communication is taking place

343
Q

term for communicating in a roundabout way?

A

indirect speech

344
Q

term for the medium through which a message passes?

A

channel

345
Q

Territorial Maker

A

A thing or action that signifies an area has been clamed.

346
Q

Territoriality

A

The study of how humans use space and objects to communicate occupancy or ownership of space

347
Q

territory

A

fixed space that an individual assumes some right to occupy

348
Q

the communication accomodation theory.

A

speakers change their speaking style based on who their audience is

349
Q

The misuse of abstractions and a lack of common core experience are main contributors to which communication barrier?

A

They are the the main contributors to language barriers.

350
Q

things self-image is composed of?

A

physical appearance, body shape, academic accomplishments, social skills, value system, relationships, behavior, goals, ambitions, aspirations

351
Q

three areas to focus on when preparing a speach?

A

Technical accuracy and coverage, arrangement and flow, and presentation and delivery.

352
Q

three basic components of a paragraph?

A

Topic sentence, support sentence, and closing sentence.

353
Q

three common forms of tense you will use in your communication.

A

(1) Past-express actions or makes a statementabout something that happened in the past.
(2) Present-expresses action or makes a statement about something happening in the present time.
(3) Future-expresses action or make a statement about something happening at a future time.

354
Q

three most common uses for bullet statements in the Air Force?

A

EPR, award/decoration nomination, talking paper.

355
Q

three responsibilities of commanders and supervisors-their staffs and subordinates-when it comes to orginizational communication?

A

Keep communication channels open, maintain an environment conducive to communication; and communicate effectively.

356
Q

time method of issue arrangement

A

orders information from a beginning point to an ending one, with all the steps developed in numerical or time sequence

357
Q

Time Oriennted Listeners

A

Those who perfer that message communcated by others be breif.

358
Q

time oriented listeners

A

a listening style that is primarily concerned with minimizing the time necessary to accomplish the task at hand

359
Q

topic of the speech

A

should be stated as specifically as possible

360
Q

topic outline

A

has words or phrases for all entries and usually has little or no punctuation after entries

361
Q

topical method of issue arrangement

A

a speaker explains an idea in terms of its component part

362
Q

Touch Ethic

A

A person own guidelines or standards as to approprate and inapprate toush

363
Q

transactional communication mean?

A

each person in the communication act is both speaker and listener; each person is simultaneously sending and receiving messages

364
Q

transactional modes of communication?

A

simultaneous sending and receiving, all elements are constantly in motion and you cannot not communicate

365
Q

Trigger Word

A

A form of language that arouses strong emotions in listeners.

366
Q

True Self-Esteem

A

Involves only your goals

367
Q

two main points of self concept?

A

self image and self esteem

368
Q

two types of self-fulfilling prophecies?

A

self-imposed prophecies and imposed prophecies by others

369
Q

types of bullet statements.

A

Single idea and single accomplishment.

370
Q

uncertainty avoidance

A

extent to which members of a culture feel threatened by unknown or uncertain situations

371
Q

Understand

A

To assign meaning to messages

372
Q

understanding

A

the act of interpreting a message by following syntactic symantic and pragmatic rules

373
Q

unfolding organizational speech structure

A

an inductive style, in which the speaker lays out supporting evidence and then draws a conclusion, leading the listeners to be drawn into the argument

374
Q

Upon what factors dose the intelligibility of a presentation depend?

A

Articulation, pronunciation, vocal pauses, overuse of stock expressions, and substandard grammar.

375
Q

Value

A

An enduring concept of good and bad, right and wrong.

376
Q

values

A

enduring concepts of good bad, right or wrong

377
Q

visual aids

A

appeal to our sense of sight

378
Q

What do the terms “faulty analogy,”asserted conclusion”,”loaded question”, and”non sequitur” have in common?

A

They are examples of flaws, or fallaciesin logic.

379
Q

What does the voice of your writing indicate?

A

Voice shows if the subject acts or is acted upon.

380
Q

What five steps are involved in the prewriting phase?

A

(1)Selecting your purpose and objective, (2)analizing your audience, (3)researching your subject, (4)selecting a pattern, and (5)outlining.

381
Q

What form of communication dose the construction of a bullet statement resemble? Why the compairison of the two forms?

A

The wording of a telegram. Since each word of a telegram costs the same, word economizing is integral to save money while ensuring the message meaning; the same concept is applicable to developing bullet statements.

382
Q

What fundamentals of speech add variety to a presentation?

A

Rate, volume, force, pitch, and emphasis.

383
Q

what is it called when you acknowledge the presence of the other person but also accept the person?

A

confirmation

384
Q

What is studying communication going to do for you?

A
  1. help you make connections
  2. provide you with skills to make a difference when confronted with new ideas and challenges
  3. truly effective communicators have information worth communicating, and have the desire to connect with their listener.
385
Q

What outlining formats are mentioned in this lesson?

A

This lesson covers four outline types: scratch; formal; informal; and talking paper.

386
Q

What part of communication is the way you sit/look?

A

Interactional/transactional

387
Q

What section is used to evaluate punctuation, grammar, and spelling?

A

Readability and Mechanics.

388
Q

What should be accomplished during the summary?

A

The summary should restate the main points, the relationship between points, and the specific objective of the presentation.

389
Q

What three components are evaluated in the introduction of a written or spoken presentation?

A

Purpose,motivation, and overveiw.

390
Q

When starting a presentation, what are some attention-getting devices you might consider?

A

Rhetorical questions; direct questions; quotations; illustrations; a startling statement; unusual or dramatic devices; and refrences to the importance of the theme.

391
Q

When starting a presentation, what are some attention-getting devices you might consider?

A

A rhetorical question is one requiring no answer; its answer is usually obvios.

392
Q

When writing your draft, what areas should you focas on?

A

(1)Introduction, (2)body, (3)conclusion, (4)transitions, and(5)support.

393
Q

Where would you most likely use an SAB?

A

EPRs, Awards/Decoration Nomination Package.

394
Q

Where would you most likely use an SIB?

A

Talking paper, point paper, or bullet background paper.

395
Q

which communication deals with input, throughput, and output?

A

organizational communication

396
Q

which dimension confirms the worth of the person and what the person says?

A

supportive-critical

397
Q

which dimension of feedback centers on the person or on the message?

A

person-focused message

398
Q

Which feedback may take awhile to get to a person?

A

immediate-delayed

399
Q

Which part of language communicates your meaning explicitly and leaves little doubt for the thoughts you are trying to convey?

A

direct speech

400
Q

which term applies to asking the receiver to approach your message in a particular role or as someone else?

A

altercast

401
Q

which term describes the difference of culture but that not any one is better or worse than the others?

A

cultural relativism

402
Q

Which term describes when the sender and receiver miss each other with their meanings?

A

bypassing

403
Q

Which type of communication deals with talking to yourself?

A

intrapersonal

404
Q

Which type of communication has others informing and persuading you?

A

public communication

405
Q

which type of culture values modesty, concerns for relationships and the quality of life?

A

feminine culture

406
Q

which type of noise is a physical barrier within the speaker or listener?

A

physiological noise

407
Q

which view states that some cultures are higher than others and relates to Darwinism view of humainty?

A

Cultural evolution

408
Q

which word refers to the emotional meaning that specific speakers-listeners give to a word?

A

connotation

409
Q

Who are the encoders?

A

speakers or writers

410
Q

Who are the listeners and readers?

A

decoders

411
Q

who you are is reflected how?

A

physically, socially, psychologically, and holistically

412
Q

whorf-sapir hypothesis

A

theory that the structure of a language shapes the world view of its users

413
Q

why are speaking and listening skills important?

A

they hold societies together

414
Q

Why is “extemporaneous” approach to speaking appealing?

A

It is the least hostile and most intimate form of communicating with your audience. You are able to speak “off the cuff”, but may also use spaeking aids, such as index cards, outlines, etc.

415
Q

Why is communication a process?

A

because it is ever changing, ongoing activity

416
Q

Why is communication dynamic?

A

It is constantly moving

417
Q

Why is ethics important?

A

It’s going to increase your awareness of communicating in a global village.

418
Q

Why is the “extemporaneous” approach to speaking appealing?

A

It is the least hostile and most intimate form of communicating with an audience. You are able to speak “off the cuff,” but may also use speaking aids, such as index cards, outlines, etc.

419
Q

Why study communication?

A

communicate to satisfy needs, provide a meaning that others will understand

420
Q

why study self-concept?

A

it’s the frame through which we communicate, it influences the roles we play and how we behave, and it affects the way we view others

421
Q

win-lose conflicts

A

approach to conflict resoloution in which one party reaches it’s goal at the expense of the others

422
Q

win-win problem solving

A

approach to conflict resoloution in which the parties work together all to satisfy their goals

FSOT (16 decks)

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