Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Hesi PN > fluid and electrolyte balance > Flashcards

fluid and electrolyte balance Flashcards

1
Q

What is hypervolemia

A

Too much fluid in the vascular space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What causes Hypervolemia

A

Heart failure
Renal Failure
Sodium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How does Heart failure cause fluid volume excess

A

Heart is weak, cardiac output is down, Kidney profusion is down, urinary output is down, volume stays in vascular space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does kidney failure cause fluid volume excess

A

Kidneys aren’t working

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Three things with a lot of sodium

A

Effervescent soluble medications
canned/ processed foods
IVF with sodium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where is aldosterone found

A

Adrenal glands on top of kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does aldosterone do

A

Secretion increases sodium water retention, causing blood volume to go up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What causes too much aldosterone

A

Cushings
Hyperaldosteronism (conns syndrome)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What causes too little aldosterone

A

Addisons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is aldosterone

A

Steroid, mineralcorticoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does ADH do

A

Cause water retention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happens with too much ADH

A

Retain water
fluid volume excess
SIADH
urine concentrated
blood diluted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What happens with not enough ADH

A

Lose water
fluid volume deficit
Diuresis
Diabetes insipidus
urine diluted
blood concentrated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens to urine specific gravity, sodium and hematocrit when concentrated? dilute?

A

Concentrated numbers go up
dilute numbers go down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where is ADH found

A

Pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What things should make you think ADH problem

A

Craniotomy
head injury
sinus surgery
transsphenoidal hypophysectomy
anything that can lead to increased ICP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What can be used as an ADH replacement

A

Vasopressin or Despompresin acetate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

S&S of Fluid volume excess

A

Extended neck veins/peripheral veins
peripheral edema/ third spacing
wet lung sounds (low first)
polyuria
increased pulse
increased BP
increase weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why does pulse go up with fluid volume excess

A

To move fluid forward, if it doesn’t go forward it goes backward into the lungs, can lead to pulmonary edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

treatment of Fluid volume excess

A

Low sodium diet/ restrict fluid
I&O daily weights
diuretics
bed rest
give IVF slowly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is furosemide

A

Loop diuretic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a potassium sparing diuretic

A

Spirolactone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How does bed rest induce diureses

A

The release of ANP and lower production of ADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What causes fluid volume deficit

A

Loss of fluid
third spacing
diseases with polyuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What causes third spacing
Burns ascites
26
signs of fluid volume deficit
Weight down decreased skin turgor dry mucous membranes decreased urine output low BP increased pulse increased respirations veins constrict extremities cool unrine specific gravity goes up
27
Treatment of fluid volume deficit
Prevent further losses Replace volume safety precautions
28
What do Isotonic solutions do
Goes into vascular space and stays there
29
Examples of isotonic solutions
NS LR D5W
30
uses for isotonic solutions
Fluid loss through nausea, vomiting, burns, sweating, trauma
31
When should you avoid hypotonic solutions
Clients with hypertension, cardiac disease or renal disease
32
What can isotonic solutions cause
FVE hypertension hypernatremia (if contains sodium)
33
What do hypotonic solutions do
Goes into the vascular space and shifts into cells to replace cellular fluid
34
What is a benefit of hypotonic solution over isotonic solution
Rehydrate but don't cause hypertension
35
Examples of of hypotonic solutions
D2.5, 1/2 normal saline, 0.33 NS
36
uses of hypotonic solutions
Pt with hypertension, renal or cardiac disease that need fluid replacement Dilution for hypernatremia
37
what should you watch for with hypotonic solutions
cellular edema because this fluid is moving out to the cells which could lead to FVD and decrease BP
38
What do hypertonic solutions do
Volume expanders that draw fluid into vascular space from cell
39
examples of hypertonic solutions
D5LR, D5 1/2 NS, D5NS, TPN, Albumin
40
uses of hypertonic solutions
client with hyponatremia 3rd spacing burns edema ascites brings fluid back into the vascular space
41
What do you watch for with hypertonic solutions
Monitor in an ICU, monitor BP, pulse, CVP,
42
what causes hypermagnesemia
Renal failure antacids
43
S&S of hypermagnesemia
Flushing and warmth Vasodilation
44
Causes of hypercalcemia
hyperparathyroidism thiazides (retain calcium) immobilization
45
How Does hyperparathyroid cause hypercalcemia
hyperparathyroidism has too much PTH When serum calcium is low PTH pulls CA from bone to blood causing serum calcium to go ip
46
S&S of hypercalcemia
Bones are brittle kidney stones
47
Treatment of Hypermagnesemia
Ventilator if RR below 12 dialysis calcium gluconate
48
Treatment of hypercalcemia
Move fluids Steroids Safety precautions medications that decrease serum CA
49
causes of hypomagnesemia
Diarrhea alcoholism
50
how does alcoholism contribute to hypomagnesemia
alcohol suppresses ADH and is hypertonic not eating not drinking
51
signs and symptoms of hypomagnesemia and hypocalcemia
Rigid and tight muscles seizures stridor + Chvosteks + trousseaus arrhythmias DTR's Mind changes Swallowing problems
52
What is Chvosteks sign
contraction of facial muscle after percussion over facial nerve
53
What is trousseaus sign
Hand spasm after wearing BP cuff two to three minutes
54
treatment of hypo magnesium
Give MG check renal function (before IV MG) seizure precautions eat magnesium
55
Treatment of hypocalcemia
PO calcium Vitamin D phosphate binders
56
Foods high in magnesium
Spinach mustard greens pumpkin seeds peppermint cucumber greens green beans celery kale sunflower seeds sesame seeds flax seeds
57
symptoms common in hypermagnesemia and hypercalcemia
Weak muscle tone arrhythmias low LOC low pulse low respirations
58
what is the relationship between calcium and phosphorus
Inverse
59
Normal MG values
1.3-2.1
60
Normal calcium values
9.0-10.5
61
What should you think of for calcium and magnesium issues
muscles
62
what is hyperntremia
too much sodium not enough water
63
causes of hypernatremia
Hyperventilation heat stroke diabetes insipidus insensible fluid loss
64
normal sodium lab values
135-145
65
signs and symptoms of hypernatremia
dry mouth thirsty swollen tongue neuro changes
66
treatment of hypernatremia
restrict sodium dilute with fluids weight I&O labs
67
What is hyponatremia
too much water not enough sodium
68
causes of hyponatremia
drinking H2O for fluid replacement psychogenic polydipsia d5W SIADH: retaining water
69
Signs and symptoms of hyponatremia
headache seizure coma
70
treatment of hyponatremia
increase sodium don't need water
71
what happens to potassium if kidneys aren't working
serum potassium goes up
72
what causes hyperkalemia
kidney problems spironolactone (retain potassium)
73
signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia
muscle twitching muscle weakness flaccid paralysis
74
Treatment of hyperkalemia
dialysis calcium glutinate (decrease arrhythmia) sodium polystyrene sulfonate
75
What is the relationship between sodium and potassium
inverse
76
hypokalemia causes
Vomiting NG suction diuretics not eating
77
signs and symptoms of hypokalemia
muscle cramps muscle weakness
78
treatment of hypokalemia
give potassium spironolactone eat more potassium
79
major problems with oral potassium
GI upset burns during infusion assess urinary out put before IV potassium1
80
foods high in potassium
spinach, fennel, kale, mustard greens, brussel sprouts, broccoli, eggplant, cantaloupe tomatoes, parsley, cucumber, bell pepper, apricots, ginger root, strawberries, avocado, banana, tuna, halibut, cauliflower, kiwi, oranges, lima beans, potatoes, cabbage
81
What are the 3 major acid base chemicals
Bicarb (base) Hydrogen (Base) CO2 (acid)
82
major lung chemical
CO2
83
Major kidney chemicals
Bicarb hydrogen
84
normal PH
7.35 to 7.45
85
an acidotic person is
lethargic
86
an alkalotic person is
excitable
87
How do kidneys compensate
remove excess bicarb by excreting it through urine or retain hydrogen and bicarb and return to blood
88
how to lungs compensate
89
what causes respiratory acidosis
retaining Co2 mid-abdominal incision narcotics sleeping pills pneumothorax collapsed lung pneumonia impaired gas exchange hypoventilation
90
signs and symptoms of respiratory acidosis
headache, confused, sleepy could lead to coma hypoxia (restlessness, tachycardia)
91
PaO2 levels
80-100
92
PaCo2 levels
35-45
93
HCO3 levels, Bicarb
22-26
94
treatment for respiratory acidosis
fix breathing problem turn cough deep breath
95
how to fix pneumonia breathing problems
postural rainage percussion deep breathing suctioning fluids elevate HOB incentive spirometry
96
causes of respiratory alkalosis
hyperventilation ( hysterical, Aspirin OD)
97
signs and symptoms of respiratory alkalosis
Vaso constriction lightheaded faint feeling peri-oral numbness, numbness and tingling in fingers and toes
98
treatment of respiratory alkalosis
sedate treat cause monitor ABG
99
What causes metabolic acidosis
DKA Starvation renal failure severe diarrhea
100
signs and symptoms of metabolic acidosis
depends on cause hyperkalemia increased respiratory rate kussmaul respirations
101
metabolic alkalosis causes
loss of upper GI contents too many antacids (too much base)
102
signs and symptoms of metabolic alkalosis
depends on cause observe loc serum potassium down muscle cramps and arrhythmias
103
treatment of metabolic alkalosis
fix problem replace potassium

Hesi PN (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions