FSOT Master 8 Flashcards
Khmer Rouge
Communist movement in Cambodia led by Pol Pot that killed 2-4 million.
Khmerstams
Vietnamese people defeated by Northern govt. of Hanoy
Khruscher
Leader of SU, followed melankov; attacked Stalins method of rule. Lost power because of conservative opposition
Khubilai Khan
Last of the Mongol Great Khans (r. 1260-1294) and founder of the Yuan Empire. (p. 351) Chinggis Khan’s grandson who consolidated Mongol rule all over China.
Kiev
Comercial city in Uklraine established by Scandonavians in the 9th century. Bemace the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12 centuryl
Kievan Russia
State established at Kiev in Ukraine ca. 879 by Scandinavian adventurers asserting authority over a mostly Slavic farming population. (p. 267)
King Alfred
He stopped the Norse/Viking invasion of England in the 800’s.
King Leopold II
King of Belgium (r. 1865-1909). He was active in encouraging the exploration of Central Africa and became the ruler of the Congo Free State (to 1908). (p. 732)
King Menes
Unified rule came from this conquerer in 3100BCE and founded Memphis.
King Otto I
He led an army to support the Pope in the 960’s against the Lombard Magnates and was crowned by the pope the First Holy Roman Emperor.
Klondike gold rush
1890 rush for gold in Northwestern canada
Knight
a mounted warrior in Europe in the Middle Ages.
Knossos
site of the most majestic Cretan palace
Korean Air Flight 007?
Korean Air Flight 007, was a Korean Air civilian airliner shot down with all on board by Soviet jet interceptors on September 1, 1983 just west of Sakhalin island. KAL 007 carried 269 passengers and crew, including a U.S. congressman. There were no survivors. The Soviet Union stated it did not know the aircraft was civilian, and suggested it had entered Soviet airspace as a deliberate provocation to test their response capabilities. The shoot-down attracted a storm of protest from across the world, particularly the United States.
Korean War
Conflict that began with North Korea’s invasion of South Korea and came to involve the United Nations (primarily the United States) allying with South Korea and the People’s Republic of China allying with North Korea. (p. 836)
Koryo
Korean kingdom founded in 918 and destroyed by a Mongol invasion in 1259. (p. 292)
Kubla Khan
Grandson of Ghengis. Concurred China. Established the Yaun Dynasty in 1271.
Kuomintang
Chinese Nationalist political party during Chinese civil war. Later defeated by Mao and fled to Taiwan
Kush
Independent kingdom. 1000 BCE. Had own writing. Used iron. Affected other cultures in the region
Kwame Nkrumah
Leader of Pan-African movement in Ghana.
labor union
An organization of workers in a particular industry or trade, created to defend the interests of members through strikes or negotiations with employers. (p. 709)
laissez faire
The idea that government should refrain from interfering in economic affairs. The classic exposition of laissez-faire principles is Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations (1776). (p. 615)
lama
In Tibetan Buddhism, a teacher. (p. 351)
latifundia
vast plantations
Latin West
Historians’ name for the territories of Europe that adhered to the Latin rite of Christianity and used the Latin language for intellectual exchange in the period ca. 1000-1500. (p. 394)
Lawrence of Arabia
Lead Arab rebellion against the Turks in WWI.
Lazaro Cardenas
President of Mexico (1934-1940). He brought major changes to Mexican life by distributing millions of acres of land to the peasants, bringing representatives of workers and farmers into the inner circles of politics, and nationalizing the oil industry 820
League of Nations
International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation but greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join. It proved ineffectual in stopping aggression by Italy, Japan, and Germany in the 1930s. (763)
Lech Walesa
Polish leader of Solidarity at end of Cold War. Later President of Poland.
Legalism
In China, a political philosophy that emphasized the unruliness of human nature and justified state coercion and control. The Qin ruling class invoked it to validate the authoritarian nature of their regime. (p.52)
Legitimate Trade
Exports from Africa in the nineteenth century that did not include the newly outlawed slave trade. (p. 654)
Leif Ericson
Said to have discovered North America in 1000.
Lenin
Russian Bolshevik Leader who was responsible for turning Russia to communism
Leon Trosky
revolutionary Russian, led bolsheviks in petrograd. Comisar of war
Leon Trotsky
Rose with Lenin, opposed to Stalin. Stalin exiled and later assassinated him.
Leonid Brezhnev
After Khrushchev until 1982. Invaded Afghanistan and Czechoslovakia.
Li Shimin
One of the founders of the Tang Empire and its second emperor (r. 626-649). He led the expansion of the empire into Central Asia. (p. 277)
liberalism
A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes. (713)
Library of Ashurbanipal
A large collection of writings drawn from the ancient literary, religious, and scientific traditions of Mesopotamia. It was assembled by the sixth century B.C.E. Assyrian ruler Ashurbanipal. (98)
Linear B
a system of writing used to record an early form of Greek
Little Ice Age
A century-long period of cool climate that began in the 1590s. Its ill effects on agriculture in northern Europe were notable. (p. 462)
Lockerbie bombing?
Pan Am Flight 103 was from Heathrow to JFK. On December 21, 1988, the aircraft was blown up as it flew over Lockerbie, Scotland. It was widely regarded as an assault on a symbol of the United States, and with 189 of the victims being Americans, it stood as the deadliest attack on American civilians until September 11, 2001. United Nations sanctions against Libya and protracted negotiations with the Libyan leader Colonel Muammar Gaddafi secured the handover of the accused on April 5, 1999.
loess
fine, light silt deposited by wind and water. It constitutes the fertile soil of the Yellow River Valley in northern China. Because loess soil is not compacted, easily worked, but it leaves the region vulnerable to earthquakes. (p.58)
Long March
The 6,000-mile (9,600-kilometer) flight of Chinese Communists from southeastern to northwestern China. The Communists, led by Mao Zedong, were pursued by the Chinese army under orders from Chiang Kai-shek. (789)
Lorenzo de Medici
Patron of great renaissance artists, including Botticelli, Michelangelo and da Vinci.
Lost generation
Disillusioned youth after WWI in Europe and America that refused to integrate into the mainstream.
Louis XIV
Practiced Absolute monarchy in France. L’etat, c’est moi.
Louis XVI
Last king of France before French Revolution. Tried to compromise with constitutional monarchy. Later fled, but was captured and beheaded.
Lucy
An australopithecus female skeleton found in Ethiopia.
Luddites
Opponents of the introduction of labor-saving machinery.
ma’at
Egyptian term for the concept of divinely created and maintained order in the universe. Reflecting the ancient Egyptians’ belief in an essentially beneficent world, the divine ruler was the earthly guarantor of this order. (See also pyramid.) (p. 42)
Macartney Mission
The unsuccessful attempt by the British Empire to establish diplomatic relations with the Qing Empire. (p. 560)
Maginot line
Defensive line built by France before WWII, which Germans just went around in WWII.
Magna Carta?
Great Charter forced upon King John of England by his barons in 1215; established that the power of the monarchy was not absolute and guaranteed trial by jury and due process of law to the nobility. It was the first step in a long historical process leading to the rule of constitutional law.
Mahabharata
A vast epic chronicling the events leading up to a cataclysmic battle between related kinship groups in early India. It includes the Bhagavad-Gita, the most important work of Indian sacred literature. (p. 185)
Mahatma Ghandi
Used passive resistance to lead Indian independence movement. Later assissinated by Hindu nationalist in 1948.
Mahayana Buddhism
Great Vehicle’ branch of Buddhism followed in China, Japan, and Central Asia. The focus is on reverence for Buddha and for bodhisattvas, enlightened persons who have postponed nirvana to help others attain enlightenment. (p. 181)
Malacca
Port city in the modern Southeast Asian country of Malaysia, founded about 1400 as a trading center on the Strait of Malacca. Also spelled Melaka. (p. 387)
Malay Peoples
A designation for peoples originating in south China and Southeast Asia who settled the Malay Peninsula, Indonesia, and the Philippines, then spread eastward across the islands of the Pacific Ocean and west to Madagascar. (p. 190)
Mali
Empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade. (See also Timbuktu.) (p. 375)
Mamluks
Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. Mamluks eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria (1250-1517)
Mamoluks
Muslim slave warriors. Established dynasty in Egypt The defeated the Mongols
Manchu dynasty
17th century Chinese dynasty which greatly expanded China’s control in Asia. Overthrown in 1911 by nationalists.
Manchuria
Region of Northeast Asia bounded by the Yalu River on the south and the Amur River on the east and north. (p. 354)
Manchus
Federation of Northeast Asian peoples who founded the Qing Empire. (p. 556)
Mandate of Heaven
Chinese religious and political ideology developed by the Zhou, was the prerogative of Heaven, the chief deity, to grant power to the ruler of China.
Mandate System
Allocation of former German colonies and Ottoman possessions to the victorious powers after World War I, to be administered under League of Nations supervision. (p. 770)
Manichaenism
Developed by Prophet Mani, “the elect” were especially holy abstaining from pleasures. “the hearers” led conventional lives while supporting the elect. All looked towards personal salvation.
manor
In medieval Europe, a large, self-sufficient landholding consisting of the lord’s residence (manor house), outbuildings, peasant village, and surrounding land. (p. 254)
Mansa Kankan Musa
Ruler of Mali (r. 1312-1337). His pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire’s reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world. (p. 376)
mansabs
In India, grants of land given in return for service by rulers of the Mughal Empire. (p. 536)
manumission
A grant of legal freedom to an individual slave. (p. 505)
Mao Zedong
Leader of the Chinese Communist Party (1927-1976). He led the Communists on the Long March (1934-1935) and rebuilt the Communist Party and Red Army during the Japanese occupation of China (1937-1945). (789)
Maoism
Doctrine of Mao calling for continuous revolution
Marco Polo
One of the first Europeans to travel to Asia.
Margaret Thatcher
British PM who stressed private enterprise and attacked socialism and welfare state.
Marie Antoinette
French queen beheaded with her Husband Louis XVI in French Revoltuion
maroon
A slave who ran away from his or her master. Often a member of a community of runaway slaves in the West Indies and South America. (p. 505)
Marshal Tito
Led Yugoslav resistance during WWII. Later became communist ruler. Broke with Stalin.
Mary shelley wrote
An early gothic horror story about a monster created from corpses
mass deportation
Removal of entire peoples used as terror tactic by Assyrian and Persian Empires. (95)
mass production
The manufacture of many identical products by the division of labor into many small repetitive tasks. This method was introduced into the manufacture of pottery by Josiah Wedgwood and into the spinning of cotton thread by Richard Arkwright. (602)
Mata Hari
Seductive female Double Agent of France and Germany in WWI.
Mauryan Empire
The first state to unify most of the Indian subcontinent. It was founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 324 B.C.E. and survived until 184 B.C.E. From its capital at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valley it grew wealthy from taxes. (184)
Max Planck
German physicist who developed quantum theory and was awarded the Nobel Prize for physics in 1918. (p. 774)
Maximillien Robespierre
Young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution. His execution ended the Reign of Terror. See Jacobins. (p. 589)
Mayans?
An American Indian people of Yucatán and Belize and Guatemala who had a culture characterized by outstanding architecture and pottery and astronomy; noted for their architecture and city planning, their mathematics and calendar, and their hieroglyphic writing system. They existed at least as early as 1000 BC, and were in decline by the time of Spanish arrival in 1500s. Their society was arranged around kindoms and large cities.
Mecca
City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion. (p. 230)
mechanization
The application of machinery to manufacturing and other activities. Among the first processes to be mechanized were the spinning of cotton thread and the weaving of cloth in late-eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century England. (p. 603)
Medici’s
A succesful family who owned Medici bank in Florence (like Fuggers in England)
medieval
Literally ‘middle age,’ a term that historians of Europe use for the period ca. 500 to ca. 1500, signifying its intermediate point between Greco-Roman antiquity and the Renaissance. (p. 250)
Medina
City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca. (p. 231)
Mediterranean Sea
An intercontinental sea that stretches from the Atlantic Ocean on the west to Asia on the east and separates Europe from Africa. It has often been called the incubator of Western civilization.
Meiji Restoration
The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism. (See also Yamagata Aritomo.) (p. 694)
Meiji Restoration
1868 when last Shogun was overthrown in Japan and Emperor took over. Marked opening of Japan to the West.
Meir Golda
Israeli PM 1969-74, tried to lesson Arab-Israeli conflicts through diplomacy. Surprise attacked by Arabs 1973.
Memphis
The capital of Old Kingdom Egypt, near the head of the Nile Delta. Early rulers were interred in the nearby pyramids. (p. 43)
mercantilism
European government policies of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries designed to promote overseas trade between a country and its colonies and accumulate precious metals by requiring colonies to trade only with their motherland country 506
Mero?
Capital of a flourishing kingdom in southern Nubia from the fourth century B.C.E. to the fourth century C.E. In this period Nubian culture shows more independence from Egypt and the influence of sub-Saharan Africa. (p. 71)
Meroitic Script
alphabetic script originally derived from Egyptian hieroglyphs, used to write the Meroitic language of the Kingdom of Kush. Developed 700–300 BCE. Appeared in the 2nd Century.
Mesetizo
The offspring of intermarriage between Europeans(Spanish) and Native AMericans
Mesolithic Era
10,000 to 12,000 years ago. Also called Middle Stone Age. Ancient cultural stage, or level of human development, that existed between the Paleolithic Period, with its chipped stone tools, and the Neolithic Period, with its polished stone tools. Mesolithic usually refers specifically to a development in northwestern Europe that began about 8000 BC, after the end of the Pleistocene Epoch, and lasted until about 2700 BC. Although culturally and technologically continuous with Paleolithic peoples, Mesolithic cultures developed diverse local adaptations to special environments. The Mesolithic hunter achieved a greater efficiency than did the Paleolithic and was able to exploit a wider range of animal and vegetable food sources.
Mesopotamia
“land between the rivers”, located in between Tigris and Euphrates rivers
mestizo
The term used by Spanish authorities to describe someone of mixed Amerindian and European descent. (p. 484)
metallurgy
science of extracting and refining metal from raw ore; began in Middle East and China between 4000 and 3000 b.c.e.
metalworking
craft of shaping refined metal into tools; like metallurgy, a highly advanced skill
Middle Ages
a period in history which lasted for roughly a millennium, commonly dated from the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century to the beginning of the Early Modern Period in the 16th century, marked by the division of Western Christianity in the Reformation, the rise of humanism in the Italian Renaissance
Middle Passage
The part of the Great Circuit involving the transportation of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas. (p. 508)
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
Mexican priest who led the first stage of the Mexican independence war in 1810. He was captured and executed in 1811. (p. 625)
Mikhail Gorbachev
Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe. (p. 863)
Mikhail Romanov
Russian tsar (r. 1613-1645) A member of the Russian aristocracy, he became tsar after the old line of Muscovite rulers was deposed. (p. 551)
Ming Dynasty
Replaced Yaun Dynasty in China 1363-0664. Focused on internal development.
Ming Empire
Empire based in China that Zhu Yuanzhang established after the overthrow of the Yuan Empire. The Ming emperor Yongle sponsored the building of the Forbidden City and the voyages of Zheng He. (554)
Minoan
Prosperous civilization on the Aegean island of Crete in the second millennium B.C.E. The Minoans engaged in far-flung commerce around the Mediterranean and exerted powerful cultural influences on the early Greeks. (p. 73)
Missi Dominici
Envoys Charlamagne sent to oversee local rulers.
Mississippi/Missouri River system
Major river system of North America, which runs from Minnesota and North Dakota to Gulf of Mexico. Played central role in American economy, military strategy and culture.
mit’a
Andean labor system based on shared obligations to help kinsmen and work on behalf of the ruler and religious organizations. (p. 312)
Mithraism
Cult dedicated to the god Mithras. Adopted by soldiers, it focused on Sun & light, divine sanction of human life, and and purposeful moral behavior.
Moche
Civilization of north coast of Peru (200-700 C.E.). An important Andean civilization that built extensive irrigation networks as well as impressive urban centers dominated by brick temples. (p. 313)
Moctezuma II
Last Aztec emperor, overthrown by the Spanish conquistador Hern?n Cort?s. (p. 437)
modernization
The process of reforming political, military, economic, social, and cultural traditions in imitation of the early success of Western societies, often with regard for accommodating local traditions in non-Western societies. (p. 652)
Moguls
Muslim dynasty that ruled India in 16th-17th century. Built Taj Mahal.
Mohandas K. Gandhi
Leader of the Indian independence movement and advocate of nonviolent resistance. After being educated as a lawyer in England, he returned to India and became leader of the Indian National Congress in 1920. (813)
Mohenjo-Daro
Largest city of the Indus Valley civilization. It was centrally located in the extensive floodplain of the Indus River. Little is known about the political institutions of Indus Valley communities, but the large-scale implies central planning. (p. 48)
Mohica
A state around (300-700CE) leaving a large artistic legacy, depicting a complex and diverse society.
Moinchus
From North East of China and took power and created Qing dynasty after collapse on the Ming,
moksha
The Hindu concept of the spirit’s ‘liberation’ from the endless cycle of rebirths. (179)
monasticism
Living in a religious community apart from secular society and adhering to a rule stipulating chastity, obedience, and poverty. (Primary Centres of Learning in Medieval Europe) (261)
Mongols
A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia. >(p. 325)
monotheism
Belief in a single divine entity. The Israelite worship of Yahweh developed into an exclusive belief in one god, and this concept passed into Christianity and Islam. (102)
Monsoon
Extensive rains in the spring and summer in India. Governing trade routes on the Red Sea ports.
Montaigne stated that “all that is certain is that nothing is certain” this was and example of ..?
skepticism
mosaic
artwork, images made with small pieces of glass
Moses
A hebrew man born in Egypt who was responsible for getting monotheism in the mainstream of the world.
most-favored-nation status
A clause in a commercial treaty that awards to any later signatories all the privileges previously granted to the original signatories. (p. 686)
movable type
Type in which each individual character is cast on a separate piece of metal. It replaced woodblock printing, allowing for the arrangement of individual letters and other characters on a page. Invented in Korea 13th Century. (293)
Mughal Empire
Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. (p. 536)
Mughals
Established by Turkish invaders in 1520 lasted until mid 19th century
Muhammad (570-632 C.E.)
Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam. (p. 230)
Muhammad Ali
Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952. (p. 652)
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Indian Muslim politician who founded the state of Pakistan. A lawyer by training, he joined the All-India Muslim League in 1913. As leader of the League from the 1920s on, he negotiated with the British/INC for Muslim Political Rights (816)
mulatto
The term used in Spanish and Portuguese colonies to describe someone of mixed African and European descent. (p. 484)
Multiregional thesis
Theory, held by a minority of scholars, that modern humans appeared simultaneously throughout world, descending from earlier hominid groups that had already left Africa.
Munich Pact
Agreement between Britain and Germany in 1938 in which Chamberlain gave Hitler Czechoslavakia. Known as pure appeasement.
Muscovy
Russian principality that emerged gradually during the era of Mongol domination. The Muscovite dynasty ruled without interruption from 1276 to 1598. (p. 551)
Muslim
An adherent of the Islamic religion; a person who ‘submits’ (in Arabic, Islam means ‘submission’) to the will of God. (p. 231) )
Mustafa Kemal (ataturk)
1881-1938; founder of modern republic of Turkey, followed Western Ideals
My Lai Massacre?
The Mỹ Lai Massacre was a massacre by U.S. soldiers of hundreds of unarmed Vietnamese civilians, mostly women and children, on March 16, 1968, during the Vietnam War. Becoming a symbol of U.S. war crimes in Vietnam, it prompted widespread outrage around the world and reduced public support for the war in the United States. The explosive news of the massacre fueled the outrage of the American peace movement, which demanded the withdrawal of American troops from Vietnam. It also led more potential draftees to file for conscientious objector status. Those who had always argued against the war felt vindicated; those on the fringes of the movement became more vocal. The more pivotal shift, however, was in the attitude of the general public towards the war. People who had not previously been interested in the peace/war debates began to analyze the issue more closely. The horrific stories of other soldiers began to be taken more seriously, and other abuses came to light.
Mycenae
Site of a fortified palace complex in southern Greece that controlled a Late Bronze Age kingdom. In Homer’s epic poems Mycenae was the base of King Agamemnon, who commanded the Greeks besieging Troy. (74)
Name for an Egyptian King
Pharoah
Napoleon Bonaparte
. Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. (p. 591)
Napoleonic code?
The original Napoleonic Code was the French civil code, established at the behest of Napoléon I. It entered into force on March 21, 1804. Even though the Napoleonic code was not the first legal code to be established in a European country with a civil legal system, it is considered the first successful codification and strongly influenced the law of many other countries. It dealt only with civil law issues
Napoleon’s invasion of Russia was motivated by?
Czar Alexanders resumed trade with England
Nasir al-Din Tusi
Persian mathematician and cosmologist whose academy near Tabriz provided the model for the movement of the planets that helped to inspire the Copernican model of the solar system. (p. 337)
National Assembly
French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789. (p. 585)
nationalism
Political ideology that stresses people’s membership in a nation-a community defined by a common culture and history as well as by territory. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, nationalism was a force for unity in western Europe (713)
Nationalism was a force that (3)
tore apart century-old empiress, rise to nation-states, opposed by conservatives
NATO
North America and Western Europe; North Atlantic Treaty Organization; military alliance formed in 1949; provided mutual assistance if any of them was attacked. Later expanded to members of Warsaw Pact
nawab
A Muslim prince allied to British India; technically, a semi-autonomous deputy of the Mughal emperor. (p. 657)
Nazis
German political party joined by Adolf Hitler, emphasizing nationalism, racism, and war. When Hitler became chancellor of Germany in 1933, the Nazi Party became the only legal party and an instrument of Hitler’s absolute rule. (786)
Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact
Deal between Hitler and Stalin to divide up Eastern Europe as allies.
Nelson Mandela
Leader of South African movement against Apartheid. Imprisoned for 30 years, later released, became President and won the Nobel Prize.
Neo-Assyrian Empire
An empire extending from western Iran to Syria-Palestine, conquered by the Assyrians of northern Mesopotamia between the tenth and seventh centuries B.C.E. They used force and terror and exploited the wealth and labor of their subjects. (93)
Neolithic Era
5,000 or 6,000 to 10,000 years ago. Also called New Stone Age. Final stage of cultural evolution or technological development among prehistoric humans, it was characterized by stone tools shaped by polishing or grinding, dependence on domesticated plants or animals, settlement in permanent villages, and the appearance of such crafts as pottery and weaving. Preceded the Bronze Age, or early period of metal tools.
Neoorthodoxy?
Neo-orthodoxy is an approach to theology that was developed in the aftermath of the First World War (1914-1918). It is primarily associated with the Swiss Protestant Karl Barth (1886-1968) and theologian Emil Brunner (1899-1966). The neo-orthodox thinkers had strong disagreements between themselves and so neo-orthodoxy cannot be considered to be a unified system. Nevertheless, this type of theology has a number of distinctive traits: Revelation, Transcendence of God, Existentialism, Sin.
Nero
Cruel Roman emperor. Killed his mother, wife and mistress. Persecuted Christians, blamed them for the Fire (which he may have started). Put Peter and Paul to death.
Nestorians
Christian Sect cut off from Europe by Muslim invasions
Neville Chamberlain’s appeasement policy?
Before the start of WWII, Chamberlain gave The Rhineland in Chekoslovakia to Hitler, thinking it would avert war. This was supported by the British people. Reasons for the support of appeasement include: Memories of the First World War, Fear of strategic bombing, The flaws of the Treaty of Versailles, The Communist threat, Failure to recognise the evil of Nazism, Support for the League of Nations, and time needed to rearm after WWI. The policy was a failure, and Britain declared war after Hitler invaded poland.
New Economic Policy
Policy proclaimed by Vladimir Lenin in 1924 to encourage the revival of the Soviet economy by allowing small private enterprises. Joseph Stalin ended the N.E.P. in 1928 and replaced it with a series of Five-Year Plans. (See also Lenin, Vladimir.) (p. 766)
New France
French colony in North America, with a capital in Quebec, founded 1608. New France fell to the British in 1763. (p. 489)
New Imperialism
Historians’ term for the late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century wave of conquests by European powers, the United States, and Japan, which were followed by the development and exploitation of the newly conquered territories for the benefit of the col
new monarchies
Historians’ term for the monarchies in France, England, and Spain from 1450 to 1600. The centralization of royal power was increasing within more or less fixed territorial limits. (p. 414)
newly industrialized economies
Rapidly growing, new industrial nations of the late twentieth century, including the Asian Tigers. (p. 861)
Niccolo Machiabelli
Wrote “the prince†which increased how to take and maintain power
Nikita Khrushchev
Soviet leader 1950s-60s. Lead de-stalinization. Sought détente with West. Crushed resistance within Soviet Bloc. Helped Castro. Cuban Missile crisis.
Nile River
The father of African rivers and the longest river in the world. It rises south of the equator in Uganda and flows northward through Sudan to Egypt, where it drains into the Mediterranean Sea. It has a length of about 4,132 miles.
Nocolaus Copernicus
First to argue that the Earth moves around the sun
nomadism
A way of life, forced by a scarcity of resources, in which groups of people continually migrate to find pastures and water. (p. 326)
Non Aggression Pact 1939
Hitlers agreement with Stalin. peace between them
nonaligned Nations
Developing countries that announced their neutrality in the Cold War. (p. 846)
Nongovernmental Organizations
Nonprofit international organizations devoted to investigating human rights abuses and providing humanitarian relief. Two NGOs won the Nobel Peace Prize in the 1990s: International Campaign to Ban Landmines (1997) and Doctors Without Borders (1999). (p. 8
Norman conquest
Overthrow of England by the French in 1066 by William the conqueror.
Normans
Descendants of Vikings, living on the peninsula of Normandy in France. Served Carolinians and later Capetians. Constructed centralized rule with Dukes.
nuclear nonproliferation
Goal of international efforts to prevent countries other than the five declared nuclear powers (United States, Russia, Britain, France, and China) from obtaining nuclear weapons. The first Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty was signed in 1968. (p. 890)
Oceania
collective name for the islands scattered throughout most of the Pacific Ocean. The term, in its widest sense, embraces the entire insular region between Asia and the Americas.
Oceans of the world
In order of size, the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and the Arctic Ocean. The Pacific Ocean also being the deepest.
October Revolution
Russian revolution brought Bolsheviks to power
Olmec
The first Mesoamerican civilization. Between ca. 1200 and 400 B.C.E., the Olmec people of central Mexico created a vibrant civilization that included intensive agriculture, wide-ranging trade, ceremonial centers, and monumental construction. (86)
Olmecs
Mesoamerican “rubber people” arose about 1200BCE. Excess amounts of rainfall called for irrigation to avoid flooding.
Oman
Arab state based in Musqat, the main port in the southwest region of the Arabian peninsula. Oman succeeded Portugal as a power in the western Indian Ocean in the eighteenth century. (p. 542)
One of the first European composers to experiment with romanticism in music was?
Beethoven
Open Door Policy
a series of letter sent in 1899 by US secratery of state John Hay to britain, france, germany, italy, japan, and russia calling for equal economic access to the chinese market for all states and for the maintence of the territorial and administrative integrity of the chinese.
Operation Overlord?
The codename for the Normany Invasion in 1944 (WWII).
Opium War
War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government’s refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories. The victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China. (p. 684)
Opium wars
In the nineteenth century, Britain bought lots of tea from China through the east india trading company. The chinese did not want any British products, leading to a major trade deficit for Britain. TO counter this, Britain began smuggling opium into china, creating millions of addicts. The Chinese government tried to throw out the British as a result, but the British won. This lead to european powers setting up ports in China, and greatly expanding trade. This eventually led to the Boxer rebellion of 1900, which the western powers won once again.
Oracle Bones
Early Shang writing was found on these.
Osiris
The god associated with life, and rebirth due to his story of being cut up and put back together.
Otto von Bismarck
Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714)
Ottoman Empire
Turkish Empire established in Asia Minor. Expanding through Middle East and balkins. Concurred Constantinople. In 1453 it ended the Byzantine Empire.
Ottomans
Turkish people who settled in Asia minor during the 14th century, established empire in the middle east, North Africa, and eastern Europe lasted until just after WWI
