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A-level PE > Energy for Exercise > Flashcards

Energy for Exercise Flashcards

1
Q

What is energy?

A

the capacity to perform work and can exist in chemical, potential and kinetic forms

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2
Q

Explain chemical energy?

A

it is in the food we eat and can be stored as potential energy in the body tissues and converted into kinetic energy as we contract out muscles

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3
Q

What can the food we eat be stored as ?

A
  • amino acids
  • triglyceriides
  • glycogen
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4
Q

What happens when the fuels are metabolised?

A

they are converted into the compound (adenosine triphosphate)

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5
Q

What is the metabolism?

A
  • chemical processes that occur within a cell to maintain life. Some substances are broken down
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6
Q

WHat happens when ATP is broken down?

A

energy is provided for cellular processes such as digestion, nerve transmission and muscular contraction

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7
Q

Where is ATP stored?

A

in muscle cells

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8
Q

What is the only immediate source of energy for muscular contraction?

A

ATP

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9
Q

What is ATP made up of?

A

one adenosine and three phosphates

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10
Q

How is the energy extracted from ATP?

A

the enzyme ATPase is released which stimulates the final high energy bond to be broken. exothermic reaction releases energy for muscular contraction and leaved adenosine diphosphate and a single phosphate

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11
Q

Give the breakdown of ATP reaction?

A

ATP –> ADP + P + Enrergy

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12
Q

How long is the store of ATP in the muscle cell?

A

2-3 seconds

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13
Q

Give the equation for the resynthesis of ATP?

A

ADP + P + Energy –> ATP

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14
Q

What are the three energy systems that breakdown food fuels to provide energy for ATP resythesis?

A
  • ATP-PC system
  • glycolytic system
  • aerobic system
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15
Q

What happens if ATP fails to be resynthesised

A

no energy released for muscular contraction and fatigue will quickly set in

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16
Q

WHen does the ATP-PC system kick in?

A

during very high-intensity activity after the first two seconds of intense activity depletes the original ATP stores

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17
Q

Explain how the ATP-PC system kicks in?

A

ATP levels fall dramatically and ADP and P levels rise, trigers release of creatine kinase

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18
Q

What is creatine kinase>

A

an enzyme which catalyses the breakdown of phosphocreatine

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19
Q

What is creatine phosphate made up of?

A

creatine with a high energy phosphate bond

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20
Q

How and where is the PC broken down?

A

broken down anaerobically in the sarcoplasm

21
Q

What is a coupled reaction?

A

where the products of one reaction are used in another

22
Q

What are the strengths of the ATP-PC system?

A
  • no delay of oxygen
  • PC readily available in the muscle cell
  • simple and rapid
23
Q

Weaknesses of ATP-PC system?

A
  • low ATP yield and small PC sotres lead to rapid fatigue
24
Q

When does the glycolytic system kick in?

A

during high intensity activity after the first ten seconds of intense activity exhausts PC stores and ATP levels fall

25
Q

Explain how the ATP system kicks in?

A
  • ATP and P levels rise again and trigger release of phosphofructokinase
26
Q

What is phosphofructokinase ?

A

an enzyme which catalyses the breakdown of glucose

27
Q

what happens if glucose levels fall in glycolytic system?

A
  • glycogen phosphorylase is released, converting glycogen into glucose to maintain its concentration in the blood stream
28
Q

What is glycogen phosphorylase (GPP)?

A

an enzyme which catalyses the breakdown of stored glycogen

29
Q

What is the process of the breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen ?

A

anaerobic glycolysis

30
Q

What does anaerobic glycolysis produce?

A

pyruvic acid

31
Q

For every mole of glucose broken down, how many moles of ATP are made?

A

two

32
Q

How long does glycolytic ATP resynthesis take place for?

A

three minutes

33
Q

What happens when at high intensity excersise and energy extraction from pyruvic acid cant continue?

A
  • lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is released
34
Q

What is LDH?

A

an enzyme which catalyses the conversion of pyruvic acid into lactic acid, which accumulates and slows ATP resynthesis

35
Q

Explain how muscle fatigue occurs in the glycolytic system?

A

anaerobic glycolysis frees only about 5% of potential energy, lactic acid levels rise, PH in muscle cells decreases, inhibits enzymes, prevents further breakdown of fuel and ATP resynthesis

36
Q

What is the point where blood lactate levels significantly rise?

A

OBLA

37
Q

breakdown of glucose equation? glycolytic system

A

glucose –> pyruvic acid + energy

38
Q

lactic acid production equation? glycolytic system

A

Pyruvic acid –> lactic acid

39
Q

Resythnthesis of ATP equation? glycolytic system

A

energy + 2P + 2ADP —> 2ATP

40
Q

Breakdown of ATP equation? glycolytic system

A

ATP —> ADP + P + energy from muscular contraction

41
Q

When does the aerobic system kick in?

A

during low-moderate intensity activity

42
Q

What three stages are in the aerobic system?

A
  • aerobic glycolysis
  • kerbs cycle
  • electron transport chain
43
Q

What does aerobic glycolysis in the sarcoplasn do?

A

converts glucose into pyruvic acid with the enzyme PFK catalysing the reaction

44
Q

What does aerobic glycolysis mean?

A
  • releases enough energy to resynthesise two moles of ATP
45
Q

What does converting glycogen into glucose result in from aerobic glycolysis ?

A

maintains process for extended periods of time, oxygen is now in sufficient supply, pyruvic acid is no longer converted into lactic acid. Link reaction occurs catalysed by coenzyme A (produces acetyl CoA), allows access to mitochondria

46
Q

Explain Krebs cycle?

A
  • acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid, oxidised through reactions. CO2, hydrogen and enough energy to resynthesise two moles of ATP released. Occurs in matrix of mitochondria
47
Q

Type of reaction for ATP-PC system?

A

anaerobic

48
Q

Site of reaction for ATP-PC ?

A

sarcoplasm

A-level PE (19 decks)

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