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A-level PE > Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two circuits that blood flows?

A
  • pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit
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2
Q

What does the pulmonary circuit do?

A

carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood back to the heart

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3
Q

What does the systemic circuit do?

A

carried oxygenated blood to the body and deoxygenated blood back to the heart

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4
Q

Where is the heart positioned?

A

behind sternum and ribs for protection

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5
Q

Explain the left side of the cardiac muscle?

A

has thicker muscular wall which can contract with more force to circulate oxygenated blood from the lungs through the large systemic circuit to the muscles and organs

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6
Q

Explain the right side of the cardiac muscle?

A

contracts to circulate deoxygenated blood from the body through the pulmonary circuit to the lungs

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7
Q

What lies between the atria and ventricles?

A

atrio-ventricular valves

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8
Q

What lies between the ventricles and exiting blood vessels ?

A

lemi- lunar valves

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9
Q

Explain the path of blood through the left side of heart?

A
  • blood is oxygenated at the lungs
  • through pulmonary vein
  • into left atria
  • oxygenated blood through left bicuspid AV valve
  • into left ventricle
  • forced out of left side into aorta
  • then to muscles and organs
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10
Q

Explain path of blood through right side of heart?

A
  • deoxygenated blood from muscles and organs arrives through right atria through vena cava
  • right atria to right AV valve (tricuspid) to right ventricle
  • forced out right side of heart into pulmonary artery
  • carries deoxygenated blood to lungs
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11
Q

What is the cardiac muscle?

A

myogenic

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12
Q

WHat does myogenic mean?

A
  • has capacity to generate its own electrical impulses that through muscular walls forcing contraction
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13
Q

What is the conduction system?

A

set of five structures which pass the electrical impulse through the cardiac muscle in a coordianted fashion?

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14
Q

What are the five parts of the conduction system?

A
  • sino- atrial node
  • atrio- ventricular node
  • bundle of His
  • Bundle branches
  • Purkyne Fibres
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15
Q

What is the sino atrial node?

A
  • located on right atrial wall

- SA node generates the electrical impulse that fires through the atria walls causing them to contract

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16
Q

What is the atrioventricular node?

A
  • collects impulses and delays it for 0.1 seconds to allow atria to finish contracting
  • releases to bundle of His
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17
Q

What is the bundle of His?

A
  • located in the Septum of heart

- splits impulses in two ready to be disturbed through each seperate ventricle

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18
Q

What are the bundle branches?

A

carry the impulse to base of each ventricle

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19
Q

What are the purkyne fibres?

A
  • distribute the impulse through ventricle walls, causing them to contract
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20
Q

What happens when the electrical imoulses journey is complete?

A

atria and ventricles relax and heart refills with blood

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21
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

refers to process of cardiac muscle contraction and movement of blood through its chambers

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22
Q

What are the two phases of the cardiac cycle?

A
  • cardiac diastole and cardiac systole
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23
Q

What is cardiac diastole?

A

relaxation of the cardiac muscle, firstly of the atria then the ventricles

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24
Q

What is cardiac systole?

A

contraction of the cardiac muscle, firstly atria then ventricles

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25
Q

Explain diastole?

A
  • atria and then ventricles relax, expanding drawing blood in atria
  • pressure in atria increase opening AV valve
  • blood passively enters ventricles
  • SL valves are closed to prevent blood from leaving heart
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26
Q

Explain atrial systole?

A
  • atria contract, forcing remaining blood into ventricles
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27
Q

Explain ventricular systole?

A
  • ventricles contract, increasing pressure closing Av valves to prevent backflow in atria
  • SL valves are forced open as blood is ejected from the ventricles into aorta and pulmonary artery
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28
Q

What is heart rate?

A

the number of times the heart beats per minute

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29
Q

WHat is stroke volume?

A

the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat

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30
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute

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31
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

a resting heart rate below 60 bpm

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32
Q

Cardiac output formula?

A

heart rate x stroke volume

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33
Q

What is venous return?

A

the return of blood to the right atria through the veins

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34
Q

What are the two types of exercise?

A
  • sub maximal

- maximal

35
Q

What is sub- maximal?

A

exercise is at a low- to moderate intensity within a performers aerobic capacity or below the anaerobic threshold

36
Q

What is maximal exercise?

A

exercise is a t a high intensity above a performers aerobic capacity, which will take performer to exhaustion

37
Q

What is the vascular system?

A

dense network of blood vessels and the blood which they carry in one direction around every corner of the human body. ensures oxygen and nutrients are delivered to all respiring cells

38
Q

What does the blood function to do?

A
  • transport nutrients such as oxygen and glucose
  • protect and fight disease
  • maintain the internal stability of the body
39
Q

What are the three types of blood vessels?

A
  • arteries
  • veins
  • capillaries
40
Q

What do arteries and arterials do?

A

transport oxygenated blood from the heart to muscles and organs

41
Q

Explain characteristics of arteries?

A
  • large layer of smooth muscle
  • elastic tissue to cushion and smooth blood
  • small lumen
42
Q

Explain arteriols?

A
  • large layer of smooth muscle allow blood vessels to vasodilate and vasoconstrict to regulate blood flow and control blood pressure
43
Q

What are pre capillary sphincters?

A
  • ring of smooth muscle surrounding the entry of capillary bed.
  • they dilate and constrict to control blood flow through capillary bed
44
Q

What are capillaries?

A

brign blood slowly into close contact with the muscles and organ cells for gaseous exchange

45
Q

Explain characteristics of capillaries?

A
  • walls have a single layer, thin enough to allow gas, nutrient and waste exchange
46
Q

What do veins and venuoles do?

A

transport deoxygenated blood from the muscles and organs back to the heart.

47
Q

What is the main vein?

A

vena cava

48
Q

Characteristics of veins and venuls?

A
  • small layer of smooth muscle allowing them to venodilate and venoconstrict to maintain the slow flow of blood towards the heart
49
Q

What is venous return?

A

return of blood to the heart through the venules and veins back to the right atrium, largely against gravity

50
Q

Why is a greater venous return needed during excersise?

A

there is a greater demand for oxygen so more oxygenated blood requires greater venous return so that stroke volume and cardiac output can increase.

51
Q

What are the five mechanisms that aid venous return?

A
  • pocket valves
  • smooth muscle
  • gravity
  • muscle pump
  • respiratory pump
52
Q

How do pocket valves aid venous return?

A
  • valves prevent backflow of blood
53
Q

How does smooth muscle aid venous return?

A
  • layer of smooth muscle in vein wall venoconstricts to create venomotor tone which aids movement of blood
54
Q

How does gravity aid venous return?

A

blood from upper body, above heart, helped to return by gravity

55
Q

How is muscle pump an aid in venous return?

A

during exercise, skeletel muscle contract compressing veins located between them, squeezing blood back to heart

56
Q

How does the respiratory pump aid venous return?

A
  • during inspiration and expiration, pressure differnace between thoracic and abdominal cavity is created, squeezing blood back to heart
57
Q

How does a cool down help recovary?

A
  • low intensity exercise maintains muscle and respiratory pump to aid the return of blood to the heart
58
Q

what happens to heart rate during submaximal exercise?

A
  • heart rate can plateau as we reach confortable steady state
59
Q

Explain heartrate response to increasing exercise intensity?

A
  • initial rise in HR, due to release of adrenaline hormone
  • rapid increase in HR at start of exercise due to increased blood flow and oxygen delivery
  • steady HR sustained during intensity as oxygen meets demand
  • initial rapid decrease in HR as recovery is entered and action of muscle pump reduces
  • more gradual decrease in HR to rest
60
Q

How is stroke volume able to increase during exercise ?

A
  • increased venous return

- Frank Sterling mechanism

61
Q

What is frank sterling mechanism?

A
  • increased venous return leads to an increased stroke volume, due to increased stretch of of the ventricle walls and therefore force of contraction
62
Q

Why does stroke volume reach a plateau during sub- maximal exercise?

A
  • increased heart rate towards maximal intensities does not allow enough time for the ventricles to completely fill with blood in the diastole phases
63
Q

WHat system involuntarily regulates heart rate ?

A

autonomic nervous system

64
Q

The higher the firing rate of the SA node, the higher the …

A

heart rate

65
Q

What is the cardiac control centre?

A

a control centre in the medulla oblongata responsible for HR regulation

66
Q

What is the main role of the CCC?

A

receives information from the sensory nerved and sends direction through motor nerves to change HR

67
Q

What are the three control mechanisms of the CCC?

A
  • neural control
  • intrinsic control
  • hormonal control
68
Q

What controls the involuntary heart rate ?

A

automatic nervous system

69
Q

What is cardiac output at rest?

A

approximately 5 l/min

70
Q

What does the ANS control?

A

heart rate and firing rate of SA node.

71
Q

Explain how changes to the heart rate happens?

A
  • medulla oblongata in the brain, cardiac control center recieves information from the sensory nerves and sends direction through motor nerves to change HR
72
Q

What three main sources of information detrrmine the action of the CC

A
  • neural control
  • intrinsic control
  • hormonal control
73
Q

what is neural control?

A
  • chemoreceptors in muscles, aorta and carotid arteries inform the CCC of chemcial changes in the blood stream, eg CO2 and lactic acid
  • proprioceptors in muscles, tendons and joints inform the CCC or motor activity
  • baroreceptors located in blood vessel walls inform CCC of increased blood pressure
74
Q

What is intrinsic control?

A
  • temperature changes will effect viscosity of blood and speed of nerve impulse transmission
  • venous return changes will effect stretch in ventricle walls, force of ventricular contraction and therefore stroke volume
75
Q

what is hormonal control?

A

adrenaline and noradrenaline are released from adrenal gland increasing force of ventricular contraction, increasing spread of electrical activity through the heart

76
Q

What will happen if there is an increase in HR required?

A

sympathetic nervous system is actioned, releasing adrenaline, noradrenaline and sending stimulation to the SA node via the accelorater nerve.

77
Q

What will happen if there is a decrease in HR required?

A

the parasympathetic nervous system is actioned to inhibit these effects via the vagus nerve, lowering heart rate

78
Q

What are chemoreceptors? (general)

A

detect change in chemicals

79
Q

What do baroreceptors detect?

A

blood pressure

80
Q

What do proprioceptors detect?

A

-muscle movement

81
Q

DONE UP TO PAGE 40

A
82
Q

done up to page 48 (or 40)

A
83
Q

What does the vasomotor control center do?

A

in the brain and controls the vascular shunt mechanism

A-level PE (19 decks)

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