6.1 evolution of sport Flashcards
What are social factors?
factors relating to society or its organisation
What are the seven factors in sport in society?
- social class
- gender
- law and order
- education/literacy
- availability of time
- availability of money
- type and availability of transport
What were the classes on pre industrial sport?
upper class and lower class
Who and what were the upper class?
gentry who were hereditary land owners
- sophisticated activities with complex rules due to high education rates (equipment)
Who and what were the lower class?
peasants who worked manually, mainly on land
- sports lacked rules and were violent
- mob fighting ( prize fighting, dog fighting)
Gender for upper class in PIS?
- women had differant activites then men
- women were the weaker sex
- no dangerous or strenuous games
Gender for lower class PIS?
women only able to do smock racing
Law in upper class PIS?
- very little law and order, evident by activites
Law and order in lower class PIS?
- Involved un bare knuckle fighting or animal beating
- Games like mob football had very little rules and was reflected in society
Education and literacy in PIS - upper class?
- Educate and literate
- Could read and write
- Wrote and understood complex rules
Education and literacy in PIS - lower class?
- Uneducated and illiterate
- Only understand simple rules and activities
Availability of time for upper class PIS?
- Had more time and could be involved in longer lasting activities (fox hunting)
Availability of time for lower class PIS?
- Worked long hours in manual jobs, so had little energy and time for activities
- Activities were confined to festivals or holy day fairs and based around pubs
Availability of money for upper class in PIS?
- More money led to more opportunities to be involved in
- Could afford horses, clothing, equipment
- Access to better facilities (tennis courts)
Availability of money for lower class in PIS?
- Had no spare money to spend on activities
Transport for upper class in PIS?
- More opportunity to travel further by horse and carriage, limited due to road condition
- Could get better facilities, more wealthy people often build their own
Travel for lower class in PIS?
- People were confined to their own villages, which influenced the simple, local and unwritten rules (varied from village to village)
What does uncodified mean?
no rules
Explain mob football?
- Played between villages during festivals and times of celebration
- Only rule is no murder
- Had to bang the ball three times on a set building (pub)
- Game for peasants
Explain cock fighting
- Organised in medieval times
- Normally upper class
- Lower class had to throw sticks and stones at rooster
- Made illegal in 1849
Explain real tennis?
- Upper class games
- Adapted from medieval times
- Royals (Henry VIII) often played
- Different rules from our tennis
Explain how classes changed in IS?
- middle class created ( managers and factory owners)
What came about in industrial times that transformed sport?
public schools
Explain how female status changed?
- expected to marry have children and rely on husbands
- education viewed as pointless
- limited schools for gilrs
- were allowed to become teachers (low status poorly paid)
- in late 19th century saw a bug shift as male mortality rates rose due to mining and armed forces so more women did sport
What two words were formed in the industrial period?
amateurism and professionalism
Who are amatuers?
people who compete in sporting activites but do not recieve monetary reward for playing
Who are professionals?
people who compete in sporting activities and earn an income from it
How did law and order change in the industrial period?
- development of law effected lower class sports
- decline in blood sports
- upper class held onto their sports as they came up with rules
Explain how education and literacy changed
- Vast majority of working class had little interest in education
- Employment of children continued to increase
- Elementary education become free with the passing of 1891 education act
- With more accessible education the working class were able to understand more sophisticated rules in sport (sports became more codified)
Explain how availabilyt of time and money changed in industrial sport?
- Increase in leisure time after mid-nineteenth century so sport developed quickly
- Working class still found it difficult to participate due to lack of income
- 72 hour weeks were common place often leaving the working class with little time to participate in sport
- Introduction of Saturday half day, for skilled allowed them to participate in sport (3pm start for football)
- Living conditions were poor but sports clubs started to develop
Explain how transport changed in IS?
- Development of railways allowed for players and spectators to travel around the country
- Allowed leagues and cup competitions to develop
Explain what amatuerism and professionalism led to?
- Amateurs were not paid, the status suited the upper and middle class
- Cricket: amateurs and professionals played on the same team, however, there still was social distinction. The lower-class professionals bowled and cleaned kit
- Football and rugby: the growth of social mixed northern teams led to broken time payments where the lower class were paid to miss a day of work to play sport
- These payments broke the code of amateur principles and led to a splitting of rugby into league and union
What were public schools
upper class, fee paying and expensive, elitist and initially only for boys
How did public schools promote sport
- played a massive role in developing the sport
- Headmasters were against sport
- As time progresses, during the middle nineteenth century sport stated to become and important element of education for middle- and upper-class boys
Explain how rugby school developed sport?
- Thomas Arnold (head at Rugby School) wanted pupils to grow up as Christian gentlemen
- Fagging system was created which had the younger boys become older boys’ servants
- Promoted regulated sport, allowing for healthy competition
- House system was introduced which influenced the formation of competitive teams
- He established prefects which organised sport
What is the cult of athleticism?
- Muscular Christianity linked sport with being a Christian gentleman, establishing a connection between sports and games and a more and ethical character
- Development of character through sport is referred to as the ‘cult’ of athleticism
Athleticism – combination of physical endeavour and moral integrity
Explain how public schools then spread sport around>
- By 1845, pupils at rugby wrote down the rules of football to ensure fair play
- Pupils took their games to university, however many different versions of these games
- In 1893, a common set of rules were decided for football. This led to the formation of the FA (Football association)
- Other sports followed suit
Explain how gender changed in the 20th century?
- before 1914 Olympics women were only to compete in figure skating and horse riding
- By 1936 the percentage of female competitors had grown but there were still only 3 track events for women
- Throughout the late 20th century female athletes started to become household names such as Jackie Joyner-Kersee and Billie Jean King
- Towards late part of 20th century women’s opportunities in sport had grown drastically
- Still some limitations
Explain how class, law and order changed in the 20th century?
- Spectators started to watch sport
- Gambling in horse racing and boxing
- Purpose built stadiums
- Lack of control lead to catastrophes such as the Hillsborough disaster
Explain how education changed in the 20th century
- 1944 education act stated that pupils should have ‘physical developments’ in school education
- 1988 Education Reform Act- ‘School should promote physical development of pupils’
- O-levels and GCS’s became available qualification
Explain how time and money changed in the 20th century?
- Increased in money and leisure time lead to more sports being watched and paid
- Public swimming baths and pitches became available
- Darts, dominoes and billiards flourished due to people spending more time in pubs
Explain how transport changed in the 20th century?
- Public and private transport became available
- Air travel started to become more prominent allowing international fixtures
- Olympic games became a ‘shop window’ event
Explain how class changed in the 21st century?
- Class system less prevalent
- Social Mobility – the changes in wealth, education and occupancy over a person’s lifetime (footballers)
- opportunities for less wealthy people
- Socio-economic – relating to our concerned with the interaction of social and economic tactors. Economic circumstances can affect social experiences and vice versa
- Sports still stereotyped
Explain how gender changed in the 21st century?
- More men participate then women
- Male dominated sports in media and footage
- Lots of stereotyped sports
- Increasing female sports and female presenters
Explain how law and order changed in the 21st century?
- Rights of athletes and spectators and their spectator’s safety are now protected by law
- Banning orders have been used to help stop disruption in sports such as football
- The laws have been involved in the misuse of drugs, misconduct on and off the field
- Laws to prevent discrimination based on race, gender, disability, age, sexual orientation and religion
Explain how education changed in the 21st century?
- Children aged between 5-18 must receive education
- Examinations and qualifications are becoming a lot more available
- Universities offer a wide range of PE and sport related degrees
Explain how time money and transport changed in the 21st century?
- Society has become more technologically advanced, increasing time for leisure
- Flexible working conditions increase time
- The global recession has affected disposable income; less money is being spent on sport and exercise
- Availability of transport is now better than it’s ever been; cars, buses, trains and cheap flights have allowed for increased sport participation
