Foot

Question 1

Medial longitudinal arch formed by

Answer 1

Calcaneus
Talus
Navicular
1-3rd cuneiforms, metatarsals, proximal, medial, distal phalanges

Question 2

Lateral longitudinal arch formed by

Answer 2

Calcaneus
Cuboid
4th and 5th metatarsal, proximal, medial and distal phalanges

Question 3

Transverse arch formed by

Answer 3

Cuboid, all 3 cuneiforms

Metatarsal bases

Question 4

Dorsal fascia

Answer 4

Continuous with extensor retinaculum

Dorsalis pedis artery and deep fibular nerve emerge beneath the inferior border of the extensor retinaculum

Question 5

Plantar aponeurosis

Answer 5

Longitudinal band of dense CT
Distally divides into 5 bands enclosing digital tendons
Supports longitudinal foot arch

Question 6

Plantar fasciitis

Answer 6

Caused by running, high-impact exercise, worn out shoes, obesity
Inflammation at proximal attachment near the heel
Pain worse after sitting or getting out of bed in morning
Can lead to calcaneal spur especially from medial calcaneal tubercle

Question 7

Dorsal muscles include what and are innervated by what

Answer 7

Extensor hallucis brevis
Extensor digitorum brevis
Deep fibular nerve from the common fibular from sciatic

Question 8

First layer plantar muscles

Answer 8

Abductor digiti minimi
Flexor digitorum brevis
Abductor hallucis
These muscles extend from the calcaneus to the phalanges

Question 9

Plantar second layer muscles

Answer 9

Quadratus plantae- joins tendons of FDL to calcaneus
Assists in flexing lateral 4 digits
Lumbricals- originate from FDL tendons, flex MP joints and extend PIP/DIP joints
FDL and FHL tendons found here but aren’t considered 2nd layer muscles

Question 10

Plantar third layer muscles

Answer 10

Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Adductor hallucis transverse/oblique head
Flexor hallucis brevis

Question 11

Plantar fourth layer muscles

Answer 11

3 plantar interossei
4 dorsal interossei
Fibularis longus and tibialis posterior tendons found here

Question 12

Hallux valgus

Answer 12

Lateral deviation of great toe
Tissue surrounding deviated area swells leading to friction, causing bursa to form and be inflamed, and that inflamed bursa is called a bunion

Question 13

Corns

Answer 13

Inflamed area with thickened skin over proximal interphalangeal joints, caused by hallux valgus

Question 14

Mallet toe

Answer 14

Flexion in distal IP joint

Question 15

Hammer toe

Answer 15

Extension at MP joint and flexion at proximal IP joint

Usually of second digit

Question 16

Claw toe

Answer 16

Extension at MP joint and flexion at both the proximal and distal IP joints
Usually involves lateral four toes

Question 17

Trigger toe

Answer 17

Extension of the MP and flexion of the IP in large toe

Question 18

Lateral branch of deep fibular nerve innervates

Answer 18

Intrinsic dorsal foot muscles

Question 19

Lateral plantar nerve path

Answer 19

Passes deep to abductor hallucis
Runs anterolaterally deep to flexor digitorum brevis
Terminates by dividing into common/proper plantar digital nerves

Question 20

Medial plantar nerve path

Answer 20

Passes deep to abductor hallucis
Runs anteriorly b/w abductor hallucis and flexor digitorum brevis
Divides into common/proper plantar digital nerves near metatarsal bases

Question 21

Lateral plantar nerve innervates

Answer 21

Abductor digiti minimi
Quadratus plantae
Lateral 3 lumbricals
Adductor hallucis (deep branch)
Flexor digitorum minimi brevis (superficial branch)
Interossei
Supplies plantar skin

Question 22

Medial plantar nerve innervates

Answer 22

Abductor hallucis
Flexor digitorum brevis
Medial one lumbrical
Flexor hallucis brevis
Supplies plantar skin

Question 23

Lateral plantar artery path

Answer 23

Branch from posterior tibial artery
Runs with lateral plantar nerve superficial to quadratus plantae
Gives rise to 3-6th plantar metatarsal and plantar digital arteries
Ends by joining deep plantar artery from dorsalis pedis artery to form plantar arterial arch

Question 24

Medial plantar artery path

Answer 24

From posterior tibial artery
Runs with medial plantar nerve
Passes distally b/w abductor hallucis and FDB
Gives rise to medial 1st and 2nd plantar metatarsal and plantar digital arteries

Question 25

Lymph of the feet

Answer 25

Infections in the foot will drain to the popliteal lymph nodes

Question 26

Deep fibular nerve innervates

Answer 26

Extensor digitorum brevis

Extensor hallucis brevis