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A-level PE > 4.5 Stages of learning > Flashcards

4.5 Stages of learning Flashcards

1
Q

What is the second stage of learning?

A

associative stage

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2
Q

Define the associative stage?

A
  • where performer is learning how to perform the skill well and how to adapt skill
  • performer attempts to translate knowledge into performance.
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3
Q

What are the types of feedback for associative stage?

A
  • intrinsic feedback
  • positive and negative feedback
  • extrinsic feedback
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4
Q

What is intrinsic feedback?

A

the physical feel of the movement as it is being performed

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5
Q

What is entrinsic feeback?

A

feedback from outside the performer

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6
Q

Types of practise for associative stage?

A
  • part practise
  • progressive part practise
  • massed practise (set shot in basketball)
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7
Q

Characteristics of associative stage?

A
  • fewer errors
  • motor program development
  • anticipation
  • monitors own feedback
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8
Q

What should a coach do for associative stage?

A
  • correct feedback
  • stress correct fundamentals
  • accommodate differences in skill development
  • lots of practise opportunity
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9
Q

Practical examples of associative stage?

A
  • tackling in rugby (put knowledge into practise)

- back flip in gymnastics ( putting skill together)

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10
Q

What is the third stage of learning?

A

autonomous stage

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11
Q

Define autonomous stage?

A

performer does not have to think about skill they are performing , focus on environment around them.
- performer has mastered skill

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12
Q

characteristics of autonomous stage?

A
  • perform with consistancy and accuracy
  • adapt performance to environment
  • very few mistakes
  • trains often
  • high performance level
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13
Q

What does performance of autonomous skill look like?

A
  • athelte doesnt focus on actual skill but the factors their skill will impact (specifics - where to place a ball)
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14
Q

What type of feedback is used in autonomous stage?

A
  • negative feedback ( refine performance)

- intrinsic feedback to refine and master skills

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15
Q

How is a coached used in the autonomous stage?

A
  • use complex video analysis to help performance

- pick up on errors

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16
Q

What do athletes start to develop in the associative stage?

A

kineasthesis

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17
Q

What must an autonomous skill consistently be done?

A

thought about and practised

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18
Q

What is the first stage of learning?

A

cognitive stage

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19
Q

What is the cognitive stage?

A

The cognitive stage is the beginning stage. The performer is inconsistent and makes many mistakes as they learn a new skill.

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20
Q

What happens in the brain at the cognitive stage?

A
  • new links are created in order to allow the player to repeat and perform new skills
  • Extended practice builds new synaptic connectivity that leads directly to the development of new patterns of activity that enable new abilities.
  • The process for humans to master a new skill also involves the generation of new neural activity patterns which allows the skill to be remembered and repeated
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21
Q

What does performance look like at the cognitive stage?

A
  • slow
  • jerky
  • robotic
  • lots of errors
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22
Q

WHat are the coaching points for the cognitive stage?

A
  • correct performance must be reinforced
  • demonstration and repetition is key
  • positive feedback to encourage learners
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23
Q

WHat type of practise should be used for cognitive stage?

A

whole part whole

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24
Q

Give an example of when people are at cognitive stage?

A

learning new skill

25
Q

What are the four types of guidance?

A
  • visual guidance
  • verbal guidance
  • manual guidance
  • mechanical guidance
26
Q

What is visual guidance?

A
  • learner watches a model performing a skill (demo or videos)
27
Q

Give two examples of visual guidance ?

A
  • demonstration of how to do a tennis serve

- video of a person doing a hockey hit

28
Q

What is verbal giuidance?

A
  • the learner is told what to do through spoken instruction

good for feedback

29
Q

Examples of verbal guidance?

A
  • telling a player which tactics to use in a game

- explaining to a player where the right drive is in netball

30
Q

What is manual guidance ?

A
  • learner is given physical support by a teacher or coach, moving joints or limbs through the movement
  • manipulating the learners body to try and develop kinesthesis
31
Q

Examples of manual guidance?

A
  • physical support during a forehand shot in tennis

- physical support when someone is doing a backflip on a trampoline

32
Q

What is mechanical guidance?

A
  • learner uses equipment or apparatus to help performance, supporting the body through the movement using apparatus to develop confidence
33
Q

Examples of mechanical guidance ?

A
  • using a harness in trampolining

- using floats or armbands in swimming

34
Q

What are the advantages of visual guidance ?

A
  • easy to create a mental picture of skill so learner can replicate it
  • increasing understanding of movement requirements
  • correct errors
  • motivates the learner
  • good at the cognitive stage
35
Q

What are the disadvantages of visual guidance ?

A
  • not effective if the demonstration is poor
  • demonstration loses impact if too complex
  • to be effective should be supported with verbal guidance
  • no feedback given, less effective at the autonomous stage
36
Q

What are the advantages of verbal guidance ?

A
  • builds on knowledge gained by visual guidance
  • helps develop understanding od detail
  • can focus on key aspects
  • good at autonomous stage
  • corrects errors
  • motivates learner
37
Q

What are the disadvantages of verbal guidance ?

A
  • not effective if too much negative feedback or criticism is given
  • not effective if too much information is given
  • incorrect or unclear information could be given
  • some skills too complex for verbal guidance
  • can be confusing at cognitive stage
38
Q

What are the advantages of manual guidance ?

A
  • corrects errors
  • gives confidence / is good for dangerous skills
  • at the autonomous stage helps to develop more complex skills
  • gives the feeling of movement / kinesthesis and develops timing
  • effective at cognitive stage
  • may motivate younger people to pursue the sport
39
Q

What are the disadvantages of manual guidance ?

A
  • learner cannot correct errors for themselves
  • close proximity of the coach could be uncomfortable for learners
  • ineffective if used for too long, learner becomes reliant
  • can limit proprioception / kinaesthetic development
  • learner must trust coach
40
Q

What are the advantages of mechanical guidance ?

A
  • correct erros
  • gives confidence and is good for dangerous skills
  • at the autonomous stage helps to develop more complex skills
  • gives a feeling of the movement / kineathesis and develops timing
  • effective at cognitive stage
  • may motivate young people to pursue sport
41
Q

What are the disadvantages of mechanical guidance ?

A
  • learner cannot correct errors for themselves
  • may develop false confidence putting learner at risk
  • ineffective if used for too long, learner becomes reliant
  • can limit proprioception / kinaesthetic development
  • learner must trust equipment
42
Q

WHat is intrinsic feedback? explain

A

feedback that comes from within yourself, through kinaesthesis
(feel of the movement as its being performed- kinaesthetic feedback)

  • detected by proprioceptors
  • helps autonomous learners
43
Q

WHat is extrinsic feedback?

A

feedback that comes from an external / outside source

  • can be positive or negative
  • good for cogntive performers
44
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

feedback about correct performance of a skill

  • can be intrinsic or extrinsic
  • used to reinforce correct action
  • good for motivating
45
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

feedback about incorrect performance of a skill

46
Q

What is knowledge of results feedback?

A

feedback about the result of a skill

47
Q

WHat is knowledge of performance feedback?

A

feeback about the quality of a performance, whether technique was right

48
Q

Advantages of intrinsic feedback?

A
  • good for autonomous stage
  • help fluency of skill as can alter performance while doing skill
  • allows performer to have more attentional space (less to think about) so can focus on peripheral stimuli
49
Q

What are the disadvantages of intrinsic feedback?

A
  • less effective at cognitive stage and associotive stage as they dont know correct feel
  • can hinder learning if overused
50
Q

What are the advanatges of extrinsic feedback?

A
  • help performer improve technique
  • good at cognitive stage and associotive stage
  • helps learner understand correct pattern
51
Q

Disadvantages of extrinsic feedback?

A
  • if info is innacurate could negatively effect performance
  • learner can become too dependent on extrinsic feedback
  • less effective at developing kinesthesis
52
Q

Knowledge of results advantages?

A
  • good at cognitive and associative stages
  • allows correction after the movement or outcome of the movement
  • good for ? skills becuase the outcome/ result is the measure of success
53
Q

Disadvantages of knowledge of results?

A
  • not as effective at autonomous stage
  • can only be used after movement has been completed and corrections cannot be made during performance
  • not as effective in some closed skills becuase technique is often the measure of success
54
Q

Knowledge of performance disadvantages?

A
  • less likely at cognitive stage
  • gained through experiance so may take a long time to develop therefore the long process may be demotivating and may prevent learners from reaching autonomous stage
55
Q

Advanatges of knowledge of performance?

A
  • ideal at autonomous stage when kinesthesis helps with technique
  • allows for quick correction during performance
  • very effective in some closed skills as it enables technique to be adjusted during performance
56
Q

Examples of knowledge of results feedback?

A
  • distance travelled in javelin
57
Q

Examples of knowledge of performance?

A

a comment from the coach about the foot placement during a kick in soccer, or noticing the height of a ball during a tennis serve.

58
Q

How can a coach ensure feedback is effective?

A
  • limit info given ( can lead to info overload)
  • encourage/ help then to develop kinaesthesis/ intrinsic feedback ( player can recognise for themselves their movements)
  • Timing of the feedback (should be given straight away after performance, when still fresh in memory)
  • related to individual (player can relate to it)

A-level PE (19 decks)

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