4.3 Transfer of Skills

Question 1

What is negative transfer?

Answer 1

• one skill hinders another

- happens when a stimulus common to both skills requires a differant responce

Question 2

What is positive transfer

Answer 2

• one skill helps another
• occurs when two skills are similar in some way
• performer recognises responce to stimulus is same/similar

Question 3

What is proactive transfer?

Answer 3

a previously learned skill has an impact on a newly learnt skill

Question 4

What is retroactive transfer?

Answer 4

a newly learnt skill has an impact on a previously learnt skill

Question 5

What is bilateral transfer?

Answer 5

being able to do the skill with both sides of the body

Question 6

Example of negative transfer?

Answer 6

• passing in netball and passing in rugby
• hitting in cricket and hitting in baseball
• bowling in cricket and pitching in baseball

Question 7

Examples of positive transfer?

Answer 7

• chest pass in basketball and netball
• basketball shot and netball shot
• topspin in table tennis and tennis
• sprinting and marathon running

Question 8

Examples of proactive transfer?

Answer 8

• catching a ball helps with catching in the air in netball
• running with ball in hockey may then help with doing a skill while running
• back flip effecting double back flip

Question 9

examples of retroactive transfer?

Answer 9

-tennis serve may influence the previously learned over arm throw used in cricket

Question 10

Examples of bilateral transfer?

Answer 10

• shoulder pass on both sides
• tennis fore hand and back hand
• rugby tackle on both sides

Question 11

Why is transfer of skills benificial?

Answer 11

• coaches and performers will want to optimise transfer that helps the learning and performance of a skill
• can identify types of transfer and use them to benefit performance

Question 12

What is transfer of skills?

Answer 12

influence of one skill on another. can be influence from a previously learned skill on a new skill or vice versa and can be a help or a hinderance to performance

Question 13

positive transfer effect on performance?

Answer 13

• transfers the stimulus- responce bond of one skill to another
• helps to develop the correct motor programme

Question 14

negative transfer effect on performance?

Answer 14

• performer can respond incorrectly to similar stimuli

- differences in kinaesthetic feedback can cause common confusion

Question 15

How do you optimise negative transfer?

Answer 15

Highlight the difference in wrist action between hitting in Badminton and tennis. E.g. Explain or point out where similar skills require different responses.

• Don’t teach conflicting skills together in the same programme of work.
• The coach should apply strategies to optimise positive transfer.
• Be aware that although skills look similar, that they may be transferred negatively.
• The environment in which the skill is learned must match the real situation.
• Simplify the task during the initial learning to establish the basic movement and then transfer it to the real situation.
• If part or progressive part practice is used the first subroutine should be overlearned before progressing.

Question 16

How to optimise positve transfer?

Answer 16

• Build the subroutines of a skill progressively, give clear demonstrations. In gymnastics when learning skills to put together into a floor routine.
• Make the practices game – related and realistic. E.g. Add in defenders when practising a short corner in hockey.
• Explain or point out similarities between skills or tactics. E.g. Highlight the similarity of spin action of a forehand spin and backhand spin in table tennis hand spin and backhand.
• Teach similar skills together. E.g. . Teach rounders and cricket fielding as the skills required are similar.
• Use positive reinforcement and praise when positive transfer occurs. E.g. Give praise when the volleyball player successfully transfers the tennis serve action to their volleyball serve.
• Teach fundamental skills first and ensure they are well learned. E.g. Ensure a young performer has learnt to throw and catch properly, then this will help them when they learn cricket/rounders later in life.