FSOT Master 16 Flashcards
1
Q
emotional response theory
A
any human emotion experienced can be interpreted along three deminsions
2
Q
emotive language
A
language that conveys the senders attitude rather than simply offering an objective description
3
Q
empathetic listening
A
listening in which the goals are to help the speaker solve a problem
4
Q
empathy
A
the ability to project one’s self into another person’s point of view, so as to experience the others thoughts and feelings
5
Q
encoding
A
translating ideas, feelings and thought into code
-ex: vocalizing a word, gesturing, establishing eye contact
6
Q
enculturation?
A
The process of learning your culture that you are born into
7
Q
episode
A
series of interactions between individuals during which the mssage of one person influences the messages of another
8
Q
equality
A
a type of supportive communication suggesting that the sender reguards as worthy of respect
9
Q
equivocal language
A
language with one or more interpretations
10
Q
equivocal words
A
words that have more than one dictionary definition
11
Q
equivocation
A
a vague statement that can be interpreted in more than one way
12
Q
escalatory conflict spiral
A
a reciprical pattern of communications of which messages between communicators reinforce eachother
13
Q
ethics
A
beliefs, values, and moral principals by which we determine what is right or wrong
14
Q
euphemism
A
a pleaseant sounding word used in place of a more direct less pleaseant one
15
Q
evaluative communication
A
messages in which the sender judges the reciever in some way
16
Q
examples of culture?
A
language, laws, religion, ways of acting/thinking
17
Q
examples of transitional devices you can use to show a contrasting relationship?
A
But, still, however, neavertheless, andyet.
18
Q
Expentancy Violations Model
A
A model that suggests that we develope rules or expectations for appropraite non verbal behavior and react when those expectations are violated.
19
Q
Explain the following formula: SAB=SAC+2.
A
A single accomplishment bullet consists of the following attributes: specific, accurate, concise, single accomplishment/achievment, and impact.
20
Q
Explain the two audience concept as it applies to communication?
A
Every communication has a sending and receiving audience. The sending audience is the group we represent, while the receiving audience is the group with whom we are communicating.
21
Q
extemporaneous speaking mode
A
developing a set of “talking points,” such as notes or an outline, to assist them in presenting their ideas
22
Q
extensional orientation?
A
tendency to look first at the actual people, objects, and events and then look at their labels
23
Q
eye contact
A
looking into the eyes of your audience as you speak
24
Q
fabrication
A
making up information or guessing at information and making it appear true
25
face
is the most significant place to express emotion
26
face work
verbal and nonverbal behavior designed to create and maintain a communicators face and the face of others
27
fact-interference confusion?
when someone makes an inference and thinks its a fact and acts upon it as a fact but really isn't
28
factual statement
statement that can be verified as being true of false
29
Feedback
response to a message
30
feedforward?
information you provide before sending your primary message
31
five different patterns used when organizing a presentation.
Types of patterns include: topical; time or chronological; reason;problem-solution; spatial or geographical; and/or summarize of facts or data
32
five types of support and give a brief description of each.
(1) Definitions explain or clarify unfamiliar items; (2) examples provide an illustration of what we are trying to communicate; (3) comparisonsprovide a reference to a similar and usually better known item; (4) testimony express the item through the words and thoughts of others; and (5)statistics show relationships and/or summarize collections of facts or data.
33
For what three reasons do we generally try to communicate with each other?
We communicate to direct, influence or inform our audience.
34
forecast
a statement that alerts the audience to ideas that are coming
35
four concepts of self-efficacy?
predicting our performance, relationally-based self-efficacy judgments, gut-feeling based, and consequences expected from your performance
36
four parts to self-image?
Phsychological(introspection), physical self-image, emotional self-image, intellectual self-image
37
four resources for researching your subject.
Four available resources are the library, the internet, referance books, and individuals.
38
four steps in the process of writing?
(1)Prewriting, (2)drafting, (3)editing, and(4)revising.
39
four types of sentences you should use throughout your written communication.
(1) Simple sentence-a sentence that expresses one complete thought.
(2) Compound sentence-A union of two or more simple sentences.
(3) Complex sentence-a simple sentence with a dependent clause attatched to it.
(4) Compound-complex sentence-a combination of a compound and a complex sentence
40
Geert Hofstede
created a framework of culture
41
Gender
A cultural construction that includes one's biological sex, psychological charaterics (feminnity, mascularity and drogyny), attitudes about the sexes and sexual orientation
42
Generalized other perspective
Future predicted based on what people generally do
43
Generic Language
General terms that stad for all persons or things within a given category.
44
gestures
incorporate the use of hands, body movements, and facial expressions
45
Gibb Categories
six sets of contrasting styles of verbal and nonverbal behavior
46
goal of the speech
expressed in terms of its expected outcome
47
Group
A collection of people who have a common goal, feel a sense of belonging to the group, and influence each other.
48
halo
attractive: smart, happy, rich, honest
49
Halo Effect
One good quality implied other ones
50
haptics
study of human touching behaviors
51
Health Communication
The study of communication that has an impact on human health.
52
Hearing
The physiological process of decoding sounds
53
hearing informational speaking
the process where a sound wave strikes the ear-drum and causes vibrations that are transmitted to the brain
54
Heterosexist Language
Language that revels an assumption that the world is heterosexual, as if hemosexuality or bisexual did not exist.
55
heterostereotype
observation about another culture without judgement
56
high content culture
a culture that avoids direct use of language to express information especially about relational matters
57
high power distance culture
inequalities expected, children respect parents, teachers take initiative, hierarchy is normal
58
high-context culture?
information shared through assumptions, information is communicated but not stated explicitly.
59
Homophobic Language
Language that overtly denigrates persons of non-heterosexual orientations, usually arising out of a fear of being labeled gay or lesbian
60
Honeymoon stage
Everything seems fabulous
61
horn effect
one bad quality implies others
62
How are concepts of communication preperation universal?
The basic philosophy and guidance for effective writing and speaking are the same. Both involve getting started with the communication, subject research, support selection, and organizing.
63
How are people with low self-esteem counterintuitive?
they pay more attention to negative evaluations; are more likely to have partners with similar self views; experience worse health after experiencing positive events
64
How are the concepts of communication preparation universal?
The basic philosophy and guidance for effective writing and speaking are the same. Both involve getting started with the communication, subject research, support selection, and organizing.
65
How are transitional devices valuable tools when arranging the elements your message?
Transitional devices, when woven skillfully into your message, can assist your audience in following your train of thought.
66
How can communication be a nonverbal behavior?
the clothes you wear, the way you walk, shake hands, cock you head, comb your hair, sit and smile
67
How do communications flow within an orginization?
Communications flow in three directions-upward, downward, and lateral.
68
How do you use number to maintain pargraph coherence?
If the controlling idea is singular, you keep all the references to it singular.
69
How does culture affect communication?
talking with friends, lovers, family; interacting in group; topics you talk about and strategies used to inform and persuade; how you use the media and the credibility you give it
70
How does self-concept develop?
others tell us who we are; social comparisons; culture; and gender
71
How is culture primarily passed on?
through culture
72
how is effect implemented in communication?
There is always an outcome or consequence from an action or behavior, communication always has an effect
73
How many Americans define themselves a non-white?
1 in 4
74
How many types of accomplishment bullet statements are there? Name them.
There are three-action verb bullet; modified verb bullet; and specific achievment bullet.
75
How many types of physical behaviors are there? Name them.
There are three types of physical behavior: eye contact, body movement and gestures.
76
How you look at yourself, the mental picture of how you believe you appear to others, and how you picture yourself physically to others are characteristics of what?
Self-image or self-awareness
77
Human Communication
the process of making sense out of the world and sharing that sense with others bt creating meaning through verbal and non verbal messages
78
human communication as a transaction
- when communication is mutually interactive
| - created based on concurrent sharing of ideas and feelings
79
human communication as action
think: one way
| - linear
80
human communication as an interaction
reciever responds to source with feedback.
| -linear action/reaction within a certain context
81
hyperpersonal communication
a certain type of interpersonal communication that is facilitated by using a computer to establish relationship with others because you are more mindful about what you're saying.
82
ideal model of communication?
transactional communication
83
Illustrator
A non verbal behavior that accompanies a verbal message and either complemets, contradicts, or accents it.
84
illustrators
non verbal behaviors that accompany and support non verbal messages
85
Immediacy
Non verbal behavior such as eye contact, foward lean, touch and open body orientation that communicate feelings of liking pleasure and closeness. the degree of interest or attraction we feel toward and communicate to others
86
Impersonal Communication
communication that treats people as objects or that responds only to their roles, rather thanto who they are as quique people.
87
Implicit personality theory
our past influences how we judge others
88
impression
must have met a person to form one
89
impression formation theory
we make up stories about people
90
impression management
stratagies used by communicators to influence the way others view them
91
impromptu speaking
a speaker uses information acquired from experience, speaks with little or no preparation, and organizes ideas while he or she is communicating
92
In what manner did Socrates describe speech? How did this correlate to a speech structure?
Socrates analogized the parts of a speech to a body of an animal having a head(Introduction), body, and tail(Conclusion).
93
In what way can organization personnel verify whether they are engaging critically and constructively in the exchange of ideas?
By completing a short, self-diagnostic exercise that personal but applicable barriers to communicating.
94
in which communication type do you interact with others, normally two people?
interpersonal
95
In which culture are messages clearly verbalized?
low-context culture.
96
in which part of a speech or written presentation would you evaluate the use integration of transitions?
Organization.
97
In which type of communication are you entertained, informed, and persuaded by the media?
mass communication
98
indirect communication
hinting at a message instead of expressing thoughts and feelings directly
99
Indirect Preception Checking
Using your own perceptual abilities to seek additional information to confirm or refute someoes behavior.
100
indiscrimination?
not evaluating an individual as unique, categorizing them in a group
101
individualism/collectivism
whether an individual places importance on self or on community
102
individualist culture.
individual values such as power, achievement, hedonism, and stimulation (Americans fall under this category) success is measured by how well you outshine others, and you are responsible for you and you alone.
103
inferential statement
conclusion arrived at from an interpretation of evidence
104
influences on perception
physiological, and social
105
informative briefing
fundamental objective to present information to a specialized audience, followed by the exchange of data, ideas, and questions among participants
106
informative speaking
has been defined as discourse that imparts new information, secures understanding, or reinforces accumulated information
107
insensitive listeners
failure to recognize the thoughts or feelings that are not directly expressed by a speaker instead accepting the speakers words at face value
108
insulated listeners
a style in which the reciever ignores undesirable information
109
intensional orientation?
the tendency to view people, objects, and events according to the way they are talked about
110
interactional view of communication?
the speaker and listener take turns speaking and listening.
111
intercultural communication?
where you communicate with members of other cultures
112
internal summary
a short restatement of what has just been said in the section that you are about to leave, before proceeding to the next segment
113
internation communication
country based communication
114
interpersonal communication
- mutual influence
- for the purpose of managing a realtionship
- specific kind of human communication
- when you view reciever as unique authentic individual
115
Interpretation
Attaching meaning to what is attended to, selected, and organized
116
intimacy
a state of closness between two people
117
intimate distance
one of Halls four distance zones ranging from skin contact to eighteen inches
118
intracultural communication
1 culture communication
119
IntRApersonal Communication
Communication that occurs within yourself including your thoughts and emotins.
120
Interpersonal Communication
communication that occurs simultaniously between two people who attempt to mutually influence each other, usually for the purpose of managing relationship.
121
introduction to a speech
to gain the listeners' attention and orient them to the material that will be presented
122
jargon
the specialized vocabulary that is used as kind of a short hand by people with common backgrounds and experience
123
Johari model of self disclosure
window of self (open,blind,hidden,unknown)
124
johari window
a model that describes the realstionship between self disclosure and self awareness
125
judging
a reaction in which the reciever evaluates the sender's message either favorably of un favorably
126
kinesics
the study of body movement posture and gesture
127
Language
The system of symbols(words or vocabulary) structured by rules (grammer) that makes it possible for people to understand one another.
128
language distortion where one assumes that all can be known or is known about a given person?
allness
129
leakage cues
eye contact, shoulder shrug
130
lecture
the formal presentation of material to facilitate learning
131
linear view of communication.
the speaker speaks and the listener listens
132
linguistic determinism
theory that a culture's world view is unavoidably shaped and reflected by the language its members speak
133
linguistic relativism
a moderate form of linguistic determinism that argues that language exerts a strong influence on perceptions of the people who speak it
134
List five categories of refrence tools.
Almanacs, Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, Thesauruses, E-resources.
135
listenable speech
one that is formatted in a way that when it is received it is understood by listener
136
Listening
Acomplex process of receiving constructing meaning fromand responding to verbal and non verbal messges which involves selecting attending and responding
137
Listening style
A persons preferred way of making sense uot of messages.
138
lose-lose problem solving
an approach to conflict resoloution in which neither parties achieve their goals
139
low context culture
a culture that relies heavily on language to make messages especially of relational nature explicit
140
low power distance culture
inequalities minimized, parents and kids equal, students take initiative, hierarchy is exploitive
141
low-monitored-high-monitored dimension of feedback?
feedback varies from spontaneous and totally honest to carefully constructed responses
142
low-power-distance culture?
power is evenly distributed between citizenry
143
manipulators
movements in which one part of the body grooms masages rubs holds fidgets pinches picks or otherwise manipulates another part
144
manuscript speech mode
the material is written out and delivered word for word; offers the advantages of providing accurate language and solid organization; gives the speaker a permanent written record of the speech
145
masc./femm. culture
masc=success,money,assertive,competitiveness
| femm=caring for others, quality of life
146
masculine culture.
people value male aggressivenes, material success and strength; women are valued for modesty
147
Mass Communication
Communication accomplished through a mediated message that is sent to many people at the same time.
148
Material Self
The element of the self reflected in all the tangible things you own.
149
Meaning
A person interpretation of a symbol
150
meanings are
culture bond, and context bond
151
media richness theory
identifies richness of a communication medium based on the amount of information, including emotional expression, it communicates.
- the amount of feedback they can recieve
- number of ques channel can convey
- variety of language
- potential for emotion and feeling
- when saying something negetive, you might choose a less rich form of communication
152
Mediated Communication
Any communication that is carried out using some channel other than those used in faced-to-face communication
153
mediated interpersonal communication
communications with others established or maintained through media.
-anonyminity
-physical apperance: less emphasis
-distance
time-ASYNCHRONIOUS(message are not easily read or heard at the time they are sent
154
memorized speech mode
a speech is written out word for word and then committed to memory
155
Message
Written, spoken and unspoken elements of communication to which people assign meaning
156
messages sent back to the speaker reacting to what was said?
feedback
157
messages that contradict themselves?
mixed messages
158
Meta- Message
The message about the message
159
metacommunication?
communication about communication
160
method of arrangement for the body of a speech
a guide selected for sequencing information for listener clarity
161
method of speech development
encompasses how you plan to approach the presentation
162
mind
a method of arranging materials visually rather than in list form
163
mind-mapping.
Mind mapping is a brainstorming activity in which you allow your unorganized thoughts to flow onto paper, connecting like items/thoughts as you progress.
164
Model for communication as an interaction
Source-message-Channel-reviever
| reviever provides feedback (affected by noise and context) which circles back to source.
165
modes of speech presentation
the preparation method and reference aids to be used during the speech--impromptu, extemporaneous, manuscript, and memorized
166
nature of communication?
to discover, to relate, to help, to persuade and to play
167
negative core beliefs?
not good enough, powerless, don't know, in danger, defective/imperfect
168
Neologism
A new term introduces into a language.
169
neutrality
a defence arrousing behavior in which the sender expresses indifference toward the reciever
170
Noise
Interference, either literal or psychological, that hinders the accurate encoding or decoding of a message.
171
non verbal communication
messages expressed by other than linguistic means
172
nonassertion
the inability or unwillingness to express ones thoughts or feelings when necessary
173
Non-Verbal Communication
Communication by means other than written or spoken language that creates meaning for someone.
174
Often, what is the results of communications having to pass through many organizational levels?
it offten causes a delay in communications and creates chances for distortion of the original message.
175
opinion statement
statement based on the speaker's beliefs
176
ORGANINATIONAL Communication
The study of human communication as it occurs with in organizations.
177
Organization
Converting information into convenient understandable, and efficient patters that allow us to make sense of what we have observed.
178
orienting material
gives an audience the background necessary to understand the basic material of the speech
179
other forms of communication
| non verbal
mass comm- creator not present, cannot immidiately respond
public comm-speak addresses audience in person
small group comm-3-15 meet and interact
180
Other-Oriented
Taking other's feelings into account
181
Para Language (vocalics)
Non - Verbal aspects of voice(e.g. pitch, rate, volume,use of silence.)
182
paralanguage
non linguistic means of vocal expression rate pitch tone and so on
183
paraphrasing
Checking the accuracy of your understanding by restating your partners message in your own words.
184
parochialism/ethnocentrism
my culture is better than yours
185
partitioning organizational speech structural
a deductive format in which, as the speech proceeds, the speech is partitioned into a number of points
186
partitioning step
listing of how the main issues will be presented in the speech
187
passive aggressive
an indirect expression of aggression delievered in a way that allows the sender to maintain a façade of kindness
188
People Oriented Listeners
Those who perfer to focus on the emotions and feelings communicated by others verbally and non verbally
189
perception
is the process of making sense of the world around us
190
perception checking
a three part method for varifying the accuracy of interpretations, including the description of the sense data two possible interpertations and a request for confermation of the interpertations
191
Percieved self
the person we believe our selves to be in moments of candor
192
personality
a realitivly consistant set of traits that a person exhibits across a variety of situations
193
phases of the speaking process?
Prewriting, drafting, editing, and presentation phase.
194
phonological rules
linguistic rules governing how sounds are combined to form words
195
physical noise?
interference that is external to both speaker and listener
196
plagiarism
occurs when a speaker uses the ideas and words of others as his or her own without giving credit to the originator of the material
197
poisoning the well"?
Poisoning the well is a logical fallacy where adverse information about someone is pre-emptively presented to an audience, with the intention of discrediting or ridiculing everything that person is about to say.
198
Polarization
The tendency to describe things in extremes, as though no middle ground existed.
199
post speech analysis
paying attention to reactions following a speech
200
poster session
prepare a poster, a series of charts or a power point program that visually highlights your research or idea
201
pragmatic rules
rules that govern the everyday use of language, they are rarely written down or discussed
202
Presentational Communcation
Communication that occurs when a speaker address a gathering of people in order to inform,persuade, or intertain them.
203
presenting self
the image a person presents to others; it may be identitical to the percieved selves
204
primacy effect
the first info you learn about someone is the most important
205
primary sources of information
sources that represent the original reports of the observation or research
206
Principle of selective exposure
who do people surround themselves with?
207
prior to the speech analysis
work that takes place before the speech is given
208
problem oriented
a supportive style of communication in which the communicators focus on working together to solve their problems instead of trying to impose their solutions on one another
209
problem-solution method of issue
used when a speaker attempts to identify what is wrong and to determine how to cure it or make a recommendation for its cure
210
process of the speech analysis
observing the audience for feedback
211
professional paper
a speech in which the presenter briefs his or her audience on some findings that relate to the speaker or the listeners' area of interest
212
prompting
using silence and brief statements of encouragement to draw out a speaker
213
provisionalism
a supportive style of communication in which the sender expresses a willingness to consider the other persons position
214
Proxemics
The study of how close or far away from people and objects we postion ourselves.
215
pseudolistening
an imitation of true listening in which the receivers mind is elsewhere
216
psychographics
its attitudes and beliefs--are an important consideration; profile can also be determined by analyzing the listeners
217
psychological noises"?
cognitive or mental interference
218
public communication
involves a transaction between a speaker and an audience
219
public distance
one of Halls four distance zones extending outward from twelve feet
220
punctuation of communication consist of?
dividing parts of communication into stimuli and responses
221
purpose of the overview step in the process of speaking?
The summary should restate the main points, the relationship between points, and the specific objective of the prsentation.
222
purpose of the speech
centers on the speaker's expected outcomes for the presentation
223
purr words?
positive meanings
224
qualitative interpersonal communication
interaction in which people treat one another as unique individuals reguardless of the context in which the interaction occurs or the number of people involved
225
Quasi- Courtship Behavior
Non verbal behaviors exhibited both consciously and unconsciously when we are attracted to someone.
226
question-and-power session
follows many speeches is a type of informative speech in itself
227
questioning
feedback that usually request the speaker to supply additional information in order to clarify or expand the receivers understanding
228
Receiver
The person who decodes a message and attempts to make sense of what the sourse has encoded.
229
Receiver Apprehension
The fear of misunderstanding or misinterpreting the message spoken by others or of not being able to adjust psychologically to messages expressed by others.
230
Recency effect
the most recent info you learn about someone is the most important
231
Recovery Stage
Coping with the problem
232
reflected appraisal
the theory that a persons self content matches the way the way a person believes others reguard him or her
233
Regularator
A non verbal behavior that helps to control the interaction or level of communication between people.
234
rejection?
you disagree with the person, you are unwilling to accept somethin the other person says or does
235
relational messages
a message that expresses the social relationship between two or more individuals
236
relationship
connection established when you communicate with another person
237
Relationship Demension
The aspect of a communication message that offers cues about the emotion attitudes, and amount of power and control the speaker directs towards others how something is said.
238
relationships must have
inclusion, control over relationship, affection (give and recieve)
239
relative words
words that gain their meaning by comparison
240
Remember
To recall information
241
residual message
the part of a message a receiver can recall after short/long term memory loss
242
respect
the degree in which we hold others in esteem
243
responding
providing observable feedback to another person's behavior or speech
244
Response Latency
The ampunt of time it takes someone to formulate a response to a statement or question in conversation.
245
Reverse Culture Shock
Happens when you return to original culture
246
reviever
decoder
247
revising phase.
Revising is a finishing step to improve the communication based on the editing phase and the feedback from the reviewers. You revise or rewrite your draft to make it into a more formal presentation.
248
Rhetoric
The process of using symbols to influence or persuade others.
249
rhetorical question?
A rhetorical question is one requiring no answer; it's answer is usually obvious.
250
Rule
A followable precription that indicates what behavior is required or preferred and what behavior is prohibited in a specific situation.
251
Second Guessing
Questions the assumptions underlying a message
252
secondary sources of information
sources the report, but did not originally generate, the observations or research
253
select
To focus on one sound as you sort through various sounds competing for your attention
254
selection
what you choose to focus on within a range of stimuli in your environment
255
selective exposure
we attend to msg that are in accord with our already held attitudes
256
selective listening
a listening style in which the receiver responds to messages that only interest him or her
257
selective retention
we remember what is consistent with preexisting attitudes and interest
258
Self
The sum of who you are as a person, your central inner force.
259
Self - Reflexiveness
The human ability to think about what you are doing while you are doing it
260
self concept
the relavtive stable set of percieptions each individual holds of them selves
261
Self Concept Clarity
The extent to which beliefs about onesself are clearly and confidently identified and stable over time.
262
self concept components
attitudes, beliefs, values
263
self concept stress?
connectedness to a group and to fitting in with one's group
264
self concepts describe?
what you could or want to be
265
self concepts emphasize?
uniqueness
266
self disclosure
the process in which we deliberately reveal information about ones self that is signifigant and would not normally be known by others
267
self esteem
the part of the self concept that involves evaluations of self worth
268
self fulfilling prophecy
the tendency to become what other people expect you to become
269
Self- Fulfilling Prophecy
The notion that perdictions about ones futire are likely to come true because one believes that they will come true.
270
Self Image
Your view of yourself in a particular situation or circimstance.
271
self serving bias
the thendancy to interperet and explain information in a way that casts the perciever in the most favorable manor
272
self-concept?
the internal picture we have of ourselves and the role we play
273
self-efficacy?
the belief in your ability to effectively control specific events in your life
274
self-esteem?
our personal belief system; your self-appraisal assessment, evaluation; sense of self-worth
275
Self-Expectations
Goals you set for yourself; how you believe you ought to behave and what you ought to accomplish.
276
self-schemas?
scripts as to how you believe you should act to fit the image
277
semantic noise.
different meanings are used by speaker and listener (such as people speaking a different language or speaking more complexly than the listener comprehends)
278
semantic rules
rules that govern the meaning of language as opposed by its structure
279
sentence outline
has complete sentences for all entries and usually has correct punctuation
280
sentence unity?
All the parts of the sentence matching in number, verb, possession, etc.
281
Sex
The biological and physiological charateristics that make a person female or male.
282
sex roles
a social orientation that governs behavior in contrast to a person's biological gender
283
Sexist language
reveals bias in favor of one sex against another
284
significant other
a person who’s oppinion is important enough to effect ones self concept strongly
285
signposting
a speaker states where the listeners have been, where they are presently, and forecasts where they are going
286
Simple Model of human communication
source, message, channel message reciever
there is noise at each checkpoint.
287
sincere question
a question that imposes a genuine desire to learn from another person
288
slang
language used by a group of people whose members belong to a similar co-culture or other group
289
Small Group
The transactive process of creating meaning among three to about fifteen people who share a conmmon purpose, feel a sense of belonging to the group and exert influnces on one another
290
small group communication?
when you interact with others, solving problems, sharing knowledge and experiences
291
snarl words?
very negative
292
Social Comparison
Process of comparing ones self to others to measure ones worth in relationship to others who are simular
293
Social Decentering
Stepping away from your own thoughts and attempting to experience the thoughts of another.
294
social distance
one of Halls four distance zones ranging from four to twelve feet
295
social information-processing theory
we can communicate relational and emotional messages via the internet, but it just takes longer due to lack of non-verbals.
296
social learning theory
suggest that we can learn how to adapt and adjust our behavior towards others; how we behave is not solely dependent on our genetic makeup.
297
social penetration theory
relationships start with breadth and then moves toward depth of information
298
Social Self
Your concept of self as developed through your personal, social interactions with others.
299
Social Support
Senstivite and empathic listening, followed bt messages of comfort or confirmation, that lets a person know that he or she is understood and valued.
300
social-psychological context?
the status relationship among the participants
301
sociotype
judgement based on researched fact
302
Source
The originator of a thought or emotion who puts it into a code that can be understood by a receiver.
303
spatial method of issue arrangement
set of point of reference at a specific location and followed a geographic pattern
304
speaking setting
encompasses where the speech is given, what the time limit is, when the presentation is made, and the attitude of the audience
305
Specific other perspective
Specific past behaviors used to predict future
306
speech of introduction
to identify the person who will be speaking to the audience and give any other information that may spark listeners' interest in the speaker or the topic
307
speech participants
the speaker and the members of the audience
308
speech planning outline
brief framework used to think through the process of the speech; outline contains the major ideas of the speech, without elaboration
309
speech presentation outline
flesh out the outline with examples and illustrations and write in internal summaries and forecasts
310
speeches about concepts
examine theories, beliefs, ideas, philosophies, or schools of thought.
311
speeches about events
inform the audience about something that has already happened, is happening, or is expected to happen
312
speeches about objects
describe a particular thing in detail; the object may be a person, place, animal, structure, machine, or anything else that can be touched or seen
313
speeches about processes
instruct the audience about how something works, is made, or is done so that they can apply the skills learned
314
speechophobia
public speaking anxiety
315
spiral
reciprocal communication pattern in which each person's message reienforces eachother
316
SPIRITUAL-SELF
Your concept of self, based on beliefs and your sense of who you are in relationship to other forces in the universe, also includes your thoughts and introspections about your values and moral standards.
317
spontaneity
supportive communication behavior in which the sender expresses a message without any attempt to manipulate the reciever
318
stage hog
a listening style in which the receiver is more concerned with making his or her own point than with understanding the speaker
319
standard sentence mechanics you should be aware of when writing.
Punctuation, capitalization, and abbreviation.
320
Standpoint theory
One action creates multiple interpretations based on gender, race, social class, and culture
321
statement of central idea
defines the subject and develops the criteria by which to evaluate the material to be included in the speech
322
statement of the central idea of a speech
intended to keep the speaker on course for developing a purposeful and well-organized speech
323
static evaluation?
making evaluations without change while the thing/person being discussed is changing
324
steps in overcoming communication barriers?
There are two steps. The first is to establish an orginizational policy that defines lines of responsibility and authority, establishes communications channels, provides a climate for effective communication, and keeps key people informed. The next step is to increase skills in written and oral expression.
325
stereotype
a generalization applied to persons because you perceive them to have attributes common to a particular group
326
superiority
a defence arrousing style of communication in which the sender states or implies that the reciever is inferior
327
supplementary speech aids
visual, audio, audiovisual, and computerized graphic
328
supporting
a response style in which the receiver reassures comforts or distracts the person seeking help
329
supporting speech material
should clarify a point you are making in the speech or offer evidence of the validity of the argument presented
330
Supportive Communication
Language that creates a climate of trust, caring and acceptance.
331
Symbol
A word, sound gesture, or visual image that represents a thought concept, object, or experience.
332
Symbolic Self- Awareness:
A unique human ability to develop and communicate a representation of oneself to others through language.
333
sympathy
compassion for another situation
334
Synchronous Communication
communications in which message occurs in real time when you speak or write someone immediate responds to your message
335
syntactic rules
rules that govern the ways in which symbols can be arranged as opposed to the meanings of those symbols
336
systems theory
describes the interconnected elements of a system in which a change in one element affects all the other elements.
think: inputs, throughputs, and outputs
337
talking points
bullet points in an abbreviated outline format that serve as a framework for the speech and are used in rehearsal session and as the notes for the actual presentation
338
tangible or concrete environment in which communication takes place?
the physical context
339
Team
A coordinated group of people intentionally organized to work together to achieve a common goal.
340
team briefing
used in technology organizations in which design projects or project proposals must be pitched to potential clients or funding agents
341
technical report
a statement describing a process, explaining a technique, or discussing new elements to either people within a business or industry or people outside it, such as customers or researchers, who may be interested in the topic
342
temporal (time) context?
the time of day or time in history in which the communication is taking place
343
term for communicating in a roundabout way?
indirect speech
344
term for the medium through which a message passes?
channel
345
Territorial Maker
A thing or action that signifies an area has been clamed.
346
Territoriality
The study of how humans use space and objects to communicate occupancy or ownership of space
347
territory
fixed space that an individual assumes some right to occupy
348
the communication accomodation theory.
speakers change their speaking style based on who their audience is
349
The misuse of abstractions and a lack of common core experience are main contributors to which communication barrier?
They are the the main contributors to language barriers.
350
things self-image is composed of?
physical appearance, body shape, academic accomplishments, social skills, value system, relationships, behavior, goals, ambitions, aspirations
351
three areas to focus on when preparing a speach?
Technical accuracy and coverage, arrangement and flow, and presentation and delivery.
352
three basic components of a paragraph?
Topic sentence, support sentence, and closing sentence.
353
three common forms of tense you will use in your communication.
(1) Past-express actions or makes a statementabout something that happened in the past.
(2) Present-expresses action or makes a statement about something happening in the present time.
(3) Future-expresses action or make a statement about something happening at a future time.
354
three most common uses for bullet statements in the Air Force?
EPR, award/decoration nomination, talking paper.
355
three responsibilities of commanders and supervisors-their staffs and subordinates-when it comes to orginizational communication?
Keep communication channels open, maintain an environment conducive to communication; and communicate effectively.
356
time method of issue arrangement
orders information from a beginning point to an ending one, with all the steps developed in numerical or time sequence
357
Time Oriennted Listeners
Those who perfer that message communcated by others be breif.
358
time oriented listeners
a listening style that is primarily concerned with minimizing the time necessary to accomplish the task at hand
359
topic of the speech
should be stated as specifically as possible
360
topic outline
has words or phrases for all entries and usually has little or no punctuation after entries
361
topical method of issue arrangement
a speaker explains an idea in terms of its component part
362
Touch Ethic
A person own guidelines or standards as to approprate and inapprate toush
363
transactional communication mean?
each person in the communication act is both speaker and listener; each person is simultaneously sending and receiving messages
364
transactional modes of communication?
simultaneous sending and receiving, all elements are constantly in motion and you cannot not communicate
365
Trigger Word
A form of language that arouses strong emotions in listeners.
366
True Self-Esteem
Involves only your goals
367
two main points of self concept?
self image and self esteem
368
two types of self-fulfilling prophecies?
self-imposed prophecies and imposed prophecies by others
369
types of bullet statements.
Single idea and single accomplishment.
370
uncertainty avoidance
extent to which members of a culture feel threatened by unknown or uncertain situations
371
Understand
To assign meaning to messages
372
understanding
the act of interpreting a message by following syntactic symantic and pragmatic rules
373
unfolding organizational speech structure
an inductive style, in which the speaker lays out supporting evidence and then draws a conclusion, leading the listeners to be drawn into the argument
374
Upon what factors dose the intelligibility of a presentation depend?
Articulation, pronunciation, vocal pauses, overuse of stock expressions, and substandard grammar.
375
Value
An enduring concept of good and bad, right and wrong.
376
values
enduring concepts of good bad, right or wrong
377
visual aids
appeal to our sense of sight
378
What do the terms "faulty analogy,"asserted conclusion","loaded question", and"non sequitur" have in common?
They are examples of flaws, or fallaciesin logic.
379
What does the voice of your writing indicate?
Voice shows if the subject acts or is acted upon.
380
What five steps are involved in the prewriting phase?
(1)Selecting your purpose and objective, (2)analizing your audience, (3)researching your subject, (4)selecting a pattern, and (5)outlining.
381
What form of communication dose the construction of a bullet statement resemble? Why the compairison of the two forms?
The wording of a telegram. Since each word of a telegram costs the same, word economizing is integral to save money while ensuring the message meaning; the same concept is applicable to developing bullet statements.
382
What fundamentals of speech add variety to a presentation?
Rate, volume, force, pitch, and emphasis.
383
what is it called when you acknowledge the presence of the other person but also accept the person?
confirmation
384
What is studying communication going to do for you?
1. help you make connections
2. provide you with skills to make a difference when confronted with new ideas and challenges
3. truly effective communicators have information worth communicating, and have the desire to connect with their listener.
385
What outlining formats are mentioned in this lesson?
This lesson covers four outline types: scratch; formal; informal; and talking paper.
386
What part of communication is the way you sit/look?
Interactional/transactional
387
What section is used to evaluate punctuation, grammar, and spelling?
Readability and Mechanics.
388
What should be accomplished during the summary?
The summary should restate the main points, the relationship between points, and the specific objective of the presentation.
389
What three components are evaluated in the introduction of a written or spoken presentation?
Purpose,motivation, and overveiw.
390
When starting a presentation, what are some attention-getting devices you might consider?
Rhetorical questions; direct questions; quotations; illustrations; a startling statement; unusual or dramatic devices; and refrences to the importance of the theme.
391
When starting a presentation, what are some attention-getting devices you might consider?
A rhetorical question is one requiring no answer; its answer is usually obvios.
392
When writing your draft, what areas should you focas on?
(1)Introduction, (2)body, (3)conclusion, (4)transitions, and(5)support.
393
Where would you most likely use an SAB?
EPRs, Awards/Decoration Nomination Package.
394
Where would you most likely use an SIB?
Talking paper, point paper, or bullet background paper.
395
which communication deals with input, throughput, and output?
organizational communication
396
which dimension confirms the worth of the person and what the person says?
supportive-critical
397
which dimension of feedback centers on the person or on the message?
person-focused message
398
Which feedback may take awhile to get to a person?
immediate-delayed
399
Which part of language communicates your meaning explicitly and leaves little doubt for the thoughts you are trying to convey?
direct speech
400
which term applies to asking the receiver to approach your message in a particular role or as someone else?
altercast
401
which term describes the difference of culture but that not any one is better or worse than the others?
cultural relativism
402
Which term describes when the sender and receiver miss each other with their meanings?
bypassing
403
Which type of communication deals with talking to yourself?
intrapersonal
404
Which type of communication has others informing and persuading you?
public communication
405
which type of culture values modesty, concerns for relationships and the quality of life?
feminine culture
406
which type of noise is a physical barrier within the speaker or listener?
physiological noise
407
which view states that some cultures are higher than others and relates to Darwinism view of humainty?
Cultural evolution
408
which word refers to the emotional meaning that specific speakers-listeners give to a word?
connotation
409
Who are the encoders?
speakers or writers
410
Who are the listeners and readers?
decoders
411
who you are is reflected how?
physically, socially, psychologically, and holistically
412
whorf-sapir hypothesis
theory that the structure of a language shapes the world view of its users
413
why are speaking and listening skills important?
they hold societies together
414
Why is "extemporaneous" approach to speaking appealing?
It is the least hostile and most intimate form of communicating with your audience. You are able to speak "off the cuff", but may also use spaeking aids, such as index cards, outlines, etc.
415
Why is communication a process?
because it is ever changing, ongoing activity
416
Why is communication dynamic?
It is constantly moving
417
Why is ethics important?
It's going to increase your awareness of communicating in a global village.
418
Why is the "extemporaneous" approach to speaking appealing?
It is the least hostile and most intimate form of communicating with an audience. You are able to speak "off the cuff," but may also use speaking aids, such as index cards, outlines, etc.
419
Why study communication?
communicate to satisfy needs, provide a meaning that others will understand
420
why study self-concept?
it's the frame through which we communicate, it influences the roles we play and how we behave, and it affects the way we view others
421
win-lose conflicts
approach to conflict resoloution in which one party reaches it's goal at the expense of the others
422
win-win problem solving
approach to conflict resoloution in which the parties work together all to satisfy their goals
