Development of the Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

The sclerotome is derived from

Answer 1

Ventromedial part of paraxial mesoderm

Question 2

The dorsolateral part of the paraxial mesoderm gives rise to

Answer 2

Dermatome and myotome

Question 3

The key components of the vertebral column are the

Answer 3

Notochord and paraxial mesoderm sclerotome

Question 4

Caudal part of sclerotome in vertebral column formation is ____ while the cephalic part of sclerotome is ____

Answer 4

Caudal is dense

Cephalic is loose

Question 5

Nucleus pulposus is formed by

Answer 5

Notochord expands to form nucleus pulposus

Question 6

Annulus fibrosis is formed by

Answer 6

Fibrous tissue from sclerotome

Question 7

The notochord expands at what regions of the spinal cord

Answer 7

Intervertebral discs

Question 8

Intervertebral discs formation is most likely associated with what structures

Answer 8

Notochord and mesodermal sclerotome

Question 9

Ribs and costal cartilages are formed from

Answer 9

Sclerotome

Question 10

Sternum develops where

Answer 10

In the somatic lateral plate mesoderm

Question 11

Gain of function in Hox genes causes what in the vertebral column

Answer 11

Caudilization, changes the combinatorial code resulting in transformation of vertebrae

Question 12

Loss of function in Hox genes causes what in the vertebral column

Answer 12

Cranialization, changes the combinatorial code resulting in transformation of vertebrae

Question 13

What is associated with thoracic outlet syndrome, and what can this cause

Answer 13

The cervical rib being shorter/lower on one side, can cause arterial compression

Question 14

What is pectus carinatum

Answer 14

Sternum protrusion, also known as pigeon chest

Question 15

What is pectus excavatum

Answer 15

Sternum depression, also known as funnel chest

Question 16

Myotome derived epimere gives rise to ___ which are innervated by

Answer 16

Epaxial muscles (extensors of spine) innervated by dorsal rami

Question 17

Myotome derived hypomere gives rise to ___ which are innervated by

Answer 17

Hypaxial muscles (flexors of spine) innervated by ventral rami

Question 18

Cervical myotomes from hypaxial division form

Answer 18

Scalene, prevertebral, geniohyoid and infrahyoid muscles

Question 19

Thoracic myotomes from hypaxial division form

Answer 19

Lateral and ventral flexors of vertebral column

Question 20

Lumbar myotomes from hypaxial division form

Answer 20

Quadratus lumborum

Question 21

Sacrococcygeal myotome from hypaxial division form

Answer 21

Muscles of pelvic diaphragm

Question 22

Epaxial divisions form what muscles

Answer 22

Extensors of neck and vertebral column

Question 23

Limb myoblasts are formed from what, and form what muscles

Answer 23

Formed from hypomere
Dorsal- Posterior compartment muscles innervated by terminal branches from posterior cord
Ventral- Anterior compartment muscles innervated by branches from lateral and medial cords

Question 24

What is Poland syndrome

Answer 24

Associated with syndactyly
Absence of pectoralis major and minor
Ipsilateral breast hypoplasia
Absence of 2 to 4 ribs

Question 25

What is prune belly syndrome

Answer 25

Partial or complete absence of abdominal musculature
Primarily affects males
Associated with failure of testes to descend (cryptorchidism)
Malformation of urinary tract and bladder- urethral destruction

Question 26

Lateral plate mesoderm gives rise to

Answer 26

Visceral muscle

Connective tissue of limbs including bones and tendons

Question 27

What gives rise to Meninx primitiva

Answer 27

Mesoderm in origin
Derived from cells of sclerotome
Neural crest cells migrate and mingle

Question 28

Dura mater is formed from

Answer 28

Mesoderm

Question 29

Arachnoid/pia mater formed from

Answer 29

Neural crest

Question 30

Neural tube gives rise to

Answer 30

CNS/retina