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COM MSK > Bone and Cartilage Histology > Flashcards

Bone and Cartilage Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Does cartilage have neurovasculature

A

No it receives nutrients from diffusion via surrounding capillaries

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2
Q

Chondroblasts

A

Cells that secrete cartilage matrix

Have mitotic capabilities

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3
Q

Chondrocytes

A

Mature cartilage cells in lacunae
Surrounded by and maintain matrix
Form isogenous groups

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4
Q

Fibers of the cartilage matrix

A

Type II collagen is predominant although type I may be present
Elastin fibers in elastic cartilage
Ground substance includes hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate

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5
Q

Differentiation of cartilage cells

A

Takes place from the center outward
Central cells are chondrocytes
Peripheral cells are chondroblasts

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6
Q

Cartilage arises from what

A

Embryonic mesoderm

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7
Q

Perichondrium

A

Dense irregular CT covering hyaline and elastic cartilage
Lacking in fibrocartilage and articular cartilage
Arises from mesenchyme

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8
Q

Outer/fibrous layer of perichondrium

A

Largely type I collagen and fibroblasts

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9
Q

Inner/chondrogenic layer of perichondrium

A

Adjoins cartilage matrix, contains mesenchymal stem cells

Source for new chondroblasts to divide/differentiate into chondrocytes

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10
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Found on articular surfaces of synovial joints, larger respiratory passages, costal cartilages and epiphyseal plates of long bones, portions of embryonic skeleton
Surrounded by perichondrium

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11
Q

Territorial matrix of hyaline cartilage

A

Immediately surrounds each chondrocyte
ECM consists of type II collagen
High GAGs
Staining is more basophilic

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12
Q

Interterritorial matrix of hyaline cartilage

A

Surrounds territorial matrix
More collagen II, fewer proteoglycans
Staining is less basophilic

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13
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Similar to hyaline but contains elastic fibers embedded in type II collagen
Elastic fibers appear dark with orcein or resorcin-fuchsin stains
Found in auricle of ear, walls of EAC, eustachian tubes, epiglottis

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14
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Mix of hyaline cartilage and dense CT
Lacks perichondrium
Tough, yet cushioning support tissue for bone
Found in intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, and selected joint capsules
Sparse type II collagen, with fibroblasts and dense bundles of type I collagen

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15
Q

Interstitial vs appositional growth

A

Interstitial- mitotic division of pre-existing chondrocytes in lacunae
Appositional- chondroblast differentiation from progenitor cells in the perichondrium
Damaged cartilage undergoes slow and incomplete repair except in young children
-due to avascularity and low metabolic rate

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16
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Produce osteoid, initiate and control mineralization of osteoid
Located along edges of bone and/or matrix, near periosteum or endosteum
Located near mesenchyme in developing bone

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17
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Multi-nucleated cells
Ruffled border which reabsorbs bone through H+ and lysosomal protein
Typically located along edges of bone for digestion/remodeling purposes

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18
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells in lacunae, maintain bone matrix
Communicate with osteoblasts to increase deposition of bone matrix
Extend long, spider-like processes
Typically centrally located, embedded in lacunae but extend processes in canaliculi

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19
Q

Compact bone

A

Encloses cancellous bone

Lamellar (mature) bone

20
Q

Cancellous/spongy bone

A

Trabeculae
Porous to house bone marrow
Parallel bundles of collagen in thin layers, with regularly spaced cells in between
Can be lamellar (mature) or woven (immature) bone

21
Q

Woven bone

A

Usually replaced by lamellar bone
Characterized by loose, random arrangement of collagen, low cell count
Forms during fracture repair and remodeling

22
Q

Epiphysis

A

Knobby regions at ends of bone
Compact bone is superficial, with spongy bone deep to surface
Contains epiphyseal plate

23
Q

Diaphysis

A

Elongated shaft

24
Q

Metaphysis

A

Between diaphysis and epiphysis

Consists of spongy bone

25
Q

Epiphyseal line

A

Within metaphysis

Epiphyseal plate has fused

26
Q

Endosteum

A

CT lining of all trabeculae and marrow cavity

Contains osteoprogenitor cells, reticular cells of bone marrow, CT fibers

27
Q

Periosteum

A

Dense irregular CT covering external surface of bone
Does not cover articular cartilages
Neurovascular
Anchored by perforating fibers embedded in matrix
Contains osteoblasts

28
Q

Spongy bone tissue

A

Arranged as trabeculae, open lattice of narrow lamellar plates
Most easily seen in bones of the skull
Oriented in positions that maximize strength while minimizing mass
Houses bone marrow

29
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Pre-existing hyaline cartilage is eroded and evaded by osteoblasts, beginning osteoid production
Happens in bones of extremities, pectoral/pelvic girdles
Pelvis, vertebrae, ends of clavicles

30
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Osteoblasts differentiate directly from mesenchyme and begin secreting osteoid
Flat bones of skull, facial bones, mandible, central part of clavicle

31
Q

What is similar b/w intramembranous and endochondral ossification

A

Woven bone is produced first and then replaced by lamellar bone

32
Q

Zone of proliferation

A

Cartilage cells undergo division and secrete collagen

33
Q

Zone of hypertrophy

A

Greatly enlarged chondrocytes

Secrete factors that initiate vascular invasion

34
Q

Zone of ossification/resorption

A

Nearest the diaphysis
Calcified cartilage is in direct contact with marrow cavity
Blood vessels and osteoprogenitors invade the region
Osteoprogenitors differentiate into osteoblasts

35
Q

Achondroplasia

A 
Autosomal dominant syndrome, mutation in FGFR3
Most common form of dwarfism
Shortening of long bones
Small midface
Altered spinal curvature
36
Q

Appositional growth

A

Growth in circumference of long bones via osteoblasts in periosteum
Accompanied by enlargement of marrow cavity by activity of osteoclasts in endosteum

37
Q

Rickets

A

Calcium deficiency in children
Bone matrix does not calcify normally and the epiphyseal plate can become distorted by normal strains of body wait and muscular activity
Bones grow slowly and become deformed
Widening of wrist and bowing of distal radius/ulna and femur/tibia
Can also be caused by failure to produce Vitamin D

38
Q

Osteomalacia

A

Deficient calcification of recently formed bone and partial decalcification of already calcified matrix
Vitamin D deficiency, lack of sun, GI disease
Can be asymptomatic

39
Q

Bone fracture repair

A

Torn blood vessels release blood and produce fracture hematoma
Hematoma removed by macrophages, replaced by fibrocartilage mass called pro-callus, which is then invaded by vessels and osteoblasts
Fibrocartilage replaced by woven bone forming hard callus which eventually becomes compact/cancellous bone

40
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Decrease in bone mass and increased fragility
Loses ability to produce organic matrix (collagen)
Commonly occurs in elderly and postmenopausal females

41
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Lines joint cavity, except articular cartilage
Vascular CT membrane
Regenerative properties
Absorbs shock

42
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Reduces friction, avascular, no nerve supply
Hyaline cartilage without perichondrium
Collagen fibers run perpendicular to the tissue surface, but bend gradually to form an arc

43
Q

Superficial vs intermediate vs deep vs calcified zones

A

Superficial- elongated and flattened chondrocytes
Intermediate- round chondrocytes
Deep- chondrocytes arranged in short columns
Calcified- small chondrocytes surrounded by calcified matrix, borders subchondral bone

44
Q

Tidemark

A

Separates calcified zone from subchondral bone

45
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Degenerative joint disease
Related to aging and injury of articular cartilage
Various degrees of joint deformity and destruction
Commonly affects weight bearing joints
Early stage- superficial layer of articular cartilage affected
Late stage- destruction of cartilage extends to the bone, where the exposed subchondral bone becomes new articular surface

COM MSK (35 decks)

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