Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Orthotic Study > Fractures > Flashcards

Fractures Flashcards

1
Q

Definition

A

An interruption in continuity of bone and/or cartilage

Usually painful, not always

Usually accompanied by varying degrees of soft tissue injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Fracture Dislocation

A

Fracture through or near a joint

Accompanied by dislocation of that joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Pathological Fracture

A

Occurs through weak bone or abnormal composition

Results from normal use or mild injury to area weakened by underlying disorders

o	Osteogenesis imperfecta
o	Spina bifida
o	Rickets
o	Polio
o	Tumor, cyst, infection etc.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Stress or Fatigue Fracture

A
  • Produced by repeated overuse of a body part yet unaccustomed to the stress to which it is being subjected
  • Commonly seen in new or very active participants in sports
  • Examples

o Undisplaced crack such as “march” fracture of the metatarsal

o Avulsion such as occurs with tibial tubercle in Osgood-Schlatter’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Simple Fracture

A

AKA Closed

Fracture where there is no open skin wound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Compound

A

AKA Open

Fracture that has an accompanying open skin wound at the fracture site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Complete

A

One which the fractured bone is separated into two discrete fragments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Incomplete

A

One in which some contact or continuity is maintained between the bony fragments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Types of Incomplete Fractures

A

Hairline or crack

Greenstick

Buckle or Torus (usually metaphyseal fractures and do not actually produce fragments)

Bowing
Permanent deformation of bone in young children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Undisplaced

A

No shift in normal alignment of the two or more bony fragments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Displaced

A

Two or more bony fragments become shifted out of their normal alignment

i. Lateral Translation
ii. Rotation
iii. Angulation
iv. Overiding
v. Compression
vi. Distraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Importance of periosteum in reduction and healing

A

Fracture of largely intact periosteal sleeve or hinge will

o Heal more quickly
o Be easier to reduce
o Be more stable thereafter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Reduction

A

Correction of displacement of fracture fragments

Produces most successful results when performed within a few days following injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Closed Reduction

A

Obtained by means of gentle manipulation

Direct manual force

Usually under regional/local anesthetic

Skeletal or skin traction may be necessary to reduce overriding fractures with much shortening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Immobilization and Maintenance of Reduction

A

External non-invasive
-molded paster cast

Maintenance Traction

Internal Fixation
- pins, wires, rods, crews etc.

External Fixation

  • used for fractures accompanied by large soft tissue wounds and multiple injuries
  • ease of visualization and care of wounds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Early restoration of function

A

Immobilization may be maintained anywhere from 1 to 8 weeks depending on location, type and severity of the fracture

17
Q

Weight bearing on a fracture

A

Weight bearing on plaster may begin as early as 10 days following injury

As a general rule, weight bearing through a reduced, immobilized fracture site promotes healing

18
Q

Stages of healing

A

Initial Response

• Inflammatory response and formation of fracture haematoma is followed by initiation of callus production after three to four days

Clinical union

• Achieved through ossification of callus tissue
o Over a period of 2 to 3 months
• Fracture clinically united when no movement or pain can be produced at the fracture site

Consolidation and remodeling
• Radiographic union usually achieved 4 to 5 months post-injury

19
Q

Factors that affect healing

A

o Age
• E.g. femoral fracture will unite in 3 to 4 weeks in an infant and 20 weeks in an adult

o Extent, type and location of fracture

o Area of contact and accuracy of reduction of the fragments (10)

o Interruption of availability of blood supply determines healing time

o Cancellous bone, having greater blood supply, heals more rapidly than cortical bone

20
Q

Complications

A

o Delayed union or non-union

o Infection

o Vascular compromise

o Misalignment

21
Q

Objective of orthotic management

A

Successful union of fracture through early graded function in fracture orthosis capable of responding to volume changes

NEVER used in initial treatment on a fractured limb, only after acute symptoms of pain and edema are resolved

22
Q

Contrainidications to orthotic management of fractures

A

Excessive wound drainage

Spastic disorders

Anaesthetic limbs

Severe soft tissue damage

23
Q

Benefits of Orthosis

A

Controlled movement of fracture fragments within fracture orthosis promotes healing (union of the fracture) and aids in the early recovery of the patient while maintaining

  • range of motion
  • muscle tone
  • reducing edema

Load taken through the fracture site increases progressively as the fracture stabilizes through callus formation

24
Q

Hydraulics

A

Enclosed in fracture orthosis, viscoelastic soft tissues surrounding fracture bone behave mechanically as fluids

  • Exerting lateral and oblique forces that offset the vertical loads of ambulation
  • According to Law of Pascal
  • 80% of forces are absorbed by the soft tissues within the brace
  • Adjustability of fracture orthosis critical in maintaining even compression of soft tissues in response to edema and muscle atrophy within the injured limb
25
Q

Orthotic Management of Ankle Fractures

A

Early weight bearing and exercise with a fracture orthosis facilitates
• Union of the fracture
• Restoration of the mortise integrity
• Normal ankle ROM

Clinically, maximum dorsiflexion is not required to preserve mortise integrity and neutral ankle position (90 degrees) will allow healing with adequate mortise width

26
Q

Lauge Hansen ankle fracture classification (4)

A

First part of hyphenated classification describes position of the foot at the time of injury

Second part describes the direction of the injuring force

Classifications
•	Supination-eversion
•	Supination-adduction
•	Pronation-eversion
•	Pronation-abduction

Most common injury is one of supination-eversion

27
Q

Orthotic Management of Tibial Fractures

A

Following acute care of closed tibial fracture
• Limb is immobilized in a groin to toes cast

• Almost complete extension at the knee with foot plantargrade to facilitate early weight bearing which may take place within the first few days after injury

  • 1 to 3 weeks after injury, when pain and swelling have subsided and there is acceptable alignment of the fracture
  • Fracture orthosis may be applied
  • Partial weight bearing encouraged

• Within 6 weeks post injury, patient able to walk without external aids

Orthotic Study (45 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions