4.5 Stages of learning Flashcards
What is the second stage of learning?
associative stage
Define the associative stage?
- where performer is learning how to perform the skill well and how to adapt skill
- performer attempts to translate knowledge into performance.
What are the types of feedback for associative stage?
- intrinsic feedback
- positive and negative feedback
- extrinsic feedback
What is intrinsic feedback?
the physical feel of the movement as it is being performed
What is entrinsic feeback?
feedback from outside the performer
Types of practise for associative stage?
- part practise
- progressive part practise
- massed practise (set shot in basketball)
Characteristics of associative stage?
- fewer errors
- motor program development
- anticipation
- monitors own feedback
What should a coach do for associative stage?
- correct feedback
- stress correct fundamentals
- accommodate differences in skill development
- lots of practise opportunity
Practical examples of associative stage?
- tackling in rugby (put knowledge into practise)
- back flip in gymnastics ( putting skill together)
What is the third stage of learning?
autonomous stage
Define autonomous stage?
performer does not have to think about skill they are performing , focus on environment around them.
- performer has mastered skill
characteristics of autonomous stage?
- perform with consistancy and accuracy
- adapt performance to environment
- very few mistakes
- trains often
- high performance level
What does performance of autonomous skill look like?
- athelte doesnt focus on actual skill but the factors their skill will impact (specifics - where to place a ball)
What type of feedback is used in autonomous stage?
- negative feedback ( refine performance)
- intrinsic feedback to refine and master skills
How is a coached used in the autonomous stage?
- use complex video analysis to help performance
- pick up on errors
What do athletes start to develop in the associative stage?
kineasthesis
What must an autonomous skill consistently be done?
thought about and practised
What is the first stage of learning?
cognitive stage
What is the cognitive stage?
The cognitive stage is the beginning stage. The performer is inconsistent and makes many mistakes as they learn a new skill.
What happens in the brain at the cognitive stage?
- new links are created in order to allow the player to repeat and perform new skills
- Extended practice builds new synaptic connectivity that leads directly to the development of new patterns of activity that enable new abilities.
- The process for humans to master a new skill also involves the generation of new neural activity patterns which allows the skill to be remembered and repeated
What does performance look like at the cognitive stage?
- slow
- jerky
- robotic
- lots of errors
WHat are the coaching points for the cognitive stage?
- correct performance must be reinforced
- demonstration and repetition is key
- positive feedback to encourage learners
WHat type of practise should be used for cognitive stage?
whole part whole
Give an example of when people are at cognitive stage?
learning new skill
What are the four types of guidance?
- visual guidance
- verbal guidance
- manual guidance
- mechanical guidance
What is visual guidance?
- learner watches a model performing a skill (demo or videos)
Give two examples of visual guidance ?
- demonstration of how to do a tennis serve
- video of a person doing a hockey hit
What is verbal giuidance?
- the learner is told what to do through spoken instruction
good for feedback
Examples of verbal guidance?
- telling a player which tactics to use in a game
- explaining to a player where the right drive is in netball
What is manual guidance ?
- learner is given physical support by a teacher or coach, moving joints or limbs through the movement
- manipulating the learners body to try and develop kinesthesis
Examples of manual guidance?
- physical support during a forehand shot in tennis
- physical support when someone is doing a backflip on a trampoline
What is mechanical guidance?
- learner uses equipment or apparatus to help performance, supporting the body through the movement using apparatus to develop confidence
Examples of mechanical guidance ?
- using a harness in trampolining
- using floats or armbands in swimming
What are the advantages of visual guidance ?
- easy to create a mental picture of skill so learner can replicate it
- increasing understanding of movement requirements
- correct errors
- motivates the learner
- good at the cognitive stage
What are the disadvantages of visual guidance ?
- not effective if the demonstration is poor
- demonstration loses impact if too complex
- to be effective should be supported with verbal guidance
- no feedback given, less effective at the autonomous stage
What are the advantages of verbal guidance ?
- builds on knowledge gained by visual guidance
- helps develop understanding od detail
- can focus on key aspects
- good at autonomous stage
- corrects errors
- motivates learner
What are the disadvantages of verbal guidance ?
- not effective if too much negative feedback or criticism is given
- not effective if too much information is given
- incorrect or unclear information could be given
- some skills too complex for verbal guidance
- can be confusing at cognitive stage
What are the advantages of manual guidance ?
- corrects errors
- gives confidence / is good for dangerous skills
- at the autonomous stage helps to develop more complex skills
- gives the feeling of movement / kinesthesis and develops timing
- effective at cognitive stage
- may motivate younger people to pursue the sport
What are the disadvantages of manual guidance ?
- learner cannot correct errors for themselves
- close proximity of the coach could be uncomfortable for learners
- ineffective if used for too long, learner becomes reliant
- can limit proprioception / kinaesthetic development
- learner must trust coach
What are the advantages of mechanical guidance ?
- correct erros
- gives confidence and is good for dangerous skills
- at the autonomous stage helps to develop more complex skills
- gives a feeling of the movement / kineathesis and develops timing
- effective at cognitive stage
- may motivate young people to pursue sport
What are the disadvantages of mechanical guidance ?
- learner cannot correct errors for themselves
- may develop false confidence putting learner at risk
- ineffective if used for too long, learner becomes reliant
- can limit proprioception / kinaesthetic development
- learner must trust equipment
WHat is intrinsic feedback? explain
feedback that comes from within yourself, through kinaesthesis
(feel of the movement as its being performed- kinaesthetic feedback)
- detected by proprioceptors
- helps autonomous learners
WHat is extrinsic feedback?
feedback that comes from an external / outside source
- can be positive or negative
- good for cogntive performers
What is positive feedback?
feedback about correct performance of a skill
- can be intrinsic or extrinsic
- used to reinforce correct action
- good for motivating
What is negative feedback?
feedback about incorrect performance of a skill
What is knowledge of results feedback?
feedback about the result of a skill
WHat is knowledge of performance feedback?
feeback about the quality of a performance, whether technique was right
Advantages of intrinsic feedback?
- good for autonomous stage
- help fluency of skill as can alter performance while doing skill
- allows performer to have more attentional space (less to think about) so can focus on peripheral stimuli
What are the disadvantages of intrinsic feedback?
- less effective at cognitive stage and associotive stage as they dont know correct feel
- can hinder learning if overused
What are the advanatges of extrinsic feedback?
- help performer improve technique
- good at cognitive stage and associotive stage
- helps learner understand correct pattern
Disadvantages of extrinsic feedback?
- if info is innacurate could negatively effect performance
- learner can become too dependent on extrinsic feedback
- less effective at developing kinesthesis
Knowledge of results advantages?
- good at cognitive and associative stages
- allows correction after the movement or outcome of the movement
- good for ? skills becuase the outcome/ result is the measure of success
Disadvantages of knowledge of results?
- not as effective at autonomous stage
- can only be used after movement has been completed and corrections cannot be made during performance
- not as effective in some closed skills becuase technique is often the measure of success
Knowledge of performance disadvantages?
- less likely at cognitive stage
- gained through experiance so may take a long time to develop therefore the long process may be demotivating and may prevent learners from reaching autonomous stage
Advanatges of knowledge of performance?
- ideal at autonomous stage when kinesthesis helps with technique
- allows for quick correction during performance
- very effective in some closed skills as it enables technique to be adjusted during performance
Examples of knowledge of results feedback?
- distance travelled in javelin
Examples of knowledge of performance?
a comment from the coach about the foot placement during a kick in soccer, or noticing the height of a ball during a tennis serve.
How can a coach ensure feedback is effective?
- limit info given ( can lead to info overload)
- encourage/ help then to develop kinaesthesis/ intrinsic feedback ( player can recognise for themselves their movements)
- Timing of the feedback (should be given straight away after performance, when still fresh in memory)
- related to individual (player can relate to it)
