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Food Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Living organisms need food for

A

1) Energy

2) Growth and Repair

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2
Q

Definition of Metabolism

A

Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions that take place in an organism/cell

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3
Q

Definition of Anabolism

A

Making large molecules by joining small molecules together. It requires energy.

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4
Q

Example of anabolism

A

Photosynthesis

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5
Q

Definition of Catabolism

A

The breaking down of large molecules into smaller molecules. It releases energy.

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6
Q

Example of Catabolism

A

Respiration

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7
Q

The six most common elements in food

A

1) Carbon (C)
2) Hydrogen (H)
3) Oxygen (O)
4) Nitrogen (N)
5) Phosphorus (P)
6) Sulfur (S)

CHONPS

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8
Q

The five elements in dissolved salts

A

1) Sodium (Na)
2) Magnesium (Mg)
3) Chlorine (Cl)
4) Potassium (K)
5) Calcium (Ca)

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9
Q

The trace elements are

A

1) Iron (Fe)
2) Copper (Cu)
3) Zinc (Zn)

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10
Q

Definition of Biomolecules

A

Chemicals made inside living things

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11
Q

Biomolecules in food

A

1) Proteins
2) Carbohydrates
3) Lipids
4) Vitamins

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12
Q

Elements present in protein

A

1) Carbon (C)
2) Hydrogen (H)
3) Oxygen (O)
4) Nitrogen (N)

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13
Q

Subunits of proteins

A

Amino acids

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14
Q

How to tell the difference between amino acids

A

Different order (sequence) of amino acids produced a different protein

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15
Q

Why are amino acids in different shapes

A

Proteins are folded differently and this gives them a specific function

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16
Q

Where are proteins made

A

Proteins are made in the cell at the ribosome

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17
Q

Where are proteins stored?

A

Protein cannot be stored by the body

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18
Q

What happens to excess (unused) proteins

A

It is deaminated (broken down) by the liver and the product urea is then filtered from the blood by the kidneys and excreted

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19
Q

What is excretion?

A

The removal of waste products of metabolism

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20
Q

Good sources of protein

A

Meat, fish, eggs, milk, beans, peas and nuts

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21
Q

Structural role of protein

A

1) in hair and skin (keratin)

2) in muscle (myosin)

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22
Q

Metabolic role of protein

A

1) antibodies made by white blood cells defend against disease (antigens)
2) enzymes are biological catalysts- speed up metabolism (chemical reactions)
3) hormones regulate (control) metabolism

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23
Q

Elements of Carbohydrates

A

Carbon (C)
Hydrogen (H)
Oxygen (O)

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24
Q

What is a monosaccharide

A

Made of one sugar unit

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25
Q

Examples of monosaccharides

A

1) Glucose (C6H12O6)
2) Fructose
3) Galactose
4) Deoxyribose is in DNA
5) Ribose is in RNA

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26
Q

What is a disaccharide

A

Made when two sugar units join together

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27
Q

Examples of disaccharides

A 
Maltose = glucose + glucose
Sucrose = glucose + fructose
Lactose = glucose + galactose
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28
Q

What is a polysaccharide

A

Made when more than two sugar units join together

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29
Q

Examples of polysaccharides

A

1) Starch
2) Glycogen
3) Cellulose (this is the ‘fibre’ in our diet)

30
Q

Dietary sources of monosaccharides

A

Fruit
Honey
Jam

31
Q

Dietary sources of Disaccharides

A

1) Sucrose in fruit, table sugar
2) lactose in milk
3) maltose in germinating seeds

32
Q

Dietary sources of polysaccharides

A

1) Starch: bread, rice, pasta, spuds

2) cellulose: fruit, vegetables, whole grain cereals, nuts

33
Q

Structural role of Carbohydrates

A

1) cellulose in cell wall of plant cells

2) chitin in the cell walls of fungi

34
Q

Metabolic role of Carbohydrates

A

1) energy source (energy is released from glucose during respiration)
2) Energy storage (starch is stored in plants, glycogen is stored in the muscle and liver of animals)

35
Q

Elements of lipids

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

36
Q

Subunits of lipids

A

Glycerol with three fatty acids linked to the glycerol

37
Q

What is a phospholipid

A

Glycerol with two fatty acids and a phosphate

38
Q

Dietary sources of lipids

A

Meat, milk, butter, cheese, plant oils, margarine

39
Q

Structural role of lipids

A

1) phospholipids are found in membranes of cells (nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast)
2) cuticle on the surface of leaves (made of wax, for protection)

40
Q

Metabolic role of lipids

A

1) store energy: lipids contain twice the amount of energy as carbohydrates or protein
2) energy source for respiration
3) hormones regulate metabolism

41
Q

Definition of minerals

A

Minerals are soluble salts that contain elements essential for metabolism

42
Q

How do plants obtain their minerals

A

The absorb them from the soil

43
Q

How do animals receive their minerals

A

In the food they eat

44
Q

Why do plants require minerals

A

Calcium: needed for the ‘glue’ (middle lamella) between neighbouring plant cell walls

Magnesium: found in chlorophyll that is needed for photosynthesis

45
Q

Why do animals require minerals

A

Calcium: for the formation of teeth and bones

Iron: for the formation of haemoglobin needed for oxygen transport in our blood

46
Q

Definition of vitamins

A

A vitamin is a chemical needed in small amounts in the diet for health

47
Q

Name a water soluble vitamin

A

Vitamin C

48
Q

Source of Vitamin C

A

Citrus fruits

49
Q

Function of vitamin C

A

1) healthy skin and gums

2) needed for absorption of iron from the intestine

50
Q

A deficiency of vitamin C

A

Scurvy

51
Q

Symptoms of Major deficiency in vitamin C

A

Bleeding gums, poor healing

52
Q

Name a fat soluble vitamin

A

Vitamin D

53
Q

Source of vitamin D

A

Milk and produced in skin exposed to UV light

54
Q

Function of vitamin D

A

1) bone and tooth formation

2) needed for the absorption of calcium from the intestine

55
Q

Long term deficiency of vitamin D

A

Rickets (in children)

Osteomalacia (in adults)

56
Q

Symptoms of major deficiency of vitamin D

A

Late teething and deformed legs and arms, weak bones

57
Q

Name any one structural protein

A

Keratin or Myosin

58
Q

What is the general formula of Carbohydrates

A

(CH2O)n

59
Q

Name the test or give the chemicals used to demonstrate the presence of fat in a food sample

A

Brown paper

60
Q

What is meant by a trace element?

A

Only needed in small amounts

61
Q

Deficiency disease of vitamin A

A

Dry eye/ blindness/ reduced immune system

62
Q

Deficiency disease in vitamin E

A

Muscle weakness/ numbness/impaired vision/ anaemia/ heart disease

63
Q

Deficiency disease of vitamin K

A

Excessive bleeding/ reduced bone density/ bruise easily

64
Q

What is the main structural polysaccharide in plants

A

Cellulose

65
Q

Describe the composition of a triglyceride molecule

A

Glycerol and three fatty acids

66
Q

Name a test or give chemicals used to demonstrate the presence of protein in a food sample

A

Biuret or copper sulphate and sodium hydroxide

67
Q

Name any one mineral present in dissolved salts and state it’s function in humans

A 
Mineral: Sodium, Magnesium, Chlorine, Potassium, Calcium
Function: 
(sodium) maintains blood pressure
(Magnesium) blood glucose control
(Chlorine) maintains pH balance
(Potassium) regulates heartbeat
(Calcium) formation of bones
68
Q

How would you know that a positive result was obtained from the biuret test

A

Purple/ violet colour

69
Q

Why is water needed in the body?

A

Movement of minerals in and out of cells

Aids in cooling down the body

70
Q

Name a protein that has a Fibrous structure

A

Keratin or collagen

71
Q

Give a role of a named mineral (other than calcium) which is required by plants

A

Magnesium

Found in chlorophyll that is needed for photosynthesis

72
Q

Which type of food biomolecule may be identifies by the use of Benedicts of Fehlings solution

A

Reducing sugar

Biology (24 decks)

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