Cardiology 2

Question 1

how do you calculate cardiac output

Answer 1

CO=stroke volume X heart rate

Question 2

symptoms of poor cardiac output

Answer 2

Decreased LOC
chest pain, weak peripheral pulses
SOB, crackles, rales
cool, clammy mottled extremities
decreased UOP

Question 3

What is the frank starling law

Answer 3

the more blood on the right side of the….

Question 4

causes of decreased cardiac output

Answer 4

bradycardia
arrhythmias
pulseless vtach
vfib
asystole
svt
hypotension
MI
cardiac disease muscle

Question 5

Causes of increased CO

Answer 5

increased blood volume sometimes
tachycardia sometimes
medications
inotropes

Question 6

what medication decrease heart rate

Answer 6

ace inhibitors
ARBS
nitrates

Question 7

What are the types of coronary artery disease

Answer 7

acute stable angina
acute coronary syndrome (MI)

Question 8

What is chronic stable angina

Answer 8

narrowing of coronary arteries and plaque build up
periods of ischemia causing chest pain
periods of decreased blood flow

Question 9

treatment of chronic stable angina

Answer 9

Nitro

Question 10

how do you give nitro

Answer 10

sublingualy
1 pill every 5 min for 3 doses
store in dark container
do not swallow
call Ems if not relieved after first pill
may experience headache

Question 11

what does nitro do

Answer 11

venous arterial dilation>decreases afterload>increased cardiac output

Question 12

how do patients decrease workload of the heart

Answer 12

rest
do not overeat
no caffeine
avoid temperature extremes
no smoking
promote weight loss
reduce stress

Question 13

What is an mi

Answer 13

decreased blood flow to the heart leading to decreased oxygen causing ischemia and necrosis
act quickly to limit damage (heart muscle is dying)

Question 14

MI assessment

Answer 14

chest pain
radiating to left arm or jaw between shoulder blade
epigastric discomfort
SOB
fatigue
vomiting

Question 15

What is CPK-BMP

Answer 15

cardiac specific isoenxyme
increases wit damage to cardiac cells

Question 16

what is troponin

Answer 16

cardiac biomarker
increases with MI

Question 17

what is myoglobin

Answer 17

protein in muscle cells
increases with damage to any muscle
negative results can help rule out an MI but positive results are not specific

Question 18

Treatment of MI

Answer 18

Cath lab within 90 minutes for PCI especially if a semi
oxygen
aspirin
nitro
morphine

Question 19

education for MI

Answer 19

quit smoking
increase activity
heart healthy diet
avoid isometric exercises
walking is a good choice

Question 20

What is included in a heart healthy diet

Answer 20

low salt
low fat
low cholesterol

Question 21

What is heart failure

Answer 21

inability to pump enough blood to meet the body need for blood and oxygen

Question 22

causes of heart failure

Answer 22

hypertension
cardiomyopathy
endocarditis
mi

Question 23

what happens in left heart failure

Answer 23

blood cannot move forward so backs into lungs

Question 24

assessment of left heart failure

Answer 24

pulmonary congestion
wet lung soiunds
dyspnea
cough
blood tinged sputum
s3 heart sound
orthopnea

Question 25

What happens in right sided heart failure

Answer 25

blood is backing into body and not going out to lungs

Question 26

assessment of right sided heart failure

Answer 26

jugular venous distention dependent edema hepatomegaly splenomegaly ascites weight gain fatigue anorexia

Question 27

cause of right hear failure

Answer 27

left sided heart failure

Question 28

treatment of heart failure

Answer 28

decrease workload of heart ace inhibitors ARBS digoxin diuresis

Question 29

Education for diuretics

Answer 29

take in the AM monitor electrolyte levels low sodium diet elevate HOB daily weight report any increase of 2-3 pounds in one day

Question 30

What is a hypertensive crisis

Answer 30

180/120

Question 31

causes and risk factors of hypertension

Answer 31

family history African american increased age obesity HDL CAD stress smoking high salt intake caffeine

Question 32

Assessment of hypertension crisis

Answer 32

vision changes headaches dizziness nosebleeds SOB angina

Question 33

hypertension complications

Answer 33

stroke mi renal failure heart failure vision loss

Question 34

What is shock

Answer 34

when vitals organs are not receiving adequate oxygenation causing organ damage

Question 35

Types of shock

Answer 35

hypovolemic cariogenic distributive

Question 36

What is hypovolemic shock

Answer 36

loss of blood flow not enough blood entering heart body vasoconstricts

Question 37

Causes of hypovolemic shock

Answer 37

hemorrhage traumatic injury dehydration burns

Question 38

signs of hypovolemic shock, compensating

Answer 38

weak pale anxious tachycardic

Question 39

signs of failing hypotension

Answer 39

weak pulses hypotension decreased loc pale cool clammy decreased uop

Question 40

Treatment of hypovolemic shock

Answer 40

fix the cause replace vomue support perfusion-vasopressors

Question 41

What Is cariogenic shock

Answer 41

heart can't pump blood sufficiently

Question 42

Causes of cariogenic shock

Answer 42

MI cardiac tamponade-obstructive shock pulmonary embolism

Question 43

assessment of cardiogenic shock

Answer 43

decreased profusion volume overload

Question 44

signs of volume overload

Answer 44

jvd crackles sob muffled heart sounds s3 soudn

Question 45

Treatment of cariogenic shock

Answer 45

treat the cause improve contractility-dopamine, dobutamine decrease afterload, diuretics, dobutamine IABP LVAD transplant

Question 46

treatment for cardiac tamponade

Answer 46

pericardiocentesis

Question 47

What is distributive shock

Answer 47

something causes an immune or autonomic response alters vascular tone peripheral vasodilation blood pressure cant provide blood to vital organs

Question 48

Causes of distributive shock

Answer 48

anaphylactic neurogenic- SCI septic