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A-level PE > 1.1 Skeletal and muscular systems > Flashcards

1.1 Skeletal and muscular systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is the skeleten and what happens there?

A

shaping framework for the body which gives protection for internal organs and is the site for blood cell production and is mineral store

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2
Q

What are the 2 main types of bones?

A
  • flat bones, protects internal organs and acts as attachement for muscles
  • long bones, levers for movement and as sites for blood cell production
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3
Q

What is a joint?

A

an area of the body where two or more bones articulate to create human movement

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4
Q

What is a ligament ?

A

a tough band of fibrous, slightly elastic connective tissue that attaches bone to bone

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5
Q

What is articular cartilage?

A

smooth tissue which covers the surface of articulating bones to absorb shock and allow friction free movement

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6
Q

WHat is the word given for the type of joint found between bones that moves against each other?

A

synovial joints

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7
Q

What are the five common features of a synovial joint?

A
  • ligament
  • synovial fluid
  • articular cartilage
  • joint capsule
  • bursa
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8
Q

Explain the structure of the ligament?

A

tough band of slightly elastic tissue

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9
Q

Explain the function of a ligament?

A

connects bone to bone and stabilises joints during movement

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10
Q

What is the structure of synovial fluid

A

lubricating liquid contained within joint cavity

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11
Q

function of synovial fluid?

A

reduces friction and nourishes articular cartilage

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12
Q

articular cartilage structure?

A

smooth tissue which covers the surface of articulating bones

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13
Q

function of articular cartilage ?

A

absorbs shock and allows friction free movement

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14
Q

joint capsule structure?

A

a fibrous sac with an inner synovial membrane

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15
Q

joint capsule function>

A

encloses and strengthens the joint secreting synovial fluid

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16
Q

bursa structure?

A

a closed fluid filled sac found where tendons rub over bones

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17
Q

bursa function?

A

reduces friction between tendons and bones

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18
Q

What are the three planes of motion>

A

sagittal plane - divides body from left left and right
frontal plane - dived body front and back
transverse - divides body top and bottom

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19
Q

What are the 4 types of synovial joint?

A

hinge joint
condyloid joint
pivot joint
ball and socket joint

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20
Q

Explain a hinge joint?

A

a cylindrical bone articulates with a trough-shaped bone held by ligaments which limit sideways motion

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21
Q

Explain pivot joint>

A

rounded bone articulates with a ring shaped bone

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22
Q

explain condyloid joint?

A

like ball and socket with flatter bone to allow motion in two planes

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23
Q

Explain ball and socket joint>

A

ball shaped head articulates with a cup shaped socket to give a large range of motion in all three planes

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24
Q

What changes the angle between articulating bones and joints?

A

flexion and extension

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25
Q

What does the flexion do on the sagital plane

A

decreases joint angle ( usually to anterior )

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26
Q

What does extension do on the sagital plane

A

increase joint angle (usually to posterior of body)

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27
Q

what are the two types of flexion in the ankle?

A

dorsi-flexion, plantar flexion

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28
Q

What is dorsi-flexion?

A

decreases joint angle bringing toes closer to tibia

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29
Q

What is plantar flexion?

A

increases joint angle moving toes further from tibia

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30
Q

What are the two tyoes of movement in the frontal plane and what do they do?

A

abduction - bone away from body

adduction - bone towards body

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31
Q

What are the two types of movement on the transverse plane and explain them?

A

horizontal extension - away from body

horizontal flexion - towards mid of body

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32
Q

What is rotation?

A

movement whereby articulating bones turns about their horizontal axis in a screwdriver action

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33
Q

What planes does a ball and socket joint use?

A

sagitall, frontal and transverse

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34
Q

What planes does a condyloid joint use>

A

sagittal, frontal

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35
Q

What planes does a hinge joint use?

A

sagittal plane

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36
Q

What is a tendon?

A

a fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a one

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37
Q

What are point of attachment for each muscle called?

A

insertion, origin

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38
Q

What is muscular origin?

A

muscular attachement to a stationary bone which stays relatively fixed during muscular contraction

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39
Q

What is muscular insertion?

A

point of muscular attachement to moveable bone which gets closer to the origin during contraction

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40
Q

What do muscles always work in?

A

pairs or groups

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41
Q

What are the three main roles a muscle can adopt?

A

agonist
antagonist
fixator

42
Q

What is an agomist?

A

muscle responsible for creating movement in a joint (prime mover)

43
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

a muscle that opposes the agonist providing a resistance for co-ordinated movement

44
Q

what is a fixator?

A

a muscle that stabilises one part of a body while another causes movement

45
Q

What is antagonistic muscle action?

A

paired muscle action. as the agonist muscle shortens to create movement, the antagonist lengthens to co-ordinate the action

46
Q

What is the word when a muscle changes length during its contraction?

A

isotonic muscle contraction

47
Q

What two ways can isotonic muscle contraction occur?

A

concentric and eccentric

48
Q

Explain concentric muscle contraction?

A

muscle shortens producing tension. produces the force to pull two bones closer together causing joint movement

49
Q

What is eccentric contraction?

A

muscle lengthens producing tension. resists force (gravity) to control joint movement

50
Q

What is isometric muscle contraction?

A

muscle contracts but does not change length. muscle creates tension as pulls on tendon attachments but no movement created

51
Q

Name joint type for anke?

A

Hinge joint

52
Q

Name articulating bones in the ankle?

A

tibia, fibula, talus

53
Q

What movement plane does the ankle move on?

A

sagittal plane

54
Q

What are the two types of movememnts in the ankle?

A
  • dorsi flexion ( toes upward)

- plantar flexion ( tip toes)

55
Q

Agonist muscles in dorsi flexion in ankle?

A

tibialis anterior

56
Q

Agonist muscles in plantar flexion in ankle?

A

gastrocnemius and soleus

57
Q

Antagonist for dorsi flexion in ankle?

A

gastrocnemius and soleus

58
Q

Antagonist muscles in plantar flexion in ankle?

A

tibialis anterior

59
Q

Type of knee joint type?

A

hinge joint

60
Q

Articulating bones in the knee?

A

femur and tibia

61
Q

What movement plane is the knee on?

A

sagittal plane

62
Q

What are the two types of movement in the knee?

A

Flexion and extension

63
Q

What muscules help flex the knee (agonist muscles)

A

biceps femoris, semitendinosus and semimembranosus

64
Q

What muscles extend the knee?

A

rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius and vastus medialis

65
Q

What type of joint is the hip?

A

ball and socket

66
Q

What are the articulating bones in the hip?

A

pelvic girdle and femur

67
Q

What planes does the hip move on?

A

sagittal plane, frontal plane and transverse plane

68
Q

What movement happens at the hip on the sagitall plane?

A

flexion and extension

69
Q

Muscles used for hip flexion (sagittal plane)?

A

iliopsoas

70
Q

Muscles used for hip extension (sagitall plane)?

A

gluteus maximus

71
Q

Two movements on the hips frontal plane?

A

adduction and abduction

72
Q

Muscles involved in hip adduction?

A

adductor longus, adductor brevis and adductor magnus

73
Q

Two types of movement on the hips transverse plane?

A

medial rotation, lateral rotation

74
Q

Muscles used for hip medial rotaion?

A

gluteus medius and gluteus minimus

75
Q

Muscles used for hip lateral rotation?

A

gluteus maximus

76
Q

What type of joint is the shoulder?

A

ball and socket

77
Q

What are the articulating bones in the shoulder?

A

humerous and scapula

78
Q

What planes of motion does the shoulder act on?

A

sagittal, frontal, transverse

79
Q

What are the two types of motion on the sagittal plane?

A

flexion + extension

80
Q

Muscles needed for flexion in shoulder?

A

anterior deltoid

81
Q

muscles used in extension of the shoulder?

A

posterior deltoid

82
Q

What are the types of movement on the frontal plane of the shoulder?

A

adduction and abduction

83
Q

What muscles are involved in adduction of the shoulder?

A

latissimus dorsi

84
Q

What muscles are involved in abduction of the shoulder?

A

middle deltoid

85
Q

What movement happens on the transverse plane of the shoulder?

A

horizontal flexion and horizontal extension, medial rotation and lateral rotation

86
Q

What muscle is needed for horizontal flexion of the shoulder?

A

pectoralis major

87
Q

What muscles are needed for horizonatal extension in the shoulder?

A

posterior deltoid ad teres minor

88
Q

What muscles are needed for medial rotation?

A

teres major and subscapularis

89
Q

What muscles are needed for lateral rotation in the shoulder?

A

teres minor and infraspinatous

90
Q

What type of joint is the elbow?

A

hinge joint

91
Q

What are the articulating bones in the elbow?

A

humerus, radius and ulna

92
Q

What movement plane happens for the elbow?

A

sagittal plane

93
Q

What are the two movements for elbow?

A

flexion and extention

94
Q

WHat muscles are involved in flexion of the elbow?

A

biceps brachii

95
Q

What muscles are involved in extension of the elbow?

A

triceps brachii

96
Q

What joint type is the wrist?

A

condyloid joint

97
Q

What bones are involved in the wrist?

A

radius, ulna and carpals

98
Q

What is the movement plane for the wrist?

A

sagittal plane

99
Q

What are the two types of movement in the wrist?

A

flexion and extension

100
Q

What muscle is responcible for flexion in the wrist?

A

wrist flexors

101
Q

What muscle is responcible for extension in the wrist?

A

wrist extensors

A-level PE (19 decks)

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