1.1 Skeletal and muscular systems Flashcards
What is the skeleten and what happens there?
shaping framework for the body which gives protection for internal organs and is the site for blood cell production and is mineral store
What are the 2 main types of bones?
- flat bones, protects internal organs and acts as attachement for muscles
- long bones, levers for movement and as sites for blood cell production
What is a joint?
an area of the body where two or more bones articulate to create human movement
What is a ligament ?
a tough band of fibrous, slightly elastic connective tissue that attaches bone to bone
What is articular cartilage?
smooth tissue which covers the surface of articulating bones to absorb shock and allow friction free movement
WHat is the word given for the type of joint found between bones that moves against each other?
synovial joints
What are the five common features of a synovial joint?
- ligament
- synovial fluid
- articular cartilage
- joint capsule
- bursa
Explain the structure of the ligament?
tough band of slightly elastic tissue
Explain the function of a ligament?
connects bone to bone and stabilises joints during movement
What is the structure of synovial fluid
lubricating liquid contained within joint cavity
function of synovial fluid?
reduces friction and nourishes articular cartilage
articular cartilage structure?
smooth tissue which covers the surface of articulating bones
function of articular cartilage ?
absorbs shock and allows friction free movement
joint capsule structure?
a fibrous sac with an inner synovial membrane
joint capsule function>
encloses and strengthens the joint secreting synovial fluid
bursa structure?
a closed fluid filled sac found where tendons rub over bones
bursa function?
reduces friction between tendons and bones
What are the three planes of motion>
sagittal plane - divides body from left left and right
frontal plane - dived body front and back
transverse - divides body top and bottom
What are the 4 types of synovial joint?
hinge joint
condyloid joint
pivot joint
ball and socket joint
Explain a hinge joint?
a cylindrical bone articulates with a trough-shaped bone held by ligaments which limit sideways motion
Explain pivot joint>
rounded bone articulates with a ring shaped bone
explain condyloid joint?
like ball and socket with flatter bone to allow motion in two planes
Explain ball and socket joint>
ball shaped head articulates with a cup shaped socket to give a large range of motion in all three planes
What changes the angle between articulating bones and joints?
flexion and extension
What does the flexion do on the sagital plane
decreases joint angle ( usually to anterior )
What does extension do on the sagital plane
increase joint angle (usually to posterior of body)
what are the two types of flexion in the ankle?
dorsi-flexion, plantar flexion
What is dorsi-flexion?
decreases joint angle bringing toes closer to tibia
What is plantar flexion?
increases joint angle moving toes further from tibia
What are the two tyoes of movement in the frontal plane and what do they do?
abduction - bone away from body
adduction - bone towards body
What are the two types of movement on the transverse plane and explain them?
horizontal extension - away from body
horizontal flexion - towards mid of body
What is rotation?
movement whereby articulating bones turns about their horizontal axis in a screwdriver action
What planes does a ball and socket joint use?
sagitall, frontal and transverse
What planes does a condyloid joint use>
sagittal, frontal
What planes does a hinge joint use?
sagittal plane
What is a tendon?
a fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a one
What are point of attachment for each muscle called?
insertion, origin
What is muscular origin?
muscular attachement to a stationary bone which stays relatively fixed during muscular contraction
What is muscular insertion?
point of muscular attachement to moveable bone which gets closer to the origin during contraction
What do muscles always work in?
pairs or groups
What are the three main roles a muscle can adopt?
agonist
antagonist
fixator
What is an agomist?
muscle responsible for creating movement in a joint (prime mover)
What is an antagonist?
a muscle that opposes the agonist providing a resistance for co-ordinated movement
what is a fixator?
a muscle that stabilises one part of a body while another causes movement
What is antagonistic muscle action?
paired muscle action. as the agonist muscle shortens to create movement, the antagonist lengthens to co-ordinate the action
What is the word when a muscle changes length during its contraction?
isotonic muscle contraction
What two ways can isotonic muscle contraction occur?
concentric and eccentric
Explain concentric muscle contraction?
muscle shortens producing tension. produces the force to pull two bones closer together causing joint movement
What is eccentric contraction?
muscle lengthens producing tension. resists force (gravity) to control joint movement
What is isometric muscle contraction?
muscle contracts but does not change length. muscle creates tension as pulls on tendon attachments but no movement created
Name joint type for anke?
Hinge joint
Name articulating bones in the ankle?
tibia, fibula, talus
What movement plane does the ankle move on?
sagittal plane
What are the two types of movememnts in the ankle?
- dorsi flexion ( toes upward)
- plantar flexion ( tip toes)
Agonist muscles in dorsi flexion in ankle?
tibialis anterior
Agonist muscles in plantar flexion in ankle?
gastrocnemius and soleus
Antagonist for dorsi flexion in ankle?
gastrocnemius and soleus
Antagonist muscles in plantar flexion in ankle?
tibialis anterior
Type of knee joint type?
hinge joint
Articulating bones in the knee?
femur and tibia
What movement plane is the knee on?
sagittal plane
What are the two types of movement in the knee?
Flexion and extension
What muscules help flex the knee (agonist muscles)
biceps femoris, semitendinosus and semimembranosus
What muscles extend the knee?
rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius and vastus medialis
What type of joint is the hip?
ball and socket
What are the articulating bones in the hip?
pelvic girdle and femur
What planes does the hip move on?
sagittal plane, frontal plane and transverse plane
What movement happens at the hip on the sagitall plane?
flexion and extension
Muscles used for hip flexion (sagittal plane)?
iliopsoas
Muscles used for hip extension (sagitall plane)?
gluteus maximus
Two movements on the hips frontal plane?
adduction and abduction
Muscles involved in hip adduction?
adductor longus, adductor brevis and adductor magnus
Two types of movement on the hips transverse plane?
medial rotation, lateral rotation
Muscles used for hip medial rotaion?
gluteus medius and gluteus minimus
Muscles used for hip lateral rotation?
gluteus maximus
What type of joint is the shoulder?
ball and socket
What are the articulating bones in the shoulder?
humerous and scapula
What planes of motion does the shoulder act on?
sagittal, frontal, transverse
What are the two types of motion on the sagittal plane?
flexion + extension
Muscles needed for flexion in shoulder?
anterior deltoid
muscles used in extension of the shoulder?
posterior deltoid
What are the types of movement on the frontal plane of the shoulder?
adduction and abduction
What muscles are involved in adduction of the shoulder?
latissimus dorsi
What muscles are involved in abduction of the shoulder?
middle deltoid
What movement happens on the transverse plane of the shoulder?
horizontal flexion and horizontal extension, medial rotation and lateral rotation
What muscle is needed for horizontal flexion of the shoulder?
pectoralis major
What muscles are needed for horizonatal extension in the shoulder?
posterior deltoid ad teres minor
What muscles are needed for medial rotation?
teres major and subscapularis
What muscles are needed for lateral rotation in the shoulder?
teres minor and infraspinatous
What type of joint is the elbow?
hinge joint
What are the articulating bones in the elbow?
humerus, radius and ulna
What movement plane happens for the elbow?
sagittal plane
What are the two movements for elbow?
flexion and extention
WHat muscles are involved in flexion of the elbow?
biceps brachii
What muscles are involved in extension of the elbow?
triceps brachii
What joint type is the wrist?
condyloid joint
What bones are involved in the wrist?
radius, ulna and carpals
What is the movement plane for the wrist?
sagittal plane
What are the two types of movement in the wrist?
flexion and extension
What muscle is responcible for flexion in the wrist?
wrist flexors
What muscle is responcible for extension in the wrist?
wrist extensors
