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A-level PE > 6.1 evolution of sport > Flashcards

6.1 evolution of sport Flashcards

1
Q

What are social factors?

A

factors relating to society or its organisation

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2
Q

What are the seven factors in sport in society?

A
  • social class
  • gender
  • law and order
  • education/literacy
  • availability of time
  • availability of money
  • type and availability of transport
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3
Q

What were the classes on pre industrial sport?

A

upper class and lower class

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4
Q

Who and what were the upper class?

A

gentry who were hereditary land owners

  • sophisticated activities with complex rules due to high education rates (equipment)
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5
Q

Who and what were the lower class?

A

peasants who worked manually, mainly on land

  • sports lacked rules and were violent
  • mob fighting ( prize fighting, dog fighting)
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6
Q

Gender for upper class in PIS?

A
  • women had differant activites then men
  • women were the weaker sex
  • no dangerous or strenuous games
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7
Q

Gender for lower class PIS?

A

women only able to do smock racing

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8
Q

Law in upper class PIS?

A
  • very little law and order, evident by activites
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9
Q

Law and order in lower class PIS?

A
  • Involved un bare knuckle fighting or animal beating

- Games like mob football had very little rules and was reflected in society

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10
Q

Education and literacy in PIS - upper class?

A
  • Educate and literate
  • Could read and write
  • Wrote and understood complex rules
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11
Q

Education and literacy in PIS - lower class?

A
  • Uneducated and illiterate

- Only understand simple rules and activities

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12
Q

Availability of time for upper class PIS?

A
  • Had more time and could be involved in longer lasting activities (fox hunting)
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13
Q

Availability of time for lower class PIS?

A
  • Worked long hours in manual jobs, so had little energy and time for activities
  • Activities were confined to festivals or holy day fairs and based around pubs
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14
Q

Availability of money for upper class in PIS?

A
  • More money led to more opportunities to be involved in
  • Could afford horses, clothing, equipment
  • Access to better facilities (tennis courts)
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15
Q

Availability of money for lower class in PIS?

A
  • Had no spare money to spend on activities
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16
Q

Transport for upper class in PIS?

A
  • More opportunity to travel further by horse and carriage, limited due to road condition
  • Could get better facilities, more wealthy people often build their own
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17
Q

Travel for lower class in PIS?

A
  • People were confined to their own villages, which influenced the simple, local and unwritten rules (varied from village to village)
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18
Q

What does uncodified mean?

A

no rules

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19
Q

Explain mob football?

A
  • Played between villages during festivals and times of celebration
  • Only rule is no murder
  • Had to bang the ball three times on a set building (pub)
  • Game for peasants
20
Q

Explain cock fighting

A
  • Organised in medieval times
  • Normally upper class
  • Lower class had to throw sticks and stones at rooster
  • Made illegal in 1849
21
Q

Explain real tennis?

A
  • Upper class games
  • Adapted from medieval times
  • Royals (Henry VIII) often played
  • Different rules from our tennis
22
Q

Explain how classes changed in IS?

A
  • middle class created ( managers and factory owners)
23
Q

What came about in industrial times that transformed sport?

A

public schools

24
Q

Explain how female status changed?

A
  • expected to marry have children and rely on husbands
  • education viewed as pointless
  • limited schools for gilrs
  • were allowed to become teachers (low status poorly paid)
  • in late 19th century saw a bug shift as male mortality rates rose due to mining and armed forces so more women did sport
25
Q

What two words were formed in the industrial period?

A

amateurism and professionalism

26
Q

Who are amatuers?

A

people who compete in sporting activites but do not recieve monetary reward for playing

27
Q

Who are professionals?

A

people who compete in sporting activities and earn an income from it

28
Q

How did law and order change in the industrial period?

A
  • development of law effected lower class sports
  • decline in blood sports
  • upper class held onto their sports as they came up with rules
29
Q

Explain how education and literacy changed

A
  • Vast majority of working class had little interest in education
  • Employment of children continued to increase
  • Elementary education become free with the passing of 1891 education act
  • With more accessible education the working class were able to understand more sophisticated rules in sport (sports became more codified)
30
Q

Explain how availabilyt of time and money changed in industrial sport?

A
  • Increase in leisure time after mid-nineteenth century so sport developed quickly
  • Working class still found it difficult to participate due to lack of income
  • 72 hour weeks were common place often leaving the working class with little time to participate in sport
  • Introduction of Saturday half day, for skilled allowed them to participate in sport (3pm start for football)
  • Living conditions were poor but sports clubs started to develop
31
Q

Explain how transport changed in IS?

A
  • Development of railways allowed for players and spectators to travel around the country
  • Allowed leagues and cup competitions to develop
32
Q

Explain what amatuerism and professionalism led to?

A
  • Amateurs were not paid, the status suited the upper and middle class
  • Cricket: amateurs and professionals played on the same team, however, there still was social distinction. The lower-class professionals bowled and cleaned kit
  • Football and rugby: the growth of social mixed northern teams led to broken time payments where the lower class were paid to miss a day of work to play sport
  • These payments broke the code of amateur principles and led to a splitting of rugby into league and union
33
Q

What were public schools

A

upper class, fee paying and expensive, elitist and initially only for boys

34
Q

How did public schools promote sport

A
  • played a massive role in developing the sport
  • Headmasters were against sport
  • As time progresses, during the middle nineteenth century sport stated to become and important element of education for middle- and upper-class boys
35
Q

Explain how rugby school developed sport?

A
  • Thomas Arnold (head at Rugby School) wanted pupils to grow up as Christian gentlemen
  • Fagging system was created which had the younger boys become older boys’ servants
  • Promoted regulated sport, allowing for healthy competition
  • House system was introduced which influenced the formation of competitive teams
  • He established prefects which organised sport
36
Q

What is the cult of athleticism?

A
  • Muscular Christianity linked sport with being a Christian gentleman, establishing a connection between sports and games and a more and ethical character
  • Development of character through sport is referred to as the ‘cult’ of athleticism
    Athleticism – combination of physical endeavour and moral integrity
37
Q

Explain how public schools then spread sport around>

A
  • By 1845, pupils at rugby wrote down the rules of football to ensure fair play
  • Pupils took their games to university, however many different versions of these games
  • In 1893, a common set of rules were decided for football. This led to the formation of the FA (Football association)
  • Other sports followed suit
38
Q

Explain how gender changed in the 20th century?

A
  • before 1914 Olympics women were only to compete in figure skating and horse riding
  • By 1936 the percentage of female competitors had grown but there were still only 3 track events for women
  • Throughout the late 20th century female athletes started to become household names such as Jackie Joyner-Kersee and Billie Jean King
  • Towards late part of 20th century women’s opportunities in sport had grown drastically
  • Still some limitations
39
Q

Explain how class, law and order changed in the 20th century?

A
  • Spectators started to watch sport
  • Gambling in horse racing and boxing
  • Purpose built stadiums
  • Lack of control lead to catastrophes such as the Hillsborough disaster
40
Q

Explain how education changed in the 20th century

A
  • 1944 education act stated that pupils should have ‘physical developments’ in school education
  • 1988 Education Reform Act- ‘School should promote physical development of pupils’
  • O-levels and GCS’s became available qualification
41
Q

Explain how time and money changed in the 20th century?

A
  • Increased in money and leisure time lead to more sports being watched and paid
  • Public swimming baths and pitches became available
  • Darts, dominoes and billiards flourished due to people spending more time in pubs
42
Q

Explain how transport changed in the 20th century?

A
  • Public and private transport became available
  • Air travel started to become more prominent allowing international fixtures
  • Olympic games became a ‘shop window’ event
43
Q

Explain how class changed in the 21st century?

A
  • Class system less prevalent
  • Social Mobility – the changes in wealth, education and occupancy over a person’s lifetime (footballers)
  • opportunities for less wealthy people
  • Socio-economic – relating to our concerned with the interaction of social and economic tactors. Economic circumstances can affect social experiences and vice versa
  • Sports still stereotyped
44
Q

Explain how gender changed in the 21st century?

A
  • More men participate then women
  • Male dominated sports in media and footage
  • Lots of stereotyped sports
  • Increasing female sports and female presenters
45
Q

Explain how law and order changed in the 21st century?

A
  • Rights of athletes and spectators and their spectator’s safety are now protected by law
  • Banning orders have been used to help stop disruption in sports such as football
  • The laws have been involved in the misuse of drugs, misconduct on and off the field
  • Laws to prevent discrimination based on race, gender, disability, age, sexual orientation and religion
46
Q

Explain how education changed in the 21st century?

A
  • Children aged between 5-18 must receive education
  • Examinations and qualifications are becoming a lot more available
  • Universities offer a wide range of PE and sport related degrees
47
Q

Explain how time money and transport changed in the 21st century?

A
  • Society has become more technologically advanced, increasing time for leisure
  • Flexible working conditions increase time
  • The global recession has affected disposable income; less money is being spent on sport and exercise
  • Availability of transport is now better than it’s ever been; cars, buses, trains and cheap flights have allowed for increased sport participation

A-level PE (19 decks)

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