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Orthotic Study > Basic Physiology > Flashcards

Basic Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

Made up of contractile fibers that are under neural control

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2
Q

3 types of muscle

A

Smooth

Cardiac

Striated

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3
Q

Smooth

A

Usually formed in sheets surrounding hollow viscera

  • digestive tract
  • respiratory tract
  • blood vessels, uterine walls etc.

INVOLUNTARY as it is innervated by the autonomic nervous system

Can be partially contracted for long periods of time

Cells interlocked and regional contraction occurs instead of single fiber contractions

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4
Q

Cardiac

A

Only found in walls of the heart and base of the great vessels adjacent to it

INVOLUNTARY

Cells are branched

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5
Q

Striated

A

AKA skeletal or VOLUNTARY muscle

usually attached to the skeleton and can move parts of it

43% of adult body weight is composed of skeletal muscles

Each fiber is made up of longitudinally arranged MYOFIBRILS

Fibers are not branched, but packaged in parallel bundles

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6
Q

Skin is made up of 2 layers

A

Epidermis and Dermis

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7
Q

Epidermis

A

Squamous and stratified in organization

Tissue is not vascularized

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8
Q

Functions of the skeletal system

A

1) Support - provide rigid framework for body
2) Mechanical basis of movement- providing attachments for muscles, levers for them to act on
3) Protection - rigid walls or cages that house vital organs
4) Source of blood cells: RBCs, lymphoctes, WBCs, platelets
5) Storage of salts - mineral resevoir for calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium

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9
Q

Types of Bones

A

Compact (Cortical)

Cancellous

Bone Marrow

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10
Q

Compact (cortical) bone

A

Dense outer shell around cancellous bone

Harder stronger stiffer than cancellous bone

Supports weight of the body, made up of calcium and minerals

Primary anatomical and functional unit is called an osteon

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11
Q

Cancellous (trabecular/spongy) bone

A

Consists of slender, irregular bars (trabeculae) of compact bone forming a matrix

Highly vascular

Interconnecting spaces are filled with bone marrow, production of blood cells occurs

Primary functional unit of cancellous bone is trabecula

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12
Q

Bone Marrow

A

Red bone marrow is active blood formation

Yellow bone marrow which is mainly inert and fatty

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13
Q

Classification by Shape (5)

A

1) Long
2) Short
3) Flat
4) Irregular
5) Sesamoid

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14
Q

Long Bones

A

Designed for leverage and weight bearing

Greater in length than width, can be curved

Tubular, consisting of a shaft (diaphysis) and two ends (epiphysis)

Ends form articulations and are covered with hyaline cartilage

Example: Femur

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15
Q

Short bones

A

Cuboidal in shape

Only found in wrist and hand

Six surfaces : four or less for articulation, rest for attachment of tendons and ligaments or entry of blood vessels

Example: Carpals

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16
Q

Flat Bones

A

Designed for protection and muscle attachment

Consists of two plates of cortical bone with spongy bone and marrow between

Examples: vertebrae, some of the facial bones

17
Q

Irregular Bones

A

Complex design and shape

Have some or all of characteristics of long, short, flat bones

Examples: Vertebrae

18
Q

Sesamoid Bones

A

Round or oval nodules of bone that develop in tendons that pass over certain articulations

Articular side is covered in cartilage, other side is buried in the tendon

function is to protect tendon from wear and improve mechanical advantage of tendon acting on a joint

Examples: Patella, Pisiform, and Sesamoids of 1st ray in LE

19
Q

Classification of Bone by Region

A

Axial

Appendicular

20
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

Includes the skull vertebrae, ribs, and sternum

21
Q

Appendicular

A

Bones associated with and including the upper and lower limbs

22
Q

Classification of Joints

A

Fibrous

Cartilaginous

Synovial

23
Q

Fibrous Joint

A

Little or no movement

No joint cavity

Articulating bones are bound tightly with fibrous connective tissue

Examples: Suture joint between cranial bones, tibiofibular joint

Exception: interosseus membrane uniting the radius and ulna, which allows pronation/supination

24
Q

Cartilaginous Joint

A

Little or no movement

No joint cavity

Articulating bones bound tightly with cartilage

Example: Sacro-coccygeal

25
Q

2 types of Cartilaginous Joint

A

Hyaline
Ex. 1st sternocostal joint, epiphyseal plates in growing bones

Fibrocartilagenous
Ex. Intervertebral discs and symphysis pubis

26
Q

Synovial Joints

A

Most common and important functional type

Provide large ranges of motion, and greater degrees of freedom than other joints

Distinguished by

  • presence of joint cavity
  • lubricated articular cartilage
  • joint capsule of fibrous tissue
  • synovial membrane lines joint capsule
  • bones of articulation are held together by accessory ligaments, which are usually thickenings of the fibrous capsule (intra or extra capsular)
27
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Secreted by cells of the synovial membrane

Acts as a viscous lubricant, aiding cartilage in providing near frictionless motion

Also provides nourishment to the articular cartilage within the joint capsule

28
Q

Importance of Accessory Ligaments and Joint Capsule

A

Important in maintaining a normal relationship between the two bones

Limits ranges of motion and the planes in which motion can occur

29
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

Usually hyaline in type

Collagenous matrix of fibers

No nerve supply

Avascular

Receives nourishment from synovial fluid

30
Q

Sub Classifications of Synovial Joints

A

Uniaxial

Bi-axial

Tri-axial

31
Q

Uni-axial

A

Uniaxial- permits motion in one plane about one axis

Hinge

  • One surface is concave, the other is convex
  • Examples: Elbow, Ankle, Interphalangeal joints

Pivot

  • Rounded process of bone rotates about its longitudinal axis within a sleeve or ring composed of a bony fossa
  • Examples: proximal Radioulnar joint and Atlanto axial joint
32
Q

Bi-axial

A

Permits motion in 2 planes about 2 axes that are at right angles to each other

Condyloid
- CIRCULAR rounded process of bone that can flex/extend and ab/adduct or circumduct within socket of adjacent bone
Ex. MCP joints

Ellipsoid
- OVAL rounded process of bone that can flex/extend and ab/adduct or circumduct within socket of the adjacent bone
Ex. Radiocarpal (wrist) joint

33
Q

Tri-axial

A

Permits motion in all three planes about all three axes that are at right angles to each other

Plane

  • bony surfaces are more or less flat
  • allows limited gliding and rotational motion about the longitudinal axis
  • Ex. Acromioclavicular joint, carpal and tarsal joints of the hands and feet respectively

Saddle

  • bony surfaces are reciprocally shaped like a saddle
  • contains a concave and convex portion
  • Ex. Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

Ball and Socket

  • Spherical surface of one bone moves within a socket of the other
  • Highly movable allowing flex/extension, ab/adduction, in/external rotation, and circumduction
  • Ex: Shoulder and Hip
34
Q

Nerve

A

Nerve fibers (axons) are arranged in bundles (fasicles)

CNS is composed of the brain and spinal cord

PNS is everything outside of the CNS (cranial and spinal nerves)

35
Q

Dermis

A

dense collagenous tissue that is firmly adhered to deep side of the epidermis

Orthotic Study (45 decks)

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