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Nursing School > Comfort and Pain Management > Flashcards

Comfort and Pain Management Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the steps in the pain process?

A
  • Transduction (conversion of energy into electrical impulse)
  • Transmission
  • Perception (the point at which the person feels the pain)
  • Modulation [(Inhibition or nullification of pain) moving body away from painful stimuli]
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2
Q

What is Nociception?

A

The ability to feel painful stimuli.

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3
Q

What is the most potent endorphin for analgesic effect?

A

Dynorphin.

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4
Q

Characteristics of Acute Pain.

A
  • Protective
  • Identifiable
  • Short duration
  • Limited emotional response
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5
Q

Characteristics of Chronic Pain.

A
  • Not protective
  • No purpose
  • May or may not have an identifiable cause
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6
Q

What is Chronic Episodic Pain?

A

Pain that occurs sporadically over an extended duration.

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7
Q

What is Idiopathic Pain?

A

Chronic pain without identifiable physical or psychological cause.

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8
Q

What are some unique factors that affect pain?

A
  • Fatigue
  • Attention
  • Age
  • Anxiety and fear
  • Pain tolerance
  • Cultural
  • Past experiences
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9
Q

What are some nonpharmcological pain-relief interventions?

A
  • Cognitive and behavioral approach
  • Relaxation and guided imagery
  • Distraction
  • Music
  • Cutaneous (skin) stim/TENS
  • Acupuncture & Acupressure
  • Cold/Heat packs
  • Transcutaneous E-Stim (TENS)
  • Herbals
  • Reducing pain perception and reception
  • Elevation of edematous extremities
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10
Q

What is Patient-Controlled Analgesia?

A

Med admin system that allows patient to self-administer safe doses of opioids.

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11
Q

What are frequently used meds in PCA?

A
  • Morphine
  • Fentanyl
  • Hydromorphone
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12
Q

How do you prevent inadvertent overdose with PCA?

A

Patient is the only one allowed to push the button.

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13
Q

What symptom is most indicative of acute pain?

A

Increased blood pressure.

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14
Q

Aside from oral medication, what other routes can opioid medication be administrated?

A
  • Parenteral
  • Intramuscular
  • Transdermal
  • Rectal
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15
Q

What are the most common routes of administration for PCAs?

A
  • IV
  • Subcutaneously
  • Epidural
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16
Q

PCA Facts.

A
  • Dose interval programmed into system (usual 6-8 minutes)
  • Lock-out interval programs system to deliver a specific amount within a given time interval (usually hourly)
  • Safeguards limit the possibility of over-medication
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17
Q

What types of individuals are suitable for PCA?

A

Alert and oriented.

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18
Q

What types of individuals are not suitable for PCA?

A
  • Confused older adults
  • Infants
  • Very young children
  • Cognitively impaired patients
  • Patients w/ conditions for which over-sedation poses a significant health risk (i.e. asthma/sleep apnea)
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19
Q

PCA Advantages.

A
  • Consistent analgesic blood level
  • Faster and more predictable absorption than IM
  • Patient in charge
  • Less medication is used
  • Allows for earlier ambulation
  • Patient is more satisfied and improved pain relief
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20
Q

What is the best method to monitor patients for respiratory depression during PCA?

A
  • Pulse Ox

- Capnography (CO2 measurement)

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21
Q

Which opioid neuromodulators block pain and produce euphoria?

A
  • Endorphins

- Enkephalins

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22
Q

What does seratonin help regulate?

A
  • Mood and social behavior
  • Appetite and digestion
  • Sleep
  • Memory
  • Sexual desire and function
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23
Q

What does dopamine help control?

A

Reward and pleasure.

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24
Q

Where does visceral pain originate?

A
  • Cranium
  • Abdomen
  • Thorax
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25
Q

Where does somatic pain develop from?

A
  • Muscles
  • Tendons
  • Joints
26
Q

Describe how neuropathic pain is experienced.

A

For days, weeks, or months after the source of pain has been treated and resolved.

27
Q

What type of feeling is somatic pain?

A
  • Aching

- Throbbing

28
Q

What type of feeling is visceral pain?

A
  • Aching
  • Throbbing
  • Cramping
  • Pressure
  • Deep
  • Radiating
29
Q

What type of feeling is neuropathic pain?

A
  • Tingling
  • Itching
  • Burning
  • Cold
  • Prickly
  • “Shocklike”
30
Q

What type of pain serves no purpose?

A

Persistent pain.

31
Q

What does the Gate Theory explain?

A

Why mechanical and electrical interventions or heat and pressure may provide effective pain relief.

32
Q

What are the most common side effects of opioid use?

A
  • Sedation
  • Nausea
  • Constipation
33
Q

What is Neuropathic Pain?

A

Pain that originates from abnormal or damaged pain nerves.

34
Q

What types of medication would you use for neuropathic pain?

A

Adjuvant medication.

35
Q

What are substances that increase pain transmission and cause an inflammatory response?

A
  • Substance P
  • Prostaglandin
  • Bradykinin
  • Histamine
36
Q

What are substances that decrease pain transmission and produce analgesia?

A
  • Serotonin

- Endorphins

37
Q

Which vital signs and symptoms will acute pain affect and exhibit?

A
  • Blood pressure
  • Pulse
  • Respiratory rate
  • Dilated pupils
  • Diaphoresis
38
Q

What is Hyperalgesia?

A

Heightened sense of pain.

39
Q

What is Allodynia?

A

Patients experiencing pain from experiences that are not usually painful (lightly touching your skin or wind blowing).

40
Q

What are the 3 types of analgesics?

A
  • Opioid
  • Non-opioid
  • Adjuvants
41
Q

Which route is best for immediate, short-term relief of acute pain?

A

Parenteral route.

42
Q

Which route is best for chronic, non-fluctuating pain?

A

Oral route.

43
Q

What kind of analgesics would you use for mild to moderate pain?

A

Non-opioid/NSAIDs.

44
Q

What type of medication is used to treat the respiratory depressant effect from opioids?

A

Naloxone.

45
Q

What are the 3 types of nociceptive pain?

A
  • Somatic
  • Visceral
  • Cutaneous
46
Q

What are the different levels on the sedation scale?

A
  • S: Sleeping, but easy to arouse
  • 1: Alert and awake
  • 2: Slightly drowsy, but easy to arouse
  • 3: Frequently drowsy, arousable, but drifts off mid-conversation
  • 4: somnolent with minimal or no response to stimuli; discontinue the opioid and consider use of naloxone
47
Q

What are the principles guiding treatment for cancer pain?

A
  • Administer meds around the clock
  • Giving oral meds for convenience
  • Assessing pain every visit
  • Contacting health care provider if client reports unrelieved pain
48
Q

How should the bed be positioned during epidural therapy?

A

The head of the bed should be elevated by 30 degrees.

49
Q

What are the therapeutic effects of laughter?

A
  • Activating the immune system
  • Increases pain threshold
  • Reduces arterial wall stiffness
  • Improves endothelial function
50
Q

At what ages do you use the FLACC scale?

A

2 months to 7 years.

51
Q

What is the priority for admitting a dying patient?

A

Pain Management.

52
Q

At what ages do you use the CRIES scale?

A

0-6 months.

53
Q

What are the 3 types of endogenous opioids?

A
  • Endorphins
  • Enkephalins
  • Dynorphins
54
Q

What is referred pain?

A

Pain originating at one part of the body but perceived in a different area.

55
Q

What does it mean when pain is intractable?

A

Pain is resistant to therapy and persists despite a variety of interventions.

56
Q

What organ function is suppressed by pain?

A

Kidney.

57
Q

What is the action of ibuprofin?

A

Have an antiprostaglandin effect on the CNS.

58
Q

Which clients are best candidates for epidural therapy?

A
  • Terminal cancer
  • Hip surgery
  • Spinal surgery
  • LE surgery
59
Q

What is a paradoxical effect of hypnotics?

A

Stimulating effect or mental changes.

60
Q

Which fibers are responsible for dull and poorly localized pain?

A

C-fibers.

61
Q

Which fibers are responsible for sharp and well localized pain?

A

A-delta.

62
Q

What are common examples of physiologic responses to pain?

A
  • Increased BP
  • Increased muscle tension
  • Increased rigidity

Nursing School (25 decks)

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