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Nursing School > Fluid & Electrolyte Balance > Flashcards

Fluid & Electrolyte Balance Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the primary body fluid?

A

Water

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2
Q

What are the two fluid compartments?

A
  • Intracellular fluids

- Extracellular fluids

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3
Q

What are the two major areas of ECF?

A
  • Intravascular fluid (plasma)

- Interstitial fluid

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4
Q

What is the minor component of ECF?

A

Trans-cellular fluid.

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5
Q

What separates ICF and ECF compartments?

A
  • Capillary walls

- Cell membranes

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6
Q

What makes infants more prone to fluid volume deficits?

A

Having considerably more total body fluid and ECF than adults, where ECF is more easily lost from body than ICF.

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7
Q

What is the cause for a risk of fluid imbalance in older adults?

A
  • Increase in fat cells

- Decrease in muscle mass/lean tissue

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8
Q

What stimulates the thirst control center (hypothalamus)?

A
  • Intracellular dehydration

- Decreased blood volume

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9
Q

What is the difference between a sensible and insensible loss?

A

Sensible can be measured, while insensible cannot.

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10
Q

What is the hierarchy of fluid intake from most to least?

A
  • Ingested water
  • Ingested food
  • Metabolism
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11
Q

What is the hierarchy of fluid output from most to least?

A
  • Kidneys
  • Skin
  • Lungs
  • GI
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12
Q

What are 2 examples of non-electrolytes?

A
  • Urea

- Glucose

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13
Q

What are the major electrolytes of ECF?

A
  • Sodium
  • Chloride
  • Calcium
  • Bicarbonate
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14
Q

What are the major electrolytes of ICF?

A
  • Potassium
  • Phosphorus
  • Magnesium
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15
Q

What is the primary solvent of the body?

A

Water

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16
Q

What are the primary solutes of the body?

A
  • Electrolytes

- Non-electrolytes

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17
Q

What are the mechanisms responsible for regulating shift of fluids and transporting materials to and from the intracellular components?

A
  • Organs and body systems
  • Osmosis
  • Diffusion
  • Active transport
  • Capillary filtration
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18
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

The movement of solvent with lesser solutes to an area of greater solute concentration.

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19
Q

In regards, to osmolarity what is an isotonic solution?

A

A value between 275-295 mOsm/L.

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20
Q

In regards, to osmolarity what is a hypertonic solution?

A

A value greater than 295 mOsm/L.

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21
Q

In regards, to osmolarity what is a hypotonic solution?

A

A value lesser than 275 mOsm/L.

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22
Q

What is Osmotic Potential?

A

An electrolytes affinity for water.

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23
Q

What is Diffusion?

A

A solute moving from high concentration to a lower concentration.

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24
Q

What is Active Transport?

A

Movement of substances from an area of lesser solute concentration to high solute concentration (requires energy).

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25
Q

What is Capillary Filtration?

A

Fluids moving from an area of high pressure to one with lower pressure.

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26
Q

What is the “pushing” force of capillary filtration?

A

Hydrostatic pressure.

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27
Q

What does Reabsorption do?

A

Prevents too much fluid from leaving the capillaries regardless of hydrostatic pressure.

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28
Q

Which component facilitates the “pulling” force in reabsorption?

A

Plasma proteins such as albumin.

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29
Q

What is the “pulling” force of capillary filtration?

A

Colloid osmotic pressure or oncotic pressure.

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30
Q

What is filtration pressure?

A

Difference between colloid osmotic pressure and blood hydrostatic pressure.

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31
Q

What is a Fluid Volume Deficit (FVD) caused by?

A

A loss of water and solutes in the same proportion from the ECF space.

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32
Q

What is Hypovolemia?

A
  • Isotonic dehydration
  • lack of both water and electrolytes
  • Decrease in circulating blood
  • FVD
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33
Q

What is Isotonic Fluid Loss?

A

Loss of both water and solutes from the ECF.

34
Q

What is the Third-space Fluid Shift?

A
  • Fluid shifting from the intravascular spaces into trans-cellular compartments (pleural, peritoneal, etc).
  • ECF Deficit
35
Q

In regards to fluid volume deficits (FVD), what happens with decreased albumin levels?

A

Disruption of colloid osmotic pressure.

36
Q

In regards to fluid volume deficits (FVD), what happens with excess IV fluid replacement or renal dysfunction?

A

Increased fluid volume.

37
Q

In regards to fluid volume deficits (FVD), what happens with heart failure?

A

Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure.

38
Q

In regards to fluid volume deficits (FVD), what happens from gross tissue trauma?

A

Increase in permeability of the capillary membrane.

39
Q

What are some interventions for FVD?

A
  • Prevent further fluid loss
  • Oral rehydration therapy
  • IV therapy
  • Medications: antiemetics, antidiarrheals
  • Monitor CV, Resp, Renal, GI status
  • Monitor electrolytes - possible supplement rx
  • Monitor weight
  • Monitor I&O
40
Q

What is Fluid Volume Excess (FVE)?

A
  • Excessive retention of water and sodium in ECF near high, equal proportions
  • Hypervolemia
41
Q

What is Hypervolemia?

A

Excess fluid in intravascular area.

42
Q

What are some common causes of FVE?

A
  • Kidney malfunction

- Heart failure

43
Q

What are some interventions for FVE?

A
  • Restore normal fluid balance, prevent further overload
  • Drug therapy; diuretics
  • Diet therapy; decrease Na & fluids
  • Monitor I &O
  • Monitor weights
  • Monitor electrolytes
  • Monitor CV, Resp, Renal systems
44
Q

What is Hyponatremia and what does it do?

A
  • Sodium deficit caused by loss of sodium or a gain of water

- Delays and slows depolarization of membranes

45
Q

What is Hypernatremia?

A

Sodium surplus in ECF caused by excess water loss or overall excess of sodium.

46
Q

What is Hypokalemia?

A

Potassium deficit caused by vomiting, diarrhea, or diuretics.

47
Q

What is Hyperkalemia?

A

Potassium surplus caused by renal failure, hypoaldosteronism, or med use such as heparin, ACE inhibitors or NSAIDS.

48
Q

What are signs of hypokalemia?

A
  • Muscle weakness
  • Leg cramps
  • Fatigue
  • Paresthesias
  • Dysrhythmias
49
Q

Excess of which electrolytes may lead to cardiac arrest?

A
  • Sodium
  • Potassium
  • Calcium
  • Magnesium
50
Q

What are two major causes for hypercalcemia?

A
  • Cancer

- Hyperparathyroidism

51
Q

What is the normal phosphorus range?

A

2.5-4.5 mg/dL.

52
Q

What are two common causes for hyperphosphatemia?

A
  • Impaired kidney excretion

- Hypoparathyroidism

53
Q

What should a nursing assessment r/t fluid and electrolyte imbalance include?

A
  • History
  • Physical assessment
  • I & O
  • Daily weights
  • Lab studies
54
Q

For fluid and electrolyte imbalances, what does an increased hematocrit value indicate?

A
  • Severe FVD

- Shock

55
Q

For fluid and electrolyte imbalances, what does a decreased hematocrit value indicate?

A
  • Acute, massive blood loss
  • Hemolytic reaction to blood transfusion
  • Fluid overload
56
Q

For fluid and electrolyte imbalances, what does an increased hemoglobin value indicate?

A

Hemoconcentration in blood.

57
Q

For fluid and electrolyte imbalances, what does a decreased hemoglobin value indicate?

A
  • Anemia states
  • Severe hemorrhage
  • Post-hemolytic reaction
58
Q

What does an increased BUN value indicate?

A
  • Impaired renal function
  • Diabetic keto-acidosis
  • Burns
59
Q

What does an increased creatinine value indicate?

A
  • Impaired renal function
  • Heart failure
  • Shock
  • Dehydration
60
Q

What is the normal pH range for urine?

A

4.6-8.2.

61
Q

What is the normal specific gravity range for urine?

A

1.005-1.030.

62
Q

What does an increased specific gravity value in urine indicate?

A
  • Dehydration
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • Heart failure
63
Q

What does a decreased specific gravity value in urine indicate?

A
  • Renal damage

- Drug effects

64
Q

What are complications of IV therapy?

A
  • Infiltration
  • Extravasation
  • Phlebitis
  • Thrombophlebitis
  • Infection
65
Q

**Look at IV solutions.****

A

Table 39-11.

66
Q

**Review pages*

A

1593-1597 for blood transfusion therapy

67
Q

What type of foods do you eat for FVD?

A
  • Foods with high water content
  • Citrus
  • Melons
  • Celery
68
Q

What type of foods do you eat for hypokalemia?

A
  • Bananas
  • Citrus fruits
  • Apricots
  • Melons
  • Broccoli
  • Potatoes
  • Raisins
  • Lima beans
69
Q

What type of foods do you avoid for hypernatremia?

A
  • Processed cheese
  • Lunch meats
  • Canned soups and vegetables
  • Salted snack foods
70
Q

What is Edema?

A

Excessive fluids in interstitial spaces.

71
Q

What is an expected finding for hypovolemia?

A
  • Tachycardia
  • Syncope
  • Decreased skin turgor
72
Q

What osmolarity level is indicative of dehydration?

A

Blood osmolarity greater than 295 mOsm/kg.

73
Q

What is sodium’s function in the body?

A
  • Maintaining acid-base and fluid balance
  • Active and passive transport mechanisms
  • Irritability and conduction of nerve and muscle tissue
74
Q

Which electrolyte should you never IV bolus due to risk of cardiac arrest?

A

Potassium.

75
Q

Which diuretic do you administer to increase potassium excretion?

A

Furosemide.

76
Q

What are some interventions for hypocalcemia?

A
  • Initiate seizure and fall precautions

- Keep emergency equipment on standby

77
Q

Which foods are high in magnesium?

A
  • Whole grains

- Dark green vegetables

78
Q

What are some interventions for hypokalemia?

A
  • Monitor for cardiac dysrhythmia
  • Monitor for shallow/ineffective respirations
  • Encourage consumption of bananas/avocados/cantaloupe
  • Ensure underlying cause is corrected
79
Q

What are some symptoms of hypercalcemia?

A
  • Confusion
  • Bone pain
  • Nausea and vomiting
80
Q

What are the primary extracellular electrolytes?

A
  • Sodium
  • Chloride
  • Bicarbonate
81
Q

Which electrolytes are cations?

A
  • Magneisum
  • Potassium
  • Calcium

Nursing School (25 decks)

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