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Flashcards - Neuro

1
Q

Cocaine/Hydroxyamphetamine

A

Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor/Norepinephrine release (can test if 3rd order Horners)

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2
Q

cerebral hemispheres embryo origins

A

–> telecephalon –> prosencephalon

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3
Q

thalamus

A

–> diencephalon –> prosencephalon

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4
Q

midbrain

A

–> mesencephalon

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5
Q

pons/cerebellum

A

–> metencephalon –> rhombencephalon

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6
Q

medulla

A

–> myelencephalon –> rhombencephalon

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7
Q

Serotonin amino acids

A

–> 5-hydroxytryptamine –> tryptophan

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8
Q

tetrahydrobiopterin

A

tyrosine, dopa, serotonin, NO

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9
Q

Norepinephrine nucleus

A

locus cereleus

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10
Q

Dopamine nucleus

A

ventral tegmentum and substantia nigra pars compacta

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11
Q

5-HT nucleus

A

raphe nuclei

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12
Q

Ach nucleus

A

basal nucleus of Meynert (affected in AD)

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13
Q

GABA nucleus

A

nucleus accumbens

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14
Q

Loss of GABA neurons

A

Huntingtons disease (Ch 4) - Neuron death from NMDA-R binding and glutamate toxicity - ex-vacuo dilation of frontal horns

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15
Q

NMDA receptor agonist

A

glutamate + glycine co-factor

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16
Q

mu opiod receptor

A

G-proteins –> activates potassium channels to increase K efflux –> hyperpolarization

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17
Q

mesolimbic-mesocortical

A

behavior

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18
Q

nigrostriatal

A

voluntary movements (parkinsons)

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19
Q

tuberoinfundibular

A

prolactin secretion

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20
Q

superoxide dismutase 1

A

Lou Gehrigs - ALS - UMN+LMN deficits - use rilouzole (glutamate antagonist)

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21
Q

multinucleated giant cells in CNS

A

HIV infected microglia

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22
Q

free nerve fibers

A

pain/temperature - on skin

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23
Q

meissner corpuscles

A

fine/light touch, position - on hairless skin

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24
Q

pacinian corpuscles

A

vibration/pressure - deep skin layers, ligaments/joints

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25
Q

merkel disks

A

deep static touch, pressure - fingertips

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26
Q

ruffini corpuscles

A

pressure, slippage, joint angle change - fingertips

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27
Q

Lateral area of hypothalamus

A

hunger (inhibited by leptin)

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28
Q

Ventromedial area of hypothalamus

A

satiety (stimulated by leptin)

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29
Q

anterior hypothalamus

A

cooling, parasympathetic

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30
Q

posterior hypothalamus

A

heating, sympathetic

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31
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus

A

circadian rhythm –> norepi –> pineal gland –> melatonin

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32
Q

VPL of thalamus

A

spinothalamic/DCML - pain, temperature, touch, vibration proprioception

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33
Q

VPM of thalamus

A

trigeminal/gustatory - face sensation, taste

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34
Q

LGN of thalamus

A

CN II - vision

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35
Q

MGN of thalamus

A

superior olive/inferior colliculus - hearing

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36
Q

VL of thalamus

A

basal ganglia/cerebellum - motor

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37
Q

Sleep Stage N2

A

medium sleep - bruxism

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38
Q

Sleep Stage N3

A

deepest sleep - sleepwalking, night terrors, bedwetting

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39
Q

REM sleep

A

loss of motor tone - dreaming

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40
Q

BG indirect pathway

A

inhibitory - Cortex/SNc -(+)-> Putamen -(-)-> GPi -(-)-> Thalamus -(+)-> Motor Cortex

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41
Q

BG direct pathway

A

excitatory - Cortex/SNc -(+)-> Putamen -(-)-> GPe -(-)-> STN -(+)-> GPi -(-)->Thalamus -(+)-> Motor Cortex

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42
Q

Wilson’s disease brain damage

A

putamen degeneration

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43
Q

alpha-synuclein

A

Lewy bodies - Parkinson’s

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44
Q

silver staining spherical tau protein aggregates

A

Pick bodies - Pick disease/FTD

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45
Q

hemiballism

A

subthalamic nucleus lesion - lacunar strokes

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46
Q

subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)

A

years after measles virus - oligoclonal bands of measles antibodies in CSF

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47
Q

Charcot-Bouchard

A

pseudoaneurysm from dilation of arteriole walls due to hypertension - lenticulostriate vessels

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48
Q

Wallenberg syndrome

A

Lateral medullary syndrome - PICA - nucleus ambiguus - hoarseness, dysphagia, slurred speech

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49
Q

stroke timeline

A

12-48h: red neurons, 24-72h: necrosis + neutrophils, 3-5d: macrophages(migroglia), 1-2w: reactive gliosis, >2w: glial scar

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50
Q

S100+ cell origins

A

neural crest

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51
Q

GFAP+

A

gliomas (astrocytes, oligodendryocytes, ependymal, schwann)

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52
Q

necrotic, pseudopalisading, GFAP+

A

glioblastoma multiforme - astrocytes - butterfly lesion

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53
Q

spindle cells, whorl pattern, psammoma bodies

A

meningioma - arachnoid - associated with estrogen

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54
Q

schwannoma

A

CN VIII @ cerebellarpontine angle common - S100+

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55
Q

well circumscribed, calcified, fried egg appearance, chicken-wire capillaries,

A

oligodendroglioma

56
Q

cystic, mural nodule, rosenthal fibers (thick eosinophilic corkscrews), GFAP+

A

pilocytic astrocyoma - most commonly in cerebellum

57
Q

small round blue cells, Homer-Wright rosette

A

medulloblastoma - neuroectoderm - exclusively in cerebellum, usually vermis - can cause hydrocephalus

58
Q

perivascular rosettes, rod-shaped blepharoblasts

A

ependymoma - 4th ventricle - cuases CSF blockage

59
Q

toothlike calcifications

A

craniopharygioma - rathke’s pouch remnant (surface ectoderm)

60
Q

hydrocephalus, intracranial calcifications and chorioretinitis in infant

A

congenital toxoplasmosis

61
Q

viral meningitis viruses

A

enteroviruses (coxsackie, echo, polio, entero)

62
Q

narcolepsy proteins

A

hypocretin-1/2 (orexin-A/B)

63
Q

flumazenil

A

antidote to benzo overdose

64
Q

Triptans

A

5-HT agonists

65
Q

dorsal column

A

proprioception/vibration/pressure - nerve ending –> cell body (DRG) –> spinal cord –> ipsilateral up dorsal column

66
Q

spinothalamic tract

A

pain/temperature - nerve endings enter spinal root

67
Q

lateral corticospinal tract

A

voluntary movemets/UMN - cell body (motor cortex) –> pyrimidal decusation –> descends contralaterally

68
Q

Friedrichs ataxia

A

AR - GAA trinucleotide repeat on Ch9 - frataxin (iron binding protein) defect - falling, diabetes, HOCM, kyphoscoliosis - like Vit E def

69
Q

nipple dermatome

A

T4

70
Q

navel dermatome

A

T10

71
Q

inguinal ligament dermatome

A

L1

72
Q

kneecap dermatome

A

L4

73
Q

medial CN nuclei

A

3, 4, 6, 12 - factors of 12

74
Q

midbrain CN nuclei

A

III, IV

75
Q

pons CN nuclei

A

V, VI, VII, VIII

76
Q

medulla CN nuclei

A

IX, X, XII

77
Q

spinal cord CN nuclei

A

XI

78
Q

optic canal

A

II

79
Q

superior orbital fissure

A

III, IV, V1, VI

80
Q

foramen rotundum

A

V2

81
Q

foramen ovale

A

V3

82
Q

foramen spinosum

A

middle meningeal artery

83
Q

internal auditory meatus

A

VII, VIII

84
Q

jugular foramen

A

IX, X, XI, jugular vein

85
Q

hypoglossal canal

A

XII

86
Q

foramen magnum

A

XI, brainstem, vertebral arteries

87
Q

nucleus ambiguus

A

motor inntervation of pharynx, larynx, upper esphagus (IX, X, XI)

88
Q

nucleus solitarius

A

visceral sensory information (VII, IX, X)

89
Q

Dorsal motor nucleus

A

parasympathetic fibers to heart, lungs, upper GI (Vagus)

90
Q

mastication muscles

A

Masseter, teMporalis, Medial pterygoid (V3)

91
Q

simple partial seizure treatment

A

carbamazepine

92
Q

complex partial seizure treatment

A

carbamazepine

93
Q

tonic clonic seizure treatment

A

phenytoin, carbamazepine and valproate

94
Q

myoclonic seizures treatment

A

valproic acid

95
Q

absence seizures treatment

A

ethosuximide

96
Q

Charcot-Marie-Tooth

A

AD - heriditary motor and sensory neuropathy - defective proteins in peripheral nerves/myelin sheath - scoliosis, foot deformities

97
Q

acute disseminated encephalomyelitis

A

periventricular inflammation and demyelination after infection - measles/VZV or rabies/smallpox vaccine

98
Q

Krabbe disease

A

galactocerebrosidase - accumulation –> myelin sheath destruction

99
Q

metachromatic leukodystrophy

A

arylsulfatase A - myelin sheath destruction

100
Q

adrenoleukodystrophy

A

XL - Coenzyme A to very-long-chain fatty acid metabolic disorder, fatal - build up in nerves, adrenals, testes

101
Q

seizure inducing meds

A

bupropion, clozapine, isoniazid, cipro, imipenem

102
Q

nicotinic receptor

A

ligand-gated ion channel

103
Q

dispersion of Nissl to periphery, cell body rounding, peripheral displacement of nuclei

A

Axonal injury/degeneration

104
Q

cerebellum laterality

A

contralateral to cortex, ipsilateral to proprioception - fall towards lesion side

105
Q

flocculonodular lobe disorder

A

truncal ataxia, nystagmus, head tilting - bilateral

106
Q

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

A

amygdala damage - disinhibited behavior - HSV-1

107
Q

Lateral pontine syndrome

A

AICA lesion - facial paralysis

108
Q

most vulnerable to ischemic damage

A

hippocampus, layers 3,5,6 of pyramidal cortex

109
Q

Foramen of Luschka

A

Lateral 4th ventricle to subarachnoid space foramen

110
Q

Foramen of Magendie

A

Medial 4th ventricle to subarachnoid space foramen

111
Q

Foramen of Monro

A

Lateral ventricles to third ventricle

112
Q

Cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius

A

3rd to 4th ventricle

113
Q

Spinal nerves #

A

31 total (C8, T12, L5, S5, coccygeal), C8 exits under C7 vertebrae

114
Q

LP location

A

L4-L5 or L5-S1

115
Q

Werdnig-Hoffmann disease

A

AR - degeneration of anterior horns - floppy baby syndrome, tongue fasciculations - median death 7 mos

116
Q

Ciliary dilator receptor

A

alpha 1

117
Q

ciliary sphincter + ciliary muscle receptor

A

M3

118
Q

ciliary epithelium production receptor

A

beta

119
Q

acute glaucoma contraindicated meds

A

b-agonists, atropine (iris dilator)

120
Q

drusen

A

yellowish deposits - dry macular degeneration

121
Q

wet macular degeneration

A

neovascularization of retina - Anti-VEGF (ranibizumab)

122
Q

diabetic retinopathy

A

nonproliferative - leaky capillaries/hemorrhage; proliferative - neovascularization (bevacizumab)

123
Q

blood and thunder

A

central retinal vein occlusion

124
Q

cherry red spot at fovea

A

central retinal artery occlusion

125
Q

Edinger-Westphal nucleus

A

parasympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons of CN3 - constriction of pupil, accommadation, outputs pupillary light reflex

126
Q

CNIII central lesion

A

oculomotor defect - diabetic ischemia

127
Q

CNIII peripheral lesion

A

parasympathetic defect - compression

128
Q

Meyers loop

A

Inferior vision field - inferior horn of lateral ventricle

129
Q

MLF lesion

A

abducting eye gets nystagmus

130
Q

neurofibrillary tangles

A

hyperphosphorylated tau protein - Alzheimers

131
Q

oligoclonal bands in CSF

A

MS - periventricular plaques with axonal destruction - beta-interferon

132
Q

Sturge-Weber

A

activating mutation of GNAQ - affects small blood vessels - port-wine stain, seizures, retardation, epilepsy, glaucoma

133
Q

closely arranged, thin-walled capillaries with minimal intervening parenchyma

A

cerebellar hemangioblastoma - VHL - can produce EPO

134
Q
A

ALS - Combined UMN and LMN deficits with no sensory
or oculomotor deficits; both UMN and LMN signs - superoxide dismutase 1

135
Q
A

Tabes dorsalis - Caused by 3° syphilis. (demyelination) of dorsal columns and roots

136
Q
A

Vitamin B12 deficiency - Subacute combined degeneration—demyelination of dorsal columns, lateral corticospinal tracts, and
spinocerebellar tracts;

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