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Hesi PN > Cardiology 2 > Flashcards

Cardiology 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

how do you calculate cardiac output

A

CO=stroke volume X heart rate

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2
Q

symptoms of poor cardiac output

A

Decreased LOC
chest pain, weak peripheral pulses
SOB, crackles, rales
cool, clammy mottled extremities
decreased UOP

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3
Q

What is the frank starling law

A

the more blood on the right side of the….

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4
Q

causes of decreased cardiac output

A

bradycardia
arrhythmias
pulseless vtach
vfib
asystole
svt
hypotension
MI
cardiac disease muscle

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5
Q

Causes of increased CO

A

increased blood volume sometimes
tachycardia sometimes
medications
inotropes

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6
Q

what medication decrease heart rate

A

ace inhibitors
ARBS
nitrates

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7
Q

What are the types of coronary artery disease

A

acute stable angina
acute coronary syndrome (MI)

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8
Q

What is chronic stable angina

A

narrowing of coronary arteries and plaque build up
periods of ischemia causing chest pain
periods of decreased blood flow

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9
Q

treatment of chronic stable angina

A

Nitro

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10
Q

how do you give nitro

A

sublingualy
1 pill every 5 min for 3 doses
store in dark container
do not swallow
call Ems if not relieved after first pill
may experience headache

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11
Q

what does nitro do

A

venous arterial dilation>decreases afterload>increased cardiac output

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12
Q

how do patients decrease workload of the heart

A

rest
do not overeat
no caffeine
avoid temperature extremes
no smoking
promote weight loss
reduce stress

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13
Q

What is an mi

A

decreased blood flow to the heart leading to decreased oxygen causing ischemia and necrosis
act quickly to limit damage (heart muscle is dying)

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14
Q

MI assessment

A

chest pain
radiating to left arm or jaw between shoulder blade
epigastric discomfort
SOB
fatigue
vomiting

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15
Q

What is CPK-BMP

A

cardiac specific isoenxyme
increases wit damage to cardiac cells

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16
Q

what is troponin

A

cardiac biomarker
increases with MI

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17
Q

what is myoglobin

A

protein in muscle cells
increases with damage to any muscle
negative results can help rule out an MI but positive results are not specific

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18
Q

Treatment of MI

A

Cath lab within 90 minutes for PCI especially if a semi
oxygen
aspirin
nitro
morphine

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19
Q

education for MI

A

quit smoking
increase activity
heart healthy diet
avoid isometric exercises
walking is a good choice

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20
Q

What is included in a heart healthy diet

A

low salt
low fat
low cholesterol

21
Q

What is heart failure

A

inability to pump enough blood to meet the body need for blood and oxygen

22
Q

causes of heart failure

A

hypertension
cardiomyopathy
endocarditis
mi

23
Q

what happens in left heart failure

A

blood cannot move forward so backs into lungs

24
Q

assessment of left heart failure

A

pulmonary congestion
wet lung soiunds
dyspnea
cough
blood tinged sputum
s3 heart sound
orthopnea

25
Q

What happens in right sided heart failure

A

blood is backing into body and not going out to lungs

26
Q

assessment of right sided heart failure

A

jugular venous distention
dependent edema
hepatomegaly
splenomegaly
ascites
weight gain
fatigue
anorexia

27
Q

cause of right hear failure

A

left sided heart failure

28
Q

treatment of heart failure

A

decrease workload of heart
ace inhibitors
ARBS
digoxin
diuresis

29
Q

Education for diuretics

A

take in the AM
monitor electrolyte levels
low sodium diet
elevate HOB
daily weight
report any increase of 2-3 pounds in one day

30
Q

What is a hypertensive crisis

A

180/120

31
Q

causes and risk factors of hypertension

A

family history
African american
increased age
obesity
HDL
CAD
stress
smoking
high salt intake
caffeine

32
Q

Assessment of hypertension crisis

A

vision changes
headaches
dizziness
nosebleeds
SOB
angina

33
Q

hypertension complications

A

stroke
mi
renal failure
heart failure
vision loss

34
Q

What is shock

A

when vitals organs are not receiving adequate oxygenation causing organ damage

35
Q

Types of shock

A

hypovolemic
cariogenic
distributive

36
Q

What is hypovolemic shock

A

loss of blood flow
not enough blood entering heart
body vasoconstricts

37
Q

Causes of hypovolemic shock

A

hemorrhage
traumatic injury
dehydration
burns

38
Q

signs of hypovolemic shock, compensating

A

weak
pale
anxious
tachycardic

39
Q

signs of failing hypotension

A

weak pulses
hypotension
decreased loc
pale
cool clammy
decreased uop

40
Q

Treatment of hypovolemic shock

A

fix the cause
replace vomue
support perfusion-vasopressors

41
Q

What Is cariogenic shock

A

heart can’t pump blood sufficiently

42
Q

Causes of cariogenic shock

A

MI
cardiac tamponade-obstructive shock
pulmonary embolism

43
Q

assessment of cardiogenic shock

A

decreased profusion
volume overload

44
Q

signs of volume overload

A

jvd
crackles
sob
muffled heart sounds
s3 soudn

45
Q

Treatment of cariogenic shock

A

treat the cause
improve contractility-dopamine, dobutamine
decrease afterload, diuretics, dobutamine
IABP
LVAD
transplant

46
Q

treatment for cardiac tamponade

A

pericardiocentesis

47
Q

What is distributive shock

A

something causes an immune or autonomic response
alters vascular tone
peripheral vasodilation
blood pressure cant provide blood to vital organs

48
Q

Causes of distributive shock

A

anaphylactic
neurogenic- SCI
septic

Hesi PN (24 decks)

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