FSOT Master 8 Flashcards
Khmer Rouge
Communist movement in Cambodia led by Pol Pot that killed 2-4 million.
Khmerstams
Vietnamese people defeated by Northern govt. of Hanoy
Khruscher
Leader of SU, followed melankov; attacked Stalins method of rule. Lost power because of conservative opposition
Khubilai Khan
Last of the Mongol Great Khans (r. 1260-1294) and founder of the Yuan Empire. (p. 351) Chinggis Khan’s grandson who consolidated Mongol rule all over China.
Kiev
Comercial city in Uklraine established by Scandonavians in the 9th century. Bemace the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12 centuryl
Kievan Russia
State established at Kiev in Ukraine ca. 879 by Scandinavian adventurers asserting authority over a mostly Slavic farming population. (p. 267)
King Alfred
He stopped the Norse/Viking invasion of England in the 800’s.
King Leopold II
King of Belgium (r. 1865-1909). He was active in encouraging the exploration of Central Africa and became the ruler of the Congo Free State (to 1908). (p. 732)
King Menes
Unified rule came from this conquerer in 3100BCE and founded Memphis.
King Otto I
He led an army to support the Pope in the 960’s against the Lombard Magnates and was crowned by the pope the First Holy Roman Emperor.
Klondike gold rush
1890 rush for gold in Northwestern canada
Knight
a mounted warrior in Europe in the Middle Ages.
Knossos
site of the most majestic Cretan palace
Korean Air Flight 007?
Korean Air Flight 007, was a Korean Air civilian airliner shot down with all on board by Soviet jet interceptors on September 1, 1983 just west of Sakhalin island. KAL 007 carried 269 passengers and crew, including a U.S. congressman. There were no survivors. The Soviet Union stated it did not know the aircraft was civilian, and suggested it had entered Soviet airspace as a deliberate provocation to test their response capabilities. The shoot-down attracted a storm of protest from across the world, particularly the United States.
Korean War
Conflict that began with North Korea’s invasion of South Korea and came to involve the United Nations (primarily the United States) allying with South Korea and the People’s Republic of China allying with North Korea. (p. 836)
Koryo
Korean kingdom founded in 918 and destroyed by a Mongol invasion in 1259. (p. 292)
Kubla Khan
Grandson of Ghengis. Concurred China. Established the Yaun Dynasty in 1271.
Kuomintang
Chinese Nationalist political party during Chinese civil war. Later defeated by Mao and fled to Taiwan
Kush
Independent kingdom. 1000 BCE. Had own writing. Used iron. Affected other cultures in the region
Kwame Nkrumah
Leader of Pan-African movement in Ghana.
labor union
An organization of workers in a particular industry or trade, created to defend the interests of members through strikes or negotiations with employers. (p. 709)
laissez faire
The idea that government should refrain from interfering in economic affairs. The classic exposition of laissez-faire principles is Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations (1776). (p. 615)
lama
In Tibetan Buddhism, a teacher. (p. 351)
latifundia
vast plantations
Latin West
Historians’ name for the territories of Europe that adhered to the Latin rite of Christianity and used the Latin language for intellectual exchange in the period ca. 1000-1500. (p. 394)
Lawrence of Arabia
Lead Arab rebellion against the Turks in WWI.
Lazaro Cardenas
President of Mexico (1934-1940). He brought major changes to Mexican life by distributing millions of acres of land to the peasants, bringing representatives of workers and farmers into the inner circles of politics, and nationalizing the oil industry 820
League of Nations
International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation but greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join. It proved ineffectual in stopping aggression by Italy, Japan, and Germany in the 1930s. (763)
Lech Walesa
Polish leader of Solidarity at end of Cold War. Later President of Poland.
Legalism
In China, a political philosophy that emphasized the unruliness of human nature and justified state coercion and control. The Qin ruling class invoked it to validate the authoritarian nature of their regime. (p.52)
Legitimate Trade
Exports from Africa in the nineteenth century that did not include the newly outlawed slave trade. (p. 654)
Leif Ericson
Said to have discovered North America in 1000.
Lenin
Russian Bolshevik Leader who was responsible for turning Russia to communism
Leon Trosky
revolutionary Russian, led bolsheviks in petrograd. Comisar of war
Leon Trotsky
Rose with Lenin, opposed to Stalin. Stalin exiled and later assassinated him.
Leonid Brezhnev
After Khrushchev until 1982. Invaded Afghanistan and Czechoslovakia.
Li Shimin
One of the founders of the Tang Empire and its second emperor (r. 626-649). He led the expansion of the empire into Central Asia. (p. 277)
liberalism
A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes. (713)
Library of Ashurbanipal
A large collection of writings drawn from the ancient literary, religious, and scientific traditions of Mesopotamia. It was assembled by the sixth century B.C.E. Assyrian ruler Ashurbanipal. (98)
Linear B
a system of writing used to record an early form of Greek
Little Ice Age
A century-long period of cool climate that began in the 1590s. Its ill effects on agriculture in northern Europe were notable. (p. 462)
Lockerbie bombing?
Pan Am Flight 103 was from Heathrow to JFK. On December 21, 1988, the aircraft was blown up as it flew over Lockerbie, Scotland. It was widely regarded as an assault on a symbol of the United States, and with 189 of the victims being Americans, it stood as the deadliest attack on American civilians until September 11, 2001. United Nations sanctions against Libya and protracted negotiations with the Libyan leader Colonel Muammar Gaddafi secured the handover of the accused on April 5, 1999.
loess
fine, light silt deposited by wind and water. It constitutes the fertile soil of the Yellow River Valley in northern China. Because loess soil is not compacted, easily worked, but it leaves the region vulnerable to earthquakes. (p.58)
Long March
The 6,000-mile (9,600-kilometer) flight of Chinese Communists from southeastern to northwestern China. The Communists, led by Mao Zedong, were pursued by the Chinese army under orders from Chiang Kai-shek. (789)
Lorenzo de Medici
Patron of great renaissance artists, including Botticelli, Michelangelo and da Vinci.
Lost generation
Disillusioned youth after WWI in Europe and America that refused to integrate into the mainstream.
Louis XIV
Practiced Absolute monarchy in France. L’etat, c’est moi.
Louis XVI
Last king of France before French Revolution. Tried to compromise with constitutional monarchy. Later fled, but was captured and beheaded.
Lucy
An australopithecus female skeleton found in Ethiopia.
Luddites
Opponents of the introduction of labor-saving machinery.
ma’at
Egyptian term for the concept of divinely created and maintained order in the universe. Reflecting the ancient Egyptians’ belief in an essentially beneficent world, the divine ruler was the earthly guarantor of this order. (See also pyramid.) (p. 42)
Macartney Mission
The unsuccessful attempt by the British Empire to establish diplomatic relations with the Qing Empire. (p. 560)
Maginot line
Defensive line built by France before WWII, which Germans just went around in WWII.
Magna Carta?
Great Charter forced upon King John of England by his barons in 1215; established that the power of the monarchy was not absolute and guaranteed trial by jury and due process of law to the nobility. It was the first step in a long historical process leading to the rule of constitutional law.
Mahabharata
A vast epic chronicling the events leading up to a cataclysmic battle between related kinship groups in early India. It includes the Bhagavad-Gita, the most important work of Indian sacred literature. (p. 185)
Mahatma Ghandi
Used passive resistance to lead Indian independence movement. Later assissinated by Hindu nationalist in 1948.
Mahayana Buddhism
Great Vehicle’ branch of Buddhism followed in China, Japan, and Central Asia. The focus is on reverence for Buddha and for bodhisattvas, enlightened persons who have postponed nirvana to help others attain enlightenment. (p. 181)
Malacca
Port city in the modern Southeast Asian country of Malaysia, founded about 1400 as a trading center on the Strait of Malacca. Also spelled Melaka. (p. 387)
Malay Peoples
A designation for peoples originating in south China and Southeast Asia who settled the Malay Peninsula, Indonesia, and the Philippines, then spread eastward across the islands of the Pacific Ocean and west to Madagascar. (p. 190)
Mali
Empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade. (See also Timbuktu.) (p. 375)
Mamluks
Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. Mamluks eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria (1250-1517)
Mamoluks
Muslim slave warriors. Established dynasty in Egypt The defeated the Mongols
Manchu dynasty
17th century Chinese dynasty which greatly expanded China’s control in Asia. Overthrown in 1911 by nationalists.
Manchuria
Region of Northeast Asia bounded by the Yalu River on the south and the Amur River on the east and north. (p. 354)
Manchus
Federation of Northeast Asian peoples who founded the Qing Empire. (p. 556)
Mandate of Heaven
Chinese religious and political ideology developed by the Zhou, was the prerogative of Heaven, the chief deity, to grant power to the ruler of China.
Mandate System
Allocation of former German colonies and Ottoman possessions to the victorious powers after World War I, to be administered under League of Nations supervision. (p. 770)
Manichaenism
Developed by Prophet Mani, “the elect” were especially holy abstaining from pleasures. “the hearers” led conventional lives while supporting the elect. All looked towards personal salvation.
manor
In medieval Europe, a large, self-sufficient landholding consisting of the lord’s residence (manor house), outbuildings, peasant village, and surrounding land. (p. 254)
Mansa Kankan Musa
Ruler of Mali (r. 1312-1337). His pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire’s reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world. (p. 376)
mansabs
In India, grants of land given in return for service by rulers of the Mughal Empire. (p. 536)
manumission
A grant of legal freedom to an individual slave. (p. 505)
Mao Zedong
Leader of the Chinese Communist Party (1927-1976). He led the Communists on the Long March (1934-1935) and rebuilt the Communist Party and Red Army during the Japanese occupation of China (1937-1945). (789)
Maoism
Doctrine of Mao calling for continuous revolution
Marco Polo
One of the first Europeans to travel to Asia.
Margaret Thatcher
British PM who stressed private enterprise and attacked socialism and welfare state.
Marie Antoinette
French queen beheaded with her Husband Louis XVI in French Revoltuion
maroon
A slave who ran away from his or her master. Often a member of a community of runaway slaves in the West Indies and South America. (p. 505)
Marshal Tito
Led Yugoslav resistance during WWII. Later became communist ruler. Broke with Stalin.
Mary shelley wrote
An early gothic horror story about a monster created from corpses
mass deportation
Removal of entire peoples used as terror tactic by Assyrian and Persian Empires. (95)
mass production
The manufacture of many identical products by the division of labor into many small repetitive tasks. This method was introduced into the manufacture of pottery by Josiah Wedgwood and into the spinning of cotton thread by Richard Arkwright. (602)
Mata Hari
Seductive female Double Agent of France and Germany in WWI.
Mauryan Empire
The first state to unify most of the Indian subcontinent. It was founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 324 B.C.E. and survived until 184 B.C.E. From its capital at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valley it grew wealthy from taxes. (184)
Max Planck
German physicist who developed quantum theory and was awarded the Nobel Prize for physics in 1918. (p. 774)
Maximillien Robespierre
Young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution. His execution ended the Reign of Terror. See Jacobins. (p. 589)
Mayans?
An American Indian people of Yucatán and Belize and Guatemala who had a culture characterized by outstanding architecture and pottery and astronomy; noted for their architecture and city planning, their mathematics and calendar, and their hieroglyphic writing system. They existed at least as early as 1000 BC, and were in decline by the time of Spanish arrival in 1500s. Their society was arranged around kindoms and large cities.
Mecca
City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion. (p. 230)
mechanization
The application of machinery to manufacturing and other activities. Among the first processes to be mechanized were the spinning of cotton thread and the weaving of cloth in late-eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century England. (p. 603)
Medici’s
A succesful family who owned Medici bank in Florence (like Fuggers in England)
medieval
Literally ‘middle age,’ a term that historians of Europe use for the period ca. 500 to ca. 1500, signifying its intermediate point between Greco-Roman antiquity and the Renaissance. (p. 250)
Medina
City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca. (p. 231)
Mediterranean Sea
An intercontinental sea that stretches from the Atlantic Ocean on the west to Asia on the east and separates Europe from Africa. It has often been called the incubator of Western civilization.
Meiji Restoration
The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism. (See also Yamagata Aritomo.) (p. 694)
Meiji Restoration
1868 when last Shogun was overthrown in Japan and Emperor took over. Marked opening of Japan to the West.
Meir Golda
Israeli PM 1969-74, tried to lesson Arab-Israeli conflicts through diplomacy. Surprise attacked by Arabs 1973.
Memphis
The capital of Old Kingdom Egypt, near the head of the Nile Delta. Early rulers were interred in the nearby pyramids. (p. 43)
mercantilism
European government policies of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries designed to promote overseas trade between a country and its colonies and accumulate precious metals by requiring colonies to trade only with their motherland country 506
Mero?
Capital of a flourishing kingdom in southern Nubia from the fourth century B.C.E. to the fourth century C.E. In this period Nubian culture shows more independence from Egypt and the influence of sub-Saharan Africa. (p. 71)
Meroitic Script
alphabetic script originally derived from Egyptian hieroglyphs, used to write the Meroitic language of the Kingdom of Kush. Developed 700–300 BCE. Appeared in the 2nd Century.
Mesetizo
The offspring of intermarriage between Europeans(Spanish) and Native AMericans
Mesolithic Era
10,000 to 12,000 years ago. Also called Middle Stone Age. Ancient cultural stage, or level of human development, that existed between the Paleolithic Period, with its chipped stone tools, and the Neolithic Period, with its polished stone tools. Mesolithic usually refers specifically to a development in northwestern Europe that began about 8000 BC, after the end of the Pleistocene Epoch, and lasted until about 2700 BC. Although culturally and technologically continuous with Paleolithic peoples, Mesolithic cultures developed diverse local adaptations to special environments. The Mesolithic hunter achieved a greater efficiency than did the Paleolithic and was able to exploit a wider range of animal and vegetable food sources.
Mesopotamia
“land between the rivers”, located in between Tigris and Euphrates rivers
mestizo
The term used by Spanish authorities to describe someone of mixed Amerindian and European descent. (p. 484)
metallurgy
science of extracting and refining metal from raw ore; began in Middle East and China between 4000 and 3000 b.c.e.
metalworking
craft of shaping refined metal into tools; like metallurgy, a highly advanced skill
Middle Ages
a period in history which lasted for roughly a millennium, commonly dated from the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century to the beginning of the Early Modern Period in the 16th century, marked by the division of Western Christianity in the Reformation, the rise of humanism in the Italian Renaissance
Middle Passage
The part of the Great Circuit involving the transportation of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas. (p. 508)
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
Mexican priest who led the first stage of the Mexican independence war in 1810. He was captured and executed in 1811. (p. 625)
Mikhail Gorbachev
Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe. (p. 863)
Mikhail Romanov
Russian tsar (r. 1613-1645) A member of the Russian aristocracy, he became tsar after the old line of Muscovite rulers was deposed. (p. 551)
Ming Dynasty
Replaced Yaun Dynasty in China 1363-0664. Focused on internal development.
Ming Empire
Empire based in China that Zhu Yuanzhang established after the overthrow of the Yuan Empire. The Ming emperor Yongle sponsored the building of the Forbidden City and the voyages of Zheng He. (554)
Minoan
Prosperous civilization on the Aegean island of Crete in the second millennium B.C.E. The Minoans engaged in far-flung commerce around the Mediterranean and exerted powerful cultural influences on the early Greeks. (p. 73)
Missi Dominici
Envoys Charlamagne sent to oversee local rulers.
Mississippi/Missouri River system
Major river system of North America, which runs from Minnesota and North Dakota to Gulf of Mexico. Played central role in American economy, military strategy and culture.
mit’a
Andean labor system based on shared obligations to help kinsmen and work on behalf of the ruler and religious organizations. (p. 312)
Mithraism
Cult dedicated to the god Mithras. Adopted by soldiers, it focused on Sun & light, divine sanction of human life, and and purposeful moral behavior.
Moche
Civilization of north coast of Peru (200-700 C.E.). An important Andean civilization that built extensive irrigation networks as well as impressive urban centers dominated by brick temples. (p. 313)
Moctezuma II
Last Aztec emperor, overthrown by the Spanish conquistador Hern?n Cort?s. (p. 437)
modernization
The process of reforming political, military, economic, social, and cultural traditions in imitation of the early success of Western societies, often with regard for accommodating local traditions in non-Western societies. (p. 652)
Moguls
Muslim dynasty that ruled India in 16th-17th century. Built Taj Mahal.
Mohandas K. Gandhi
Leader of the Indian independence movement and advocate of nonviolent resistance. After being educated as a lawyer in England, he returned to India and became leader of the Indian National Congress in 1920. (813)
Mohenjo-Daro
Largest city of the Indus Valley civilization. It was centrally located in the extensive floodplain of the Indus River. Little is known about the political institutions of Indus Valley communities, but the large-scale implies central planning. (p. 48)
Mohica
A state around (300-700CE) leaving a large artistic legacy, depicting a complex and diverse society.
Moinchus
From North East of China and took power and created Qing dynasty after collapse on the Ming,
moksha
The Hindu concept of the spirit’s ‘liberation’ from the endless cycle of rebirths. (179)
monasticism
Living in a religious community apart from secular society and adhering to a rule stipulating chastity, obedience, and poverty. (Primary Centres of Learning in Medieval Europe) (261)
Mongols
A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia. >(p. 325)
monotheism
Belief in a single divine entity. The Israelite worship of Yahweh developed into an exclusive belief in one god, and this concept passed into Christianity and Islam. (102)
Monsoon
Extensive rains in the spring and summer in India. Governing trade routes on the Red Sea ports.
Montaigne stated that “all that is certain is that nothing is certain” this was and example of ..?
skepticism
mosaic
artwork, images made with small pieces of glass
Moses
A hebrew man born in Egypt who was responsible for getting monotheism in the mainstream of the world.
most-favored-nation status
A clause in a commercial treaty that awards to any later signatories all the privileges previously granted to the original signatories. (p. 686)
movable type
Type in which each individual character is cast on a separate piece of metal. It replaced woodblock printing, allowing for the arrangement of individual letters and other characters on a page. Invented in Korea 13th Century. (293)
Mughal Empire
Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. (p. 536)
Mughals
Established by Turkish invaders in 1520 lasted until mid 19th century
Muhammad (570-632 C.E.)
Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam. (p. 230)
Muhammad Ali
Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952. (p. 652)
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Indian Muslim politician who founded the state of Pakistan. A lawyer by training, he joined the All-India Muslim League in 1913. As leader of the League from the 1920s on, he negotiated with the British/INC for Muslim Political Rights (816)
mulatto
The term used in Spanish and Portuguese colonies to describe someone of mixed African and European descent. (p. 484)
Multiregional thesis
Theory, held by a minority of scholars, that modern humans appeared simultaneously throughout world, descending from earlier hominid groups that had already left Africa.
Munich Pact
Agreement between Britain and Germany in 1938 in which Chamberlain gave Hitler Czechoslavakia. Known as pure appeasement.
Muscovy
Russian principality that emerged gradually during the era of Mongol domination. The Muscovite dynasty ruled without interruption from 1276 to 1598. (p. 551)
Muslim
An adherent of the Islamic religion; a person who ‘submits’ (in Arabic, Islam means ‘submission’) to the will of God. (p. 231) )
Mustafa Kemal (ataturk)
1881-1938; founder of modern republic of Turkey, followed Western Ideals
My Lai Massacre?
The Mỹ Lai Massacre was a massacre by U.S. soldiers of hundreds of unarmed Vietnamese civilians, mostly women and children, on March 16, 1968, during the Vietnam War. Becoming a symbol of U.S. war crimes in Vietnam, it prompted widespread outrage around the world and reduced public support for the war in the United States. The explosive news of the massacre fueled the outrage of the American peace movement, which demanded the withdrawal of American troops from Vietnam. It also led more potential draftees to file for conscientious objector status. Those who had always argued against the war felt vindicated; those on the fringes of the movement became more vocal. The more pivotal shift, however, was in the attitude of the general public towards the war. People who had not previously been interested in the peace/war debates began to analyze the issue more closely. The horrific stories of other soldiers began to be taken more seriously, and other abuses came to light.
Mycenae
Site of a fortified palace complex in southern Greece that controlled a Late Bronze Age kingdom. In Homer’s epic poems Mycenae was the base of King Agamemnon, who commanded the Greeks besieging Troy. (74)
Name for an Egyptian King
Pharoah
Napoleon Bonaparte
. Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. (p. 591)
Napoleonic code?
The original Napoleonic Code was the French civil code, established at the behest of Napoléon I. It entered into force on March 21, 1804. Even though the Napoleonic code was not the first legal code to be established in a European country with a civil legal system, it is considered the first successful codification and strongly influenced the law of many other countries. It dealt only with civil law issues
Napoleon’s invasion of Russia was motivated by?
Czar Alexanders resumed trade with England
Nasir al-Din Tusi
Persian mathematician and cosmologist whose academy near Tabriz provided the model for the movement of the planets that helped to inspire the Copernican model of the solar system. (p. 337)
National Assembly
French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789. (p. 585)
nationalism
Political ideology that stresses people’s membership in a nation-a community defined by a common culture and history as well as by territory. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, nationalism was a force for unity in western Europe (713)
Nationalism was a force that (3)
tore apart century-old empiress, rise to nation-states, opposed by conservatives
NATO
North America and Western Europe; North Atlantic Treaty Organization; military alliance formed in 1949; provided mutual assistance if any of them was attacked. Later expanded to members of Warsaw Pact
nawab
A Muslim prince allied to British India; technically, a semi-autonomous deputy of the Mughal emperor. (p. 657)
Nazis
German political party joined by Adolf Hitler, emphasizing nationalism, racism, and war. When Hitler became chancellor of Germany in 1933, the Nazi Party became the only legal party and an instrument of Hitler’s absolute rule. (786)
Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact
Deal between Hitler and Stalin to divide up Eastern Europe as allies.
Nelson Mandela
Leader of South African movement against Apartheid. Imprisoned for 30 years, later released, became President and won the Nobel Prize.
Neo-Assyrian Empire
An empire extending from western Iran to Syria-Palestine, conquered by the Assyrians of northern Mesopotamia between the tenth and seventh centuries B.C.E. They used force and terror and exploited the wealth and labor of their subjects. (93)
Neolithic Era
5,000 or 6,000 to 10,000 years ago. Also called New Stone Age. Final stage of cultural evolution or technological development among prehistoric humans, it was characterized by stone tools shaped by polishing or grinding, dependence on domesticated plants or animals, settlement in permanent villages, and the appearance of such crafts as pottery and weaving. Preceded the Bronze Age, or early period of metal tools.
Neoorthodoxy?
Neo-orthodoxy is an approach to theology that was developed in the aftermath of the First World War (1914-1918). It is primarily associated with the Swiss Protestant Karl Barth (1886-1968) and theologian Emil Brunner (1899-1966). The neo-orthodox thinkers had strong disagreements between themselves and so neo-orthodoxy cannot be considered to be a unified system. Nevertheless, this type of theology has a number of distinctive traits: Revelation, Transcendence of God, Existentialism, Sin.
Nero
Cruel Roman emperor. Killed his mother, wife and mistress. Persecuted Christians, blamed them for the Fire (which he may have started). Put Peter and Paul to death.
Nestorians
Christian Sect cut off from Europe by Muslim invasions
Neville Chamberlain’s appeasement policy?
Before the start of WWII, Chamberlain gave The Rhineland in Chekoslovakia to Hitler, thinking it would avert war. This was supported by the British people. Reasons for the support of appeasement include: Memories of the First World War, Fear of strategic bombing, The flaws of the Treaty of Versailles, The Communist threat, Failure to recognise the evil of Nazism, Support for the League of Nations, and time needed to rearm after WWI. The policy was a failure, and Britain declared war after Hitler invaded poland.
New Economic Policy
Policy proclaimed by Vladimir Lenin in 1924 to encourage the revival of the Soviet economy by allowing small private enterprises. Joseph Stalin ended the N.E.P. in 1928 and replaced it with a series of Five-Year Plans. (See also Lenin, Vladimir.) (p. 766)
New France
French colony in North America, with a capital in Quebec, founded 1608. New France fell to the British in 1763. (p. 489)
New Imperialism
Historians’ term for the late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century wave of conquests by European powers, the United States, and Japan, which were followed by the development and exploitation of the newly conquered territories for the benefit of the col
new monarchies
Historians’ term for the monarchies in France, England, and Spain from 1450 to 1600. The centralization of royal power was increasing within more or less fixed territorial limits. (p. 414)
newly industrialized economies
Rapidly growing, new industrial nations of the late twentieth century, including the Asian Tigers. (p. 861)
Niccolo Machiabelli
Wrote “the prince†which increased how to take and maintain power
Nikita Khrushchev
Soviet leader 1950s-60s. Lead de-stalinization. Sought détente with West. Crushed resistance within Soviet Bloc. Helped Castro. Cuban Missile crisis.
Nile River
The father of African rivers and the longest river in the world. It rises south of the equator in Uganda and flows northward through Sudan to Egypt, where it drains into the Mediterranean Sea. It has a length of about 4,132 miles.
Nocolaus Copernicus
First to argue that the Earth moves around the sun
nomadism
A way of life, forced by a scarcity of resources, in which groups of people continually migrate to find pastures and water. (p. 326)
Non Aggression Pact 1939
Hitlers agreement with Stalin. peace between them
nonaligned Nations
Developing countries that announced their neutrality in the Cold War. (p. 846)
Nongovernmental Organizations
Nonprofit international organizations devoted to investigating human rights abuses and providing humanitarian relief. Two NGOs won the Nobel Peace Prize in the 1990s: International Campaign to Ban Landmines (1997) and Doctors Without Borders (1999). (p. 8
Norman conquest
Overthrow of England by the French in 1066 by William the conqueror.
Normans
Descendants of Vikings, living on the peninsula of Normandy in France. Served Carolinians and later Capetians. Constructed centralized rule with Dukes.
nuclear nonproliferation
Goal of international efforts to prevent countries other than the five declared nuclear powers (United States, Russia, Britain, France, and China) from obtaining nuclear weapons. The first Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty was signed in 1968. (p. 890)
Oceania
collective name for the islands scattered throughout most of the Pacific Ocean. The term, in its widest sense, embraces the entire insular region between Asia and the Americas.
Oceans of the world
In order of size, the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and the Arctic Ocean. The Pacific Ocean also being the deepest.
October Revolution
Russian revolution brought Bolsheviks to power
Olmec
The first Mesoamerican civilization. Between ca. 1200 and 400 B.C.E., the Olmec people of central Mexico created a vibrant civilization that included intensive agriculture, wide-ranging trade, ceremonial centers, and monumental construction. (86)
Olmecs
Mesoamerican “rubber people” arose about 1200BCE. Excess amounts of rainfall called for irrigation to avoid flooding.
Oman
Arab state based in Musqat, the main port in the southwest region of the Arabian peninsula. Oman succeeded Portugal as a power in the western Indian Ocean in the eighteenth century. (p. 542)
One of the first European composers to experiment with romanticism in music was?
Beethoven
Open Door Policy
a series of letter sent in 1899 by US secratery of state John Hay to britain, france, germany, italy, japan, and russia calling for equal economic access to the chinese market for all states and for the maintence of the territorial and administrative integrity of the chinese.
Operation Overlord?
The codename for the Normany Invasion in 1944 (WWII).
Opium War
War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government’s refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories. The victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China. (p. 684)
Opium wars
In the nineteenth century, Britain bought lots of tea from China through the east india trading company. The chinese did not want any British products, leading to a major trade deficit for Britain. TO counter this, Britain began smuggling opium into china, creating millions of addicts. The Chinese government tried to throw out the British as a result, but the British won. This lead to european powers setting up ports in China, and greatly expanding trade. This eventually led to the Boxer rebellion of 1900, which the western powers won once again.
Oracle Bones
Early Shang writing was found on these.
Osiris
The god associated with life, and rebirth due to his story of being cut up and put back together.
Otto von Bismarck
Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714)
Ottoman Empire
Turkish Empire established in Asia Minor. Expanding through Middle East and balkins. Concurred Constantinople. In 1453 it ended the Byzantine Empire.
Ottomans
Turkish people who settled in Asia minor during the 14th century, established empire in the middle east, North Africa, and eastern Europe lasted until just after WWI
Out of Africa thesis
Theory, which most scientists believe, that H. sapiens sapiens emerged in Africa and migrated outward. Implies that Africa is source of features of human behavior such as complex social networks, economic strategies, personal adornment, and use of symbols and rituals in daily life.
Ovid
wrote The Art of Love
Paleolithic Era
Ancient cultural stage, or level, of human development, characterized by the use of rudimentary chipped stone tools, 2.5 million to 10,000 years ago. Use of fire and tools for making shelters.
Panama Canal
Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States Army engineers; it opened in 1915. It greatly shortened the sea voyage between the east and west coasts of North America. The United States turned the canal over to Panama on Jan 1, 2000 (746)
Panama isthmus and canal
Land link extending east-west about 400 miles from the border of Costa Rica to the border of Colombia. It connects North and South America and separates the Caribbean Sea (Atlantic Ocean) from the Gulf of Panama
Pangaea
hypothetical protocontinent proposed by the German meteorologist Alfred Wegener in 1912 as a part of his theory of continental drift
Panthalassa
Under Wegener’s theory, the rest of the globe was covered by Panthalassa, an enormous world ocean that stretched from pole to pole and extended to about twice the width of the present-day Pacific Ocean at the Equator.
papacy
The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head. (pp. 258, 445)
papyrus
The main Egyptian writing material
papyrus
A reed that grows along the banks of the Nile River in Egypt. From it was produced a coarse, paperlike writing medium used by the Egyptians and many other peoples in the ancient Mediterranean and Middle East. (p. 44)
Paris Peace conference (1919)?
1919 conference at the end of WWI. The League of Nations was created. Can also refer to the 1947 treaty ending WWII.
Parthians
Iranian ruling dynasty between ca. 250 B.C.E. and 226 C.E. (p. 204)
Partion of Poland
3 separate divisions of polish territory b/w Russia, Prussia, and Austria
Pastoralism
Domestication and raising of animals for companionship, security, help in hunting, and food. Allowed humans to manipulate environment to greater degree
patricians
the upper classes
patron/client relationship
Anciant Roman: a fundamental social relationship in which the patron-a wealthy and powerful individual-provided legal and economic protection and assistance to clients, men of lesser status and means, and in return the clients supported their patrons (149
Paul
A Jew from the Greek city of Tarsus in Anatolia, he initially persecuted the followers of Jesus but, after receiving a revelation on the road to Syrian Damascus, became a Christian. (156)
pax romana
Roman peace,’ The stability and prosperity that Roman rule brought to the lands of the Roman Empire in the first two centuries C.E. The movement of people and trade goods along Roman roads and safe seas allowed for the spread of cuture/ideas (154)
Pearl Harbour
Naval base in Hawaii attacked by Japanese aircraft on December 7, 1941. The sinking of much of the U.S. Pacific Fleet brought the United States into World War II. (p. 793)
Pearson Commission on International Development?
The Pearson Commission on International Development investigated the effectiveness of the World Bank’s development assistance in the 20 years to 1968 and made recommendations for future operation of the organization. In August 1968 Robert S. McNamara, then President of the World Bank, formed the commission, asking former Canadian Prime Minister and Nobel Peace Prize winner Lester Bowles Pearson to head the commission. On September 15, 1969 Pearson and seven colleagues on the Commission on International Development delivered their report, Partners in Development.
Peloponnesian War
Conflict between Athenian And Spartan Alliances. The war was largely a consequence of Athenian imperialism. Possession of a naval empire allowed Athens to fight a war of attrition. Ultimately, Sparta prevailed because of Athenian errors/Persian $$$ (135)
percussion cap
Gunpowder-filled capsules that, when struck by the hammer of a gun, ignite the explosive charge in a gun. Their use meant that guns no longer needed to be ignited by hand. (p. 681)
Perestroika
Policy of ‘openness’ that was the centerpiece of Mikhail Gorbachev’s efforts to liberalize communism in the Soviet Union. (See also Gorbachev, Mikhail.) (p. 863)
Pericles
Aristocratic leader who guided the Athenian state through the transformation to full participatory democracy for all male citizens. (130)
Persepolis
A complex of palaces, reception halls, and treasury buildings erected by the Persian kings Darius I and Xerxes in the Persian homelan (119)
Persian empire
Tried to conquor Greece in 5th Century, but were defeated in the Battle of Marathon.
Persian Wars
Conflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire, ranging from the Ionian Revolt (499-494 B.C.E.) through Darius’s punitive expedition that failed at Marathon. Chronicled by Herodotus. (131)
personalist leaders
Political leaders who rely on charisma and their ability to mobilize and direct the masses of citizens outside the authority of constitutions and laws. Nineteenth-century examples include Jos? Antonio P?ez of Venezuela and Andrew Jackson of the US. (628)
Peter the Great
(1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg. (p. 552)
Petition of Right?
A document produced by the English (pre-British) Parliament in the run-up to the English Civil War. It was addressed to Charles I of England in 1628 in an attempt to seek redress on the following points: forced loans, arbitrary arrest, imprisonment contrary to the Magna Carta, arbitrary interference with proeprty rights, lack of enforcement of habeas corpus, forced billetting of troops, imposition of martial law, exemption of officials from due process.
Philip 2
Father of Alexander the Great, conquered Greece
Phoenicians
Phoenicia was an ancient civilization in the north of ancient Canaan, with its heartland along the coastal plains of what are now Lebanon and Syria. Phoenician civilization was an enterprising maritime trading culture that spread right across the Mediterranean during the first millennium BC.
Pierre Trudeau
Canadian PM who made French an official language to appease Quebecois secessionists.
pilgrimage
Journey to a sacred shrine by Christians seeking to show their piety, fulfill vows, or gain absolution for sins. Other religions also have pilgrimage traditions, such as the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca. (270)
Pilgrims
Group of English Protestant dissenters who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands. (p. 487)
Pizarro?
A spanish explorer who conquered the Incas of Peru.
plantocracy
In the West Indian colonies, the rich men who owned most of the slaves and most of the land, especially in the eighteenth century. (p. 502)
Plato
wrote The Republic, pupil of Socrates; teacher of Aristotle
plebians
the common people (lower classes)
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth?
The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, actually called the “Republic of the Two Nations” or “Commonwealth of Both Nations” was a federal monarchic republic that was formed in 1569 by the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and lasted until its final partition in 1795. The state covered not only the territories of what is now Poland and Lithuania, but also the entire territory of Belarus, a large part of Ukraine and Latvia and the most western part of today’s Russia. The Commonwealth was an extension of the Polish-Lithuanian Union, a personal union between those two states that had existed from 1386. The Commonwealth was one of the largest and most populous states in Europe and for over two centuries successfully withstood wars with the Teutonic Order, the Russians, the Ottomans, and the Swedes. The Commonwealth’s political system, often called the Noble’s democracy or Golden Freedom, was characterized by the sovereign’s power being reduced by laws and the legislature controlled by the nobility. This system was a precursor of the modern concepts of broader democracy, and constitutional monarchy, as well as federation.
Pope John Paul II
First non-Italian pope in long time, travelled extensively, loved by millions.
Pope John XXIII
Oversaw Vatican II, which liberalized church.
popular culture
Entertainment spread by mass communications and enjoying wide appeal. (p. 897)
positivism
A philosophy developed by the French count of Saint-Simon. Positivists believed that social and economic problems could be solved by the application of the scientific method, leading to continuous progress. Popular in France and Latin America. (616)
Post WWII dollar shortage?
Postwar world capitalism suffered from a huge dollar shortage. The United States was running huge balance of trade surpluses, and the U.S. reserves were immense and growing. It was necessary to reverse this flow. Dollars had to leave the United States and become available for international use. In other words, the United States would have to reverse the natural economic processes and run a balance of payments deficit. The modest credit facilities of the IMF were clearly insufficient to deal with Western Europe’s huge balance of payments deficits. The problem was further aggravated by the reaffirmation by the IMF Board of Governors in the provision in the Bretton Woods Articles of Agreement that the IMF could make loans only for current account deficits and not for capital and reconstruction purposes. Only the United States contribution of $570 million was actually available for IBRD lending. In addition, because the only available market for IBRD bonds was the conservative Wall Street banking market, the IBRD was forced to adopt a conservative lending policy, granting loans only when repayment was assured. Given these problems, by 1947 the IMF and the IBRD themselves were admitting that they could not deal with the international monetary system’s economic problems. Thus, the much looser Marshall Plan—the European Recovery Program—was set up to provide U.S. finance to rebuild Europe largely through grants rather than loans. The Marshall Plan was the program of massive economic aid given by the United States to favored countries in Western Europe for the rebuilding of capitalism. From 1947 until 1958, the United States deliberately encouraged an outflow of dollars, and, from 1950 on, the United States ran a balance of payments deficit with the intent of providing liquidity for the international economy. Dollars flowed out through various U.S. aid programs: the Truman Doctrine entailing aid to the pro-U.S. Greek and Turkish regimes, which were struggling to suppress socialist revolution, aid to various pro-U.S. regimes in the Third World, and most important, the Marshall Plan. From 1948 to 1954 the United States gave sixteen Western European countries $17 billion in outright grants.
postmodernism
Post-World War II intellectual movement and cultural attitude focusing on cultural pluralism and release from the confines and ideology of Western high culture. (p. 900)
Potosi
Located in Bolivia, one of the richest silver mining centers and most populous cities in colonial Spanish America. (p. 479)
Potsdam conference?
The Potsdam Conference was a conference held at Cecilienhof in Potsdam, Germany (near Berlin), from July 17 to August 2, 1945. The participants were the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States, the three largest and most powerful of the victorious Allies that defeated the Axis Powers in World War II. Stalin, Winston Churchill, and Truman—as well as Clement Attlee, who replaced Churchill after the Labour Party’s defeat of the Conservatives in the 1945 general election—had gathered to decide how to administer the defeated Nazi Germany, which had agreed to unconditional surrender nine weeks earlier, on May 8 (V-E Day). The goals of the conference also included the establishment of post-war order, peace treaties issues, and countering the effects of war.
Prague Spring?
The Prague Spring was a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia starting January 5, 1968, and running until August 20 of that year when the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies (except for Romania) invaded the country.
Prerevolutionary French society was marked by great social?
inequality
printing press
A mechanical device for transferring text or graphics from a woodblock or type to paper using ink. Presses using movable type first appeared in Europe in about 1450. See also movable type. (p. 409)
prophet
someone who is an interpreter of the will of God
Protestant Reformation
Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church beginning in 1519. It resulted in the ‘protesters’ forming several new Christian denominations, including the Lutheran and Reformed Churches and the Church of England. (p. 446)
proxy wars
During the Cold War, local or regional wars in which the superpowers armed, trained, and financed the combatants. (p. 855)
Ptolemies
Descendents of Macedonian officers under Alexander. Gov’t largely took over the system created by Egyptian pharaohs to extract the wealth of the land, rewarding Greeks and Hellenized non-Greeks serving in the military and administration. (p. 138)
Ptolemy
Greek astronomer who said planets and sun rotate around Earth. Dominated astronomy until Copernicus.
publican
tax collector
Punic Wars?
There were a series of 3. Rome beat Carthage in all 3, burning the city to the ground in the end.
Puritans
English Protestant dissenters who believed that God predestined souls to heaven or hell before birth. They founded Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629. (p. 487)
pyramids
Gigantic tombs designed to provide resting place for pharoahs after they died.
Pythagoras
discovered the harmonic intervals within the musical scale and states the Pythagorean Theorum
Qanat
Underground canals that crisscrossed the Persian empire.
Qin
A people and state in the Wei Valley of eastern China that conquered rival states and created the first Chinese empire (221-206 B.C.E.). The Qin ruler, Shi Huangdi, standardized many features of Chinese society and enslaved subjects. (163)
Qin Dynasty
(221-202 BCE) Very strong centralized govt. Spread boundaries to include Hong Kong. Started to build great wall
Qing Empire
Empire established in China by Manchus who overthrew the Ming Empire in 1644. At various times the Qing also controlled Manchuria, Mongolia, Turkestan, and Tibet. The last Qing emperor was overthrown in 1911. (p. 556)
Quaran
Word of god as revealed through Mohammed. Holy book of Islam.
Queen victoria
Queen 19th-early 20th century during British industrial revolution and height of empire’s power. Also highly moral, leading to Victorian Age
Quran
Book composed of divine revelations made to the Prophet Muhammad between ca. 610 and his death in 632; the sacred text of the religion of Islam. (p. 232)
railroads
Networks of iron (later steel) rails on which steam (later electric or diesel) locomotives pulled long trains at high speeds. First railroads were built in England in the 1830s. Success caused a railroad building boom lasting into the 20th Century (704)
Raja
An Indo-Aryan Chief
Rajputs
Members of a mainly Hindu warrior caste from northwest India. The Mughal emperors drew most of their Hindu officials from this caste, and Akbar I married a Rajput princess. (p. 537)
Ramesses II
A long-lived ruler of New Kingdom Egypt (r. 1290-1224 B.C.E.). He reached an accommodation with the Hittites of Anatolia after a standoff in battle at Kadesh in Syria. He built on a grand scale throughout Egypt. (p. 68)
Rashid al-Din
Adviser to the Il-khan ruler Ghazan, who converted to Islam on Rashid’s advice. (p. 334)
recaptives
Africans rescued by Britain’s Royal Navy from the illegal slave trade of the nineteenth century and restored to free status. (p. 655)
reconquest of Iberia
Beginning in the eleventh century, military campaigns by various Iberian Christian states to recapture territory taken by Muslims. In 1492 the last Muslim ruler was defeated, and Spain and Portugal emerged as united kingdoms. (p. 414)
Reconquista
War in Spain; the military reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula by Christian rulers
Red guards
Militias who attacked Mao’s foes during Cultural Revolution.
Reign of terror
Destruction of all resistance to the French Revolution.
Renaissance (European)
A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a ‘rebirth’ of Greco-Roman culture. Usually divided into an Italian Renaissance, from roughly the mid-fourteenth to mid-fifteenth century, and a Northern trans-Alpine Renaissance (407,445)
Rerum Novarum?
Rerum Novarum is an encyclical issued in 1891. It was an open letter passed to all the bishops that addressed the condition of the working classes. It supported the rights of labor to form unions, but rejected socialism and affirmed private property rights. It discussed the relationships between government, business, labor, and the church proposing a social and economic structure that was later called corporatist. Rerum Novarum is generally accepted to be the founding document of Christian Democracy. While individual positions or statements have been debated, the work was remarkable as a summary of many issues raised by the industrial revolution and modern democratic societies. It began by describing many of the grievances of the working class. But it refuted as false the theories of Marxist socialists and defended private ownership. It stated that solutions would come from the combined actions of the Church, the State, the employer and the employee. It set out principles that should be used in seeking justice in industrial, social, and economic life. One profound effect was to push the Catholic Church and its hierarchy into the modern world. At the time his support for unions and a living wage were viewed as radically leftist.
Restoration
The return of constitutional monarcy in Britain in the late 17th century.
Revalations is in what part of the bible?
New Testament.
Revolutions of 1848
Democratic and nationalist revolutions that swept across Europe. The monarchy in France was overthrown. In Germany, Austria, Italy, and Hungary the revolutions failed. (p. 595)
Rhine River
Waterway of western Europe, which is culturally and historically one of the great rivers of the continent and among the most important arteries of industrial transport in the world.
Richard Arkwright
English inventor and entrepreneur who became the wealthiest and most successful textile manufacturer of the early Industrial Revolution. He invented the water frame, a machine that, with minimal human supervision, could spin several threads at once. (604)
Richard the Lion-Hearted
English King who fought in the Crusades. Robin Hood was loyal to him.
Rig Vedas
Indo-Aryan work 1400-900BCE with 1028 hymns tot he gods.
Robespierre’s execution marked the end of the..?
Reign of terror
Roman Principate
A term used to characterize Roman government in the first three centuries C.E., based on the ambiguous title princeps (‘first citizen’) adopted by Augustus to conceal his military dictatorship. (p. 151)
Roman Republic
The period from 507 to 31 B.C.E., during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate. (p. 148)
Roman Senate
A council whose members were the heads of wealthy, landowning families. Originally an advisory body to the early kings, in the era of the Roman Republic the Senate effectively governed the Roman state and the growing empire. (148)
Romanization
The process by which the Latin language and Roman culture became dominant in the western provinces of the Roman Empire. Romans did not seek to Romanize them, but the subjugated people pursued it. (155)
Romanov
1613-1917
Romanovs
Family that ruled Russia from 17th century until Russian revolution.
Rosetta Stone
Translator of hieroglyphics to Greek.
Rothschilds
English banking family the financed Britian’s efforts against Napolean. Still functioning today.
Royal African Company
A trading company chartered by the English government in 1672 to conduct its merchants’ trade on the Atlantic coast of Africa. (p. 507)
Rubicon
River Caesar crossed with his army into Italy, starting the civil war.
Rudyard Kipling
British writer, wrote Jungle Book
Russian Orthodoxy
The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian communion in the world with an estimated 300 million members worldwide.[1] It is considered by its adherents to be the One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church established by Jesus Christ and his Apostles nearly 2000 years ago
Russian revolution
Overthrow of the Czar that brought Communists to poer under Lenin.
Russo-Japanese War?
The Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905) was a conflict that grew out of the rival imperialist ambitions of Russia and Japan in Manchuria and Korea. Japan won.
Rwandan genocide
Killing of more than 500,000 Tutsie by rival Hutu militias in 1994. UN powerless.
Saddam Husain
President of Iraq since 1979. Waged war on Iran in 1980-1988. In 1990 he ordered an invasion of Kuwait but was defeated by United States and its allies in the Gulf War (1991). (p. 860)
Safavid Empire
Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi’ite state. (p. 531)
Sahara
World’s largest desert in the northern third of Africa
Sahel
Belt south of the Sahara; literally ‘coastland’ in Arabic. (p. 215)
Saladin
Kurdish general who conquered Jerusalem in the 12th century. Paved way for the crusades.
Salamis
A great naval victory by the Athenians over the Persians under Xerxes (480BCE) that some historians think saved Western Civilization.
Salvador Allende
Socialist politician elected president of Chile in 1970 and overthrown by the military in 1973. He died during the military attack. (p. 856)
samurai
Literally ‘those who serve,’ the hereditary military elite of the Tokugawa Shogunate. (p. 563)
Sandinistas
Members of a leftist coalition that overthrew the Nicaraguan dictatorship of Anastasia Somoza in 1979 and attempted to install a socialist economy. The United States financed armed opposition by the Contras. The Sandinistas lost national elections in 1990
Sanskrit
Language of Vedas
Sapphos of Lesbos
a female lyrical poet
Sargon
King of Kish who conquered other city states to start his empire.
Sasanid Empire
Iranian empire, established ca. 226, with a capital in Ctesiphon, Mesopotamia. The Sasanid emperors established Zoroastrianism as the state religion. Islamic Arab armies overthrew the empire ca. 640. (p. 225)
Sati
Hindu ritual for burning widows with there dead husbands.
satrap
The governor of a province in the Achaemenid Persian Empire, often a relative of the king. He was responsible for protection of the province and for forwarding tribute to the central administration. Enjoyed much power. (pg118)
Schism
The term used to describe the split between the Roman Catholic Church in Rome and the Eastern Orthodox Church in Constantinople.
scholasticism
A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century. (p. 408)
School of National Learning
18th century ideology which enforced Japans historical uniqueness and revived indigenous culture at the expense of Confucianism and other Chinese influences.
Scientific Revolution
The intellectual movement in Europe, initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics, that by the seventeenth century had laid the groundwork for modern science. (p. 466)
scramble for africa
Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts. (p. 731)
Scriptoria
writing rooms in monestary
seasoning
An often difficult period of adjustment to new climates, disease environments, and work routines, such as that experienced by slaves newly arrived in the Americas. (p. 504)
Seleucids
They controlled Persia after the death of Alexander. Their king was one of Alexander’s generals.
Seljuk Turks
Nomadic invaders from central Asia.
Semitic
Family of related languages long spoken across parts of western Asia and northern Africa. In antiquity these languages included Hebrew, Aramaic, and Phoenician. The most widespread modern member of the Semitic family is Arabic. (p. 32)
Seperate Spheres
Nineteenth-century idea in Western societies that men and women, especially of the middle class, should have different roles in society: women as wives, mothers, and homemakers; men as breadwinners and participants in business and politics (711)
sepoy
A soldier in South Asia, especially in the service of the British. (p. 658)
Sepoy Rebellion
The revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs; also known as the Sepoy Mutiny. (p. 661)
Serbia
The Ottoman province in the Balkans that rose up against Janissary control in the early 1800s. After World War II the central province of Yugoslavia. Serb leaders struggled to maintain dominance as the Yugoslav federation dissolved in the 1990s. (p. 676)
serf
In medieval Europe, an agricultural laborer legally bound to a lord’s property and obligated to perform set services for the lord. In Russia some serfs worked as artisans and in factories; serfdom was not abolished there until 1861. (pp. 254, 553)
Seven continents
Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe and Australia, in order of size. Asia also being the most populous.
Seven Years’ War
War between Prussia and Britain on one side and Austria, France and Russia on the other. Prussia and Britian won. Britian got Canada, India. Fought also in US called the French and Indian War.
shaft graves
A term used for the burial sites of elite members of Mycenaean Greek society in the mid-second millennium B.C.E. At the bottom of deep shafts lined with stone slabs, the bodies were laid out along with gold and bronze jewelry, implements, and weapons (75
Shah Abbas I
Shah of Iran (r. 1587-1629). The most illustrious ruler of the Safavid Empire, he moved the imperial capital to Isfahan in 1598, where he erected many palaces, mosques, and public buildings. (p. 533)
shamanism
The practice of identifying special individuals (shamans) who will interact with spirits for the benefit of the community. Characteristic of the Korean kingdoms of the early medieval period and of early societies of Central Asia. (p. 292)
Shang
The dominant people in the earliest Chinese dynasty for which we have written records (ca. 1750-1027 B.C.E.). Ancestor worship, divination by means of oracle bones, and the use of bronze vessels for ritual purposes were major elements of Shang culture.
Shang Dynasty
The ruling elite of this dynasty (1766-1122BCE) monopolized bronze metallurgy to maintain power.
Shi Huangdi
Founder of the short-lived Qin dynasty and creator of the Chinese Empire (r. 221-210 B.C.E.). He is remembered for his ruthless conquests of rival states and standardization. (163)
Shia
The sect of Islam that supported Ali, the adopted son of Muhammad.
Shi’ite Islam
Branch of Islam believing that God vests leadership of the community in a descendant of Muhammad’s son-in-law Ali. Shi’ism is the state religion of Iran. (See also Sunnis.) (pp. 225, 531)
Shi’ites
Muslims belonging to the branch of Islam believing that God vests leadership of the community in a descendant of Muhammad’s son-in-law Ali. Shi’ism is the state religion of Iran. (See also Sunnis.) (pp. 225, 531)
Shinto
State religion in Japan. Derived from beliefs in natural spirits and until recently linked with belief in divinity of the emperor and the sacredness of the Japanese nation.
Shogunate
The system of govt. in Japan in which the emperor exercised only tutylar authority whiles the shogun.
Shoguns
Japanese military leaders who ruled from 12th-19th century.
Siberia
The extreme northeastern sector of Asia, including the Kamchatka Peninsula and the present Russian coast of the Arctic Ocean, the Bering Strait, and the Sea of Okhotsk. (p. 551)
Siddhartha Guatmaa
The founder of Buddhism.
Significance of the writing systems
They helped codify laws, keep records, transmit knowledge
Sikhism
Indian religion founded by the guru Nanak (1469-1539) in the Punjab region of northwest India. After the Mughal emperor ordered the beheading of the ninth guru in 1675, Sikh warriors mounted armed resistance to Mughal rule. (p. 538)
Silk Road
Caravan routes connecting China and the Middle East across Central Asia and Iran. (p. 203)
Simon Bolivar
The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. (p. 623)
simony
The selling of church offices to the highest bidder
Sino-Japanese War?
(August 1, 1894 - April 1895) was a war fought between Qing Dynasty China and Meiji Japan over control of Korea. The principal result was a shift in regional dominance in Asia from China to Japan. Faced with these repeated defeats, China signed the Treaty of Shimonoseki in April, 1895, agreeing to stay out of Korea and ceding a large portion of eastern Manchuria, including the Liaodong (literally: Eastern Liaoning) portion of the modern Liaoning province, to Japan. Additionally, the island of Taiwan (Formosa) was also ceded to the Japanese. Chinese defeat at the hands of Japan highlighted the failure of the Qing army to modernize and resulted in increased calls within China for accelerated reform. It also encouraged imperialist demands laid on the dynasty by western powers, particularly Britain, France, Germany, and Russia. For example, Russia, after the diplomatic slap in the face given to Japan in the Triple Intervention after the war, moved almost immediately to occupy the entire Liaodong Peninsula and, especially to fortify Port Arthur despite vigorous protests from China, Japan, and the United States — all three favoring an Open Door Policy in Manchuria.
Sir Francis Drake
First English explorer to travel around the world. Participated in destruction of the Spanish Armada.
Sir Walter Raleigh
English explorer to americas, introduced tobacco and potato from American to England.
Six Day War
Israel captured golan heights, West Bank and Sinai. Later traded Sinai back to Egypt in exchange for recognition.
socialism
Socialists advocated government protection of workers from exploitation by property owners and government ownership of industries. This ideology led to the founding of socialist or labor parties in the late 1800s. (709)
Socrates
Born 1460BCE. Greek philosopher. One of the founders of western philosophy. Duty to improve soul.
Sokoto Caliphate
large Muslim state founded in 1809 in what is now northern Nigeria. (p. 651)
Solidarity
Polish trade union created in 1980 to protest working conditions and political repression. It began the nationalist opposition to communist rule that led in 1989 to the fall of communism in eastern Europe. (p. 863)
Song Empire
Empire in southern China (1127-1279; the ‘Southern Song’) while the Jin people controlled the north. Distinguished for its advances in technology, medicine, astronomy, and mathematics. (p. 285)
Sophocles
Wrote the plays Oedipus the King and Antigone, he introduced the third actor into his plays
Spanish America War
Between Spain and the US. US won, got Philippines and puerto rico and permitted american intervention in the caribean
Spanish Civil War
War Between authoritarian/military leaders (facists) vs. Communist. facist won
Sparta
An ancient Greek city-state, rival of Athens. Sparta defeated Athens in the Peloponnesian war.
Sparta/Athens
2 leading city states. Classical Mediterranean civilizations. Sparta military aristocracy culminating a slave population
Spartacus
Roman slave who lead slave revolt against Rome in 1st century BC
Sputnik
1st man made object sent into space; made by USSR; 1957; orbited Earth
Srivijaya
A state based on the Indonesian island of Sumatra, between the seventh and eleventh centuries C.E. It amassed wealth and power by a combination of selective adaptation of Indian technologies and concepts, and control of trade routes. (192)
St. Augustine
(354-430CE) bishop of North Africa city of Hippo. Put Platonist, Manichaeanistc, and Hellenistic teachings into Christianity.
St. Benedict
He started an order of Monks and provided a set of regulations for them stressing poverty, chastity, and obedience.
St. Francis
Founded order of mendicant (beggars) friars. (1182-1226) who preached for alms (money) to live holy lifestyles.
Stalingrad
City in Russia, site of a Red Army victory over the Germany army in 1942-1943. The Battle of Stalingrad was the turning point in the war between Germany and the Soviet Union. Today Volgograd. (p. 793)
Stanley, Henry Morton (1841-1904)
British-American explorer of Africa, famous for his expeditions in search of Dr. David Livingstone. Stanley helped King Leopold II establish the Congo Free State. (p. 732)
State of Chu
During the Zhou dynasty, in the central region of the Yangzi river, and challenged them for supremacy.
Stateless Society
is need-based, self protecting, self regulated. To be goverened is to be coerced and violated
Stavisky Affair?
A financial and political scandal that shook France in 1934. Serge Alexandre Stavisky, a swindler associated with the municipal pawnshop of Bayonne, sold huge quantities of worthless bonds. Despite a shady past he had connections with many persons in responsible positions. Faced with exposure in Dec., 1933, he fled but was discovered by the police at Chamonix (Jan., 1934); he either committed suicide or was murdered by the police. Extremists, particularly of the right, accused the Radical Socialist government of Camille Chautemps of corrupt deals with Stavisky and forced its resignation. The rightists further alleged that Stavisky had been murdered to protect influential persons connected with him. Édouard Daladier, the new premier, used force to repress bloody riots staged (Feb. 6–7, 1934) in Paris by extremists (chiefly royalists), but he too had to resign. He was replaced by Gaston Doumergue and a national unity cabinet. After a long trial (1935–36) of 20 defendants, none of them politically important, 11 of the accused, including Stavisky’s widow, were acquitted. Some of the politicians so wildly accused of corruption—notably Chautemps—were later cleared. The affair had the unfortunate effect of discrediting not only the Radical Socialist party but also parliamentary democracy in general.
steam engine
A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable steam engine in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. Steam power was then applied to machinery. (607)
steel
A form of iron that is both durable and flexible. It was first mass-produced in the 1860s and quickly became the most widely used metal in construction, machinery, and railroad equipment. (p. 701)
Stephen Langton
archbishop of Canterbury during late 1100s
steppe
Treeless plains, especially the high, flat expanses of northern Eurasia, which usually have little rain and are covered with coarse grass. They are good lands for nomads and their herds. Good for breeding horses: essential to mongol military. (326)
stock exchange
A place where shares in a company or business enterprise are bought and sold. (p. 460)
Stoicism
A philosophy that stressed leading virtuous lives and not letting both good and bad things in life affect one too much.
Stone Age
Prehistoric cultural stage, or level of human development, characterized by the creation and use of stone tools. The Stone Age is usually divided into three separate periods—Paleolithic Period, Mesolithic Period, and Neolithic Period—based on the degree of sophistication in the fashioning and use of tools.
Stuarts
Scottish family that ruled England from 17th-18th century. Afterwards went to the House of Hanover.
subinfeudation
when the lords regranted protions of their fiefs to other vassals
submarine telegraph cables
Insulated copper cables laid along the bottom of a sea or ocean for telegraphic communication. The first short cable was laid across the English Channel in 1851; the first successful transatlantic cable was laid in 1866. (pg 704)
sub-Saharan Africa
Portion of the African continent lying south of the Sahara. (p. 216)
Sudanic States
Rulers supported Islam by building mosques
Suez Canal
Ship canal dug across the isthmus of Suez in Egypt, designed by Ferdinand de Lesseps. It opened to shipping in 1869 and shortened the sea voyage between Europe and Asia. Its strategic importance led to the British conquest of Egypt in 1882. (p. 726)
Suez Canal crisis
Nassar nationalized Canal. Britain and France got Israel to attack, prompting British and French intervention. US denounced plan. Severely damaged Anglo-american relations
Sufis
Islamic mystics who felt Muslims should worship in their own way and not trust reason.
Suharto
military President of Indonesia from 1968-98.
Sui Dynasty
Chinese Dynasty (589-618CE) that reunified China under Yang Jian and built the Grand Canal.
Suleiman the Magnificent
The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire (r. 1520-1566); also known as Suleiman Kanuni, ‘The Lawgiver.’ He significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean. (p. 526)
Sumeria
- 3500 to 2350 BCE
- first society to develop written language - cuneiform
- lower end of Tigris-Euphrates river system delta
- highly developed society
Sumerians
The people who dominated southern Mesopotamia through the end of the third millennium B.C.E. They were responsible for the creation of many fundamental elements of Mesopotamian culture-such as irrigation technology, cuneiform, and religious conceptions.
Sumura
Literally “retainers†Similar to European knights
Sun king
Louis XIV called himself this with his grandeur of Versailles, etc.
Sun Yat-Sen
Chinese nationalist revolutionary, founder and leader of the Guomindang until his death. He attempted to create a liberal democratic political movement in China but was thwarted by military leaders. (p. 768)
Sundiata
“The Lion Prince” (1230-1255) who ruled Mali and made it into a great nation.
Sunnis
Muslims belonging to branch of Islam believing that the community should select its own leadership. The majority religion in most Islamic countries. (See also Shi’ites.) (p. 225)
Supreme Roman God
Jupiter
Swahili
Bantu language with Arabic loanwords spoken in coastal regions of East Africa. (p. 542)
Swahili Coast
East African shores of the Indian Ocean between the Horn of Africa and the Zambezi River; from the Arabic sawahil, meaning ‘shores.’ (p. 383)
Syncretism
the combining of different forms of belief or practice
System of mandates
followed WWI. Part of league of nations; Grant countries independence after being involved
Taiku Reforms
The seventh century “Great change†reform that established the centralized Japanese state.
Taiping Rebellion
The most destructive civil war before the twentieth century. A Christian-inspired rural rebellion threatened to topple the Qing Empire. (p. 687)
Talmud?
One of the Jewish Holy Books. It is a compilation of oral tradition.
Tamil Kingdoms
The kingdoms of southern India, inhabited primarily by speakers of Dravidian languages, which developed in partial isolation, and somewhat differently, from the Aryan north. (185)
Tang Dynasty
Chinese Dynasty (618-907CE) that developed the equal field system and believed that it was the center of civilization.
Tang Empire
Empire unifying China and part of Central Asia, founded 618 and ended 907. The Tang emperors presided over a magnificent court at their capital, Chang’an. (p. 277)
Tanzimat
‘Restructuring’ reforms by the nineteenth-century Ottoman rulers, intended to move civil law away from the control of religious elites and make the military and the bureacracy more efficient. (p. 678)
Tartars
Turkic ethnic group mainly inhabiting Russia, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan
tax farming
A government’s use of private collectors to collect taxes. Individuals or corporations contract with the government to collect a fixed amount for the government and are permitted to keep as profit everything they collect over that amount. (p. 334)
technology transfer
The communication of specific plans, designs, or educational programs necessary for the use of new technologies from one society or class to another. (p. 358)
Tehran conference?
The Tehran Conference was the meeting of Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill between November 28 and December 1, 1943 that took place in Tehran, Iran. It was the first war conference among the three world powers (the USSR, the U.S. and the UK) in which Stalin was present. It succeeded the Cairo Conference and was followed by Yalta Conference and Potsdam Conference. The chief discussion was centered on the opening of a second front in Western Europe. At the same time a separate protocol pledged the three countries to recognize Iran’s independence.
Tenochtitlan
Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins. (p. 305)
Teotihuacan
A powerful city-state in central Mexico (100-75 C.E.). Its population was about 150,000 at its peak in 600. (p. 300)
terrorism
Political belief that extreme and seemingly random violence will destabilize a government and permit the terrorists to gain political advantage. Though an old technique, terrorism gained prominence in the late 20th Century (890)
Thales of Miletus
a philosopher who taught that everything was made of water
The American Revolution was different from the French Revolution in that it produced what?
a lasting constitution
The attack on the Paris prison by enraged citizens was called?
Storming the Bastille
The Austrian chief minister who presided over the Congress of Vienna was?
Prince Kelemens von Metternich
The Blck Death
the great plague, it killed 1/3 of Europeans (1347)
The Declaration of the Rights of Man guaranteed everything except?
Equal rights for women
The Eastern Question?
Term that applies to a host of problems surrounding the decay of the Ottoman empire. The diplomacy of the Eastern Question went forward in disregard, and often ignorance, of the wishes of the Balkan peoples. Because of its traditions and structures, old-style diplomacy was poorly equipped to deal with popular movements like nationalism. The diplomacy of the Eastern Question began in the Early Modern Period, before modern nationalism or representative governments. Economic and social change, international rivalry and unsolved problems combined to unsettle the Balkans. Neither local states nor Great Powers could control the situation. The result was a succession of Balkan crises, some of which had serious consequences for Europe as a whole.
The Edict of Emancipation was issued by?
Alexander II
The Edict of Nantes decreed that
Protestants could worship only in careas where they were majority
The elected ruler of France who declared himself emperor was?
Louis Napoleon
The english poet Lord Byron fought in the war for the Independence of?
Greece
The fall of the Bastille led quickly to the formation of?
Revolutionary government in Paris
The German Blitzkrieg was a military strategy that depened on what advantage?
Surprise and overwhelming force
The great aim of Louis XIV was to
acquire territories up to France boundaries
The greatest threat to England during Elizabeth’s reign were
Scotland and Spain
the Himalayas
Great mountain system of Asia forming a barrier between the Tibetan Plateau to the north and the alluvial plains of the Indian subcontinent to the south. The Himalayas include the highest mountains in the world, with more than 110 peaks rising to elevations of 24,000 feet.
the Indus and Ganges Rivers
Part of network of rivers running through lush forest and jungles of Indian subcontinent. Indus, in modern Pakistan, gave birth to world’s first civilized societies. Ganges is not longest of India’s rivers, but has tremendous cultural and religious significance.
The leader of the Third Reich was?
Hitler
The main difference between European colonies and protectorates in Africa had to do with their?
governments
The man installed by the radicals to lead a temporary French gov. was a leading French?
poet
The most powerful ruler in Spanish History was?
Philip II
The Munich Conference was held to address the problems of German threat to the nation of ?
Czechoslovakia
The national boundaries that existed in Africa at the end of the 19th century can best be described as …?
unnaturally imposed
The new deal involved attempts to stimulate the American economy by ?
increasing government spending
The nobility’s main source of income was?
Feudal dues collected from peasants
The Popular Front helped preserve democracy in ?
France
The purpose of propaganda during WWI was to…?
influence public opinion
The Romans were influenced by what two major groups?
1) Greeks 2) Etruscans
The soviet government decided to eliminate Kulaks because of their strong resistance to ?
collective farming
The Tennis Court oath was made by?
Representatives of the 3rd estate
The theory used to justify absolutist rule in Europe was called
divine right
The Thirty Years War was triggered by?
Rebellion of Czech protestants against Catholic Ferdinand
The thory of divine right proposed that ?
Ruler derived absolute monarch to rule from God
The title of Hitlers book Mein Kampf in English is?
“My Struggle”
theater-state
state that acquires prestige and power by developing attractive cultural forms and staging elaborate public ceremonies (as well as redistributing valuable resources) to attract and bind subjects to the center. (186)
Thebes
Capital city of Egypt and home of the ruling dynasties during the Middle and New Kingdoms. Amon, patron deity of Thebes, became one of the chief gods of Egypt. Monarchs were buried across the river in the Valley of the Kings. (p. 43)
Theodora
Daughter of a bear keeper and was married to Justinian.
Theodore Herzl
Austrian journalist and founder of the Zionist movement urging the creation of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine. (p. 760)
theology
the study of religion
Theravada Buddhism
‘Way of the Elders’ branch of Buddhism followed in Sri Lanka and much of Southeast Asia. Therevada remains close to the original principles set forth by the Buddha; it downplays the importance of gods (181)
third century crisis
political, military, and economic turmoil that beset the Roman Empire during much of the third century C.E.: frequent changes of ruler, civil wars, barbarian invasions, decline of urban centers, and near-destruction of long-distance commerce. (157)
Third World
Term applied to a group of developing countries who professed nonalignment during the Cold War. (p. 846)
Thomas Becket
Archbishop of Canterbury. Defended Church against interference from the King. Murdered.
Thomas Edison
American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures. (p. 703)
Thomas Malthus
Eighteenth-century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases in agricultural production. (p. 867)
Thomas More
Wrote Utopia. Would not recognize Henry VIII as head of Chruch in England. Was beheaded for this, and later made a Saint.
three-field system
A rotational system for agriculture in which one field grows grain, one grows legumes, and one lies fallow. It gradually replaced two-field system in medieval Europe. (p. 396)
Thucydides
historian writer, wrote about the Peloponnesian Wars
Tianamen Square
Site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness in 1989. The demonstration was crushed by Chinese military with great loss of life. (p. 862)
Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
Rivers that run from Turkey through Iraq and to the Persian Gulf. They irrigate the desert reaches of the Middle East, and allowed the emergence of the oldest civilizations.
Tikal
Built by Mayans (300-900BCE) a bustling trading city with a population nearing 40,000 with many large buildings.
Timbuktu
City on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali empire, Timbuktu became a major major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning (388
Timur
Member of a prominent family of the Mongols’ Jagadai Khanate, Timur through conquest gained control over much of Central Asia and Iran. He consolidated the status of Sunni Islam as orthodox, and his descendants, the Timurids, maintained his empire. (336)
tithe
taxes (money) given to the church
Tiwanaku
Name of capital city and empire centered on the region near Lake Titicaca in modern Bolivia (375-1000 C.E.). (p. 315)
Tokugawa Shogunate
The last of the three shogunates of Japan. (p. 563)
Toltecs
Powerful postclassic empire in central Mexico (900-1168 C.E.). It influenced much of Mesoamerica. Aztecs claimed ties to this earlier civilization. (p. 305)
Tomas de Torquemada
Chief judge of the spanish inquisition, known for his severity.
tophet
cemetery containing burials of young children, possibly sacrificed to the gods in times of crisis, found at Carthage and other Phoenician settlements in the western Mediterranean. (p. 108)
Tories?
The majority party in the British Parliament during the American Revolution; also the name for American colonists still loyal to the crown.
trabadour
a composer and performer of songs; traveling ballad singer
trans-Saharan Caravan Routes
Trading network linking North Africa with sub-Saharan Africa across the Sahara. (p. 210)
Treaty of Brest-litovsk
signed between russia and germany to stop wwI for them, Russia gave Germany finland, poland, ukraine, and baltic proividences
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was the peace treaty that ended the Mexican-American War (1846–1848). The treaty provided for the Mexican Cession, in which Mexico ceded 1.36 million km² (525,000 square miles) to the United States in exchange for USD$15 million. The United States also agreed to take over $3.25 million in debts Mexico owed to American citizens. The cession included parts of the modern-day U.S. states of Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, and Wyoming, as well as the whole of California, Nevada, and Utah. The remaining parts of what are today the states of Arizona and New Mexico were later ceded under the 1853 Gadsden Purchase.
Treaty of Nanking
Treaty that concluded the Opium War. It awarded Britain a large indemnity from the Qing Empire, denied the Qing government tariff control over some of its own borders, opened additional ports of residence to Britons, and ceded Hong Kong to Britain. (685)
Treaty of Paris? (1259)
Treaty of Paris (1259) - between Henry III of England and Louis IX of France
Treaty of Paris? 1763
Treaty of Paris (1763) - ended Seven Years’ War
Treaty of Paris? 1783
Treaty of Paris (1783) - ended American Revolutionary War
Treaty of Paris? 1810
Treaty of Paris (1810) - ended war between France and Sweden
Treaty of Paris? 1814
Treaty of Paris (1814) - ended war between France and the Sixth Coalition
Treaty of Paris? 1815
Treaty of Paris (1815) - followed defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo
Treaty of Paris? 1856
Treaty of Paris (1856) or Congress of Paris - signed March 30 - ended Crimean War
Treaty of Paris? 1898
Treaty of Paris (1898) - ended Spanish-American War
Treaty of Paris? 1920
Treaty of Paris (1920) - united Bessarabia and Romania
Treaty of Paris? 1947
Paris Peace Treaties, 1947 between the World War II Allies and Bulgaria, Hungary, Italy, Romania and Finland
Treaty of Paris? 1951
Treaty of Paris (1951) - established European Coal and Steel Community
Treaty of San Francisco?
The Treaty of Peace with Japan between the Allied Powers and Japan, was officially signed by 48 nations on September 8, 1951 in San Francisco, California. The treaty served to officially end World War II, to formally end Japan’s position as an imperial power and allocate compensation to Allied civilians and former prisoners of war who had suffered Japanese war crimes. The Treaty made extensive use of the UN Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to enunciate the Allies’ goals.
