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MSK > Foot Problems > Flashcards

Foot Problems Flashcards

1
Q

Non-operative management of foot problmes?

A 
Analgesia, 
Shoe wear modification,
Activity modification, 
Weight loss, 
Physiotherapy,
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2
Q

Forefoot problems?

A 
Hallux valgus, 
Hallux rigidus, 
Lesser toe deformities,
Morton’s neuroma, 
Metatarsalgia, 
Rheumatoid forefoot
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3
Q

What is hallux valgus?

A

Bunions

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4
Q

Aetiology of hallux valgus?

A

Genetic,
Foot wear,
Female

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5
Q

Symptoms of hallux valgus

A

Pressure symptoms from shoe wear,
Pain from crossing over of toes,
Metatarsalgia

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6
Q

Pathology of hallux valgus

A

There is lateral angulation of the great toe caused by tendons pull realigning to the lateral of centre of rotation.

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7
Q

In hallux valgus less weight goes through the toe because of….

A

Sesame is bone subluxation

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8
Q

Non-operative management of hallux valgus?

A

Shoe wear modification,
Orthotics,
Activity modification,
Analgesia

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9
Q

Operative treatment of hallux valgus?

A

Release lateral soft tissues,

Osteotomy 1st metatarsal

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10
Q

What is hallux rigidus?

A

Stiff big toe cause by osteoarthritis of 1st MTP joint

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11
Q

Hallux rigidus symptoms?

A

Asymptomatic,
Pain at extreme of dorsi flexion,
Limited ROM

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12
Q

Non-operative management of hallux rigidus?

A

Activity modification, shoe wear with rigid sole, analgesia

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13
Q

Operative management of hallux rigidus

A

Cheilectomy,
Arthodesis,
Arthroplasty

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14
Q

What is a cheilectomy?

A

Removal of dorsal impingement

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15
Q

What is arthrodesis?

A

surgical immobilization of a joint by fusion of the bones

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16
Q

What are claw toes/

A

Hyperextension in MTP,

Flexion in PIP

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17
Q

What is hammer toe?

A

Hyperextension in MTP

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18
Q

What is mallet toe?

A

Flexion in PIP

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19
Q

Lesser toe deformities aetiology?

A 
Imbalance between flexors/extensors,
Shoe wear, 
Neurological,
Rheumatoid arthritis,
Idiopathic
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20
Q

Lesser toe deformities symptoms?

A

Deformity,
Pain from dorsum,
Pain from plantar side

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21
Q

Lesser toe deformities non-operative treatment?

A

Activity modification,
Change shoe wear,
Orthotic insoles

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22
Q

Lesser toe deformities operative treatment?

A

Flexor to extensor transfer,
Fusion of interphalangeal joint,
Release metatarsophalangeal joint,
Shortening osteotomy of metatarsal

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23
Q

What is Morton’s neuroma?

A

Mechanically induced degenerative neuropathy

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24
Q

Risk factors of Morton’s neuroma?

A

Female,
40-60,
High heels

25
Q

Symptoms of Morton’s neuroma?

A

Normally 3rd/2nd webspaces affected,
Neuralgic burning pain into toes,
Intermittent,
Altered sensation in webspace

26
Q

Investigations of Mortons neuroma?

A

Clinical,
Mulders click,
US/MRI

27
Q

Management of Morton’s neuroma?

A

Steroid injection,

Excision of lesion including section of normal nerve

28
Q

Causes of metatarsalgia?

A

Synovitis, bursitis, arthritis, neuralgia, neuromata, Freiberg’s disease

29
Q

Treatment of rheumatoid forefoot?

A 
Shoe wear, 
Orthotics, 
Activity, 
Arthrodesis (1st MTPJ),
Arthroplasty (2-5th toe excision)
30
Q

Risk factors for dorsal foot ganglia?

A

Arthritis,

Tendon pathology

31
Q

Symptoms of dorsal foot ganglia?

A

Pain from pressure from shoe wear,

Pain from underlying problem

32
Q

Treatment of dorsal foot ganglia

A

Aspiration,

Excision

33
Q

Midfoot arthritis causes

A

Post-traumatic or

Idiopathic

34
Q

Treatment of midfoot arthritis?

A 
Activity, 
Shoewear, 
Orthotics, 
Steroid injections, 
Arthrodesis
35
Q

Plantar fibromatosis define

A

Also called Ledderhose disease,

Dupuytrens of the foot

36
Q

Treatment of plantar fibromatosis?

A

Shoewear,
Orthotics,
Excision,
Radiotherapy

37
Q

What is Achilles tendinosis?

A

Degenerative/ overuse condition with little inflammation

38
Q

Name the clinical conditions of the Achilles tendinopathies?

A

Insertional tendinopathy (within 2cm of insertion),
Non-insertional (2-7cm of insertion),
Bursitis,
Paratendinopathy

39
Q

What is the difference between tendinopathy and paratendenopathy?

A

Paratendenopathy is true inflammatorym showing paratendonitis histologically,
Is common in the athletic population
Whereas tendinopathy is common in non-athletic propulsion

40
Q

Risk factors of tendonopathy?

A

> 40,
Obesity,
Steroids,
Diabetes

41
Q

Symptoms of Achilles tendinopathy

A 
Pain during exercise, 
Pain following exercise, 
Recurrent episodes, 
Difficulty fitting shoes, 
Rupture
42
Q

Diagnosis of Achilles tendinopathy?

A

Clinical (tenderness, Simmonds and angle of the dangle tests)
US,
MRI

43
Q

What are the Achilles Rupture tests?

A

Simmonds,

Matles

44
Q

Non-operative treatment of Achilles Tendinopathy?

A 
Activity modification, 
Weight loss, 
Shoe wear modification, 
Physiotherapy,
Extra-corporeal shockwave treatment,
Immobilisation
45
Q

Operative treatment of Achilles tendinopathy?

A

Gastrocnemius recession,

Release and debridement of tendon

46
Q

What is fasciosis?

A 
Chronic degenerative change, 
Fibroblast hypertrophy,
Absence inflammatory cells,
Disorganised and dysfunctional blood vessels and collagen,
Asvascularity
47
Q

What is plantar fasciitis?

A

Fasciosis and the body cant make extra cellular matrix required for repair and remodelling

48
Q

Risk factors of plantar fasciitis?

A

Athletes high intensity or rapid increase in training,
Running with poorly padded shoes or hard surfaces,
Obesity,
Occupations involving prolonged standing,
Foot/ lower limb rotational deformities,
Tight gastro-soleus complex

49
Q

Plantar fasciitis symptoms?

A

Pain first thing in the morning,
Pain on weight bearing after rest,
Pain located at origin of plantar fascia

50
Q

DD of plantar fasciitis

A

Nerve entrapment syndrome,
Arthritis,
Calcaneal pathology

51
Q

Treatment for plantar fasciiitis?

A 
Rest, 
Change training, 
Stretching, 
Ice,
NSAIDs,
Orthoses,
Physiotherapy,
Weight loss, 
Corticosteroids injection, 
Night splinting
52
Q

New treatment for plantar fasciitis?

A 
Extracorporeal shockwave therapy, 
Topaz plasma coblation, 
Nitric Oxide, 
Platlet rick plasma, 
Endoscopic/open surgery
53
Q

Non-operative management of ankle arthritis?

A

Weight loss, activity modification, analgesia, physiotherapy, steroid injections

54
Q

Operative management of ankle arthritis?

A

Arthrodesis,

Joint replacement

55
Q

What is tibialis posterior tendon dysfunction

A

Acquired adult flat foot planovalgus

56
Q

Clinical diagnosis of tibialis posterior tendon dysfunction

A

Double and single heel raise

57
Q

Symptoms of tibialis posterior tendon dysfunction

A

Medial or lateral pain

58
Q

Treatment of tibialis posterior tendon dysfunction

A

Orthoses (medial arch support),
Reconstruction of tendon,
Triple fusion

59
Q

What are the 3 stages of Charcot neuroarthropathy bone destruction

A

Fragmentation,
Coalescence,
Remodelling

MSK (40 decks)

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