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A-level PE > Fluid mechanics and projectile motion > Flashcards

Fluid mechanics and projectile motion Flashcards

1
Q

What is fluid mechanics/

A

the study of the forces acting on a body travelling through the air or water.

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2
Q

When does air resistance act on a body?

A

a body travelling at high velocity through air

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3
Q

WHat is the force of drag?

A

a force that opposes the direction of motion of a body through water.

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4
Q

What are the four main factors affecting the magnitude of air resistance and drag on a body?

A
  • velocity
  • frontal cross- sectional area
  • streamlining and shape
  • surface characteristics
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5
Q

How does velocity effect air resistance and drag?

A
  • greater the velocity, greater the air resistance or drag
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6
Q

How does frontal cross sectional area effect drag + air reistance ?

A

larger the frontal cross sectional area, larger air resistance or drag

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7
Q

How does streamlining and shape effect air resistance and drag?

A

more streamlined and aerodynamic the shape of the body in motion, the lower the air resistance or drag

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8
Q

How does surface characteristics effect air resistance or drag?

A

smoother the surface, lower the air resistance or drag

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9
Q

What is projectile motion?

A

movement of a body through the air following a curved flight path under hte force of gravity

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10
Q

What is a projectile?

A

a body that is launched into the air losing contact with the ground surface

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11
Q

What four factors is the horizontal distance travlled by a projectile effected by?

A
  • speed of release
  • angle of release
  • height of release
  • aerodynamic factors
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12
Q

Explain how a the distance travlled by a projectile is mainly effected by speed of release?

A

This is due to newtons second law of acceleration. The greater the force applied to the projectile, the greater the change in momentum and acceleration of the projectile in air

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13
Q

Explain how angle of release effects the distance travelled by a projectile?

A
  • if released at 90 will go straight up
  • at 45 it is the optimal angle
  • greater then 45, the projectile will peak to early
  • less then 45, insufficient height
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14
Q

WHat is a parabola?

A
  • uniform curve symmetrical about its highest point
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15
Q

In flight what is a projectile effected by?

A

weight and air resistance

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16
Q

What is a parabolic flight path?

A

a flight path symetrical about its highest point caused by the dominant weight force of a projectile

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17
Q

When would a parabolic flight path occur?

A

if weight is the dominant force and air resistance is very small

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18
Q

What is a non parabolic flight path?

A

a flight path asymmetrical about its highest point caused by the dominant force of air resistance on the projectile

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19
Q

WHen does a non parabolic flight path occur>

A

if air resistance is the dominant force and weight is very smal

20
Q

How can the forces acting on a projectile in flight be represented?

A

a free body diagram

21
Q

What are the three phases of motion within a flight path ?

A
  • start of flight
  • mid flight
  • end of fligth
22
Q

When will air resistence be greatest in flight?

A

at the start as the velocity is highest

23
Q

WHat is a parallelogram of forces?

A

a parallelogram illustrating the theory that a diagonal drawn from the point where forces are represented in size and direction shows the resultant force acting

24
Q

What is the resultant force?

A
  • the sum of all forces acting on a body or the net force acting on the projectile
25
Q

What happens if the resultant force is closer to the weight arrow>

A

the force of weight is dominant and therefore the flight path will be more parabolic

26
Q

What does it show if the resultant forve is closer to the air resistance arrow?

A

the force of air resistance is dominant and therefore the flight path will be non-parabolic

27
Q

What is the bernoulli principle?

A

creation of an additional lift force on a projectile in flight resulting from bernoulli’s conclusion that the higher the velocity of air flow, the lower the surrounding pressure

28
Q

WHat is the effect of additional lift?

A

to increase the time the projectile hangs in the air, extening the flight path and horizontal distance covered

29
Q

WHat is lift force?

A

an additional force created by a pressure gradient forming on opposing surfaces of an aerofoil moving through a fluid

30
Q

As velocity of an aerofoil increases, where does pressure decrease?

A
  • above the curved upper surface, low pressure created

- below the flat underneath surface, high pressure created

31
Q

What is the angle of attack?

A

the most favourable angle of release for a projectile to optimise lift force due to the Bernoulli principle

32
Q

What is the magnus effect?

A

creation of an additional Magnus force on a spinning projectile which deviated from the flight path

33
Q

What is a magnus force?

A

a force created from a pressure gradient on opposing surfaces of a spinning body moving through air

34
Q

What is a magnus force?

A

a force created from a pressure gradient on opposing surfaces of a spinning body moving through air

35
Q

how is spin created?

A
  • applying an external force outside the centre of the mass
36
Q

What are the four types of spin?

A
  • topspin, backspin, sidespin hook, sidespin slice
37
Q

How is topspin created?

A

eccentric force applied above centre of mass

38
Q

How is backspin created

A

eccentric force applied below center of mass

39
Q

How is backspin created

A

eccentric force applied below center of mass

40
Q

How is backspin created

A

eccentric force applied below center of mass

41
Q

How is a sidespin hook created?

A
  • eccentric force applied right of the centre of mass
42
Q

How is a sidespin slice created?

A
  • eccentric force applied left of the centre of mass
43
Q

what effect does topspin have on magus force and flight path

A
  • downward magnus force, shortening flight path
44
Q

What effect does backspin rotation create on magnus force and flight path?

A
  • upward magnus force, lengthening flight path
45
Q

What effect does a sidespin rotation have on magnus force and flight path?

A
  • slice creates right magnus force, flight path right

- hook creates left magnus force, flight path left

46
Q

For a ball with topspin how is the extra magnus force created?

A
  • upper surface of the projectile rotating towards the oncoming air flow (high pressure zone created)
  • lower surface of the projectile rotating in the same direction as the air flow (low pressure zone created)
  • pressure gradient forming and magnus force being created downwards

A-level PE (19 decks)

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