Flashcards - Embryo

1
Q

Patau syndrome

A

cleft lip, polydactyly, rocker bottom feet

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2
Q

branchial apparatus

A

CAP - clefts (ectoderm) - arches (mesoderm, neural crest) - pouches (endoderm)

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3
Q

First Aortic/Pharyngeal

A

part of maxillary artery

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4
Q

Second aortic arch

A

hyoid artery, stapedial artery

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5
Q

Third aortic arch

A

common carotid artery, proximal internal carotid artery

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6
Q

Fourth aortic arch

A

left - aortic arch; right - proximal right subclavian artery

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7
Q

Sixth aortic arch

A

proximal pulmonary arteries; left - ductus arteriosus

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8
Q

1st branchial arch

A

M’s - Meckel cartilage, Mandible, Malleus, incus, spheno-Mandibular ligament - Muscles of Mastication (temporalis, Masseter, lateral/Medial pterygoids), mylohoid, tensor tympani - Nerves V2 and V3

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9
Q

2nd branchial arch

A

S’s - Stapes, Styloid, Stylohyoid ligament, lesser horn of hyoid - Stapedius, Stylohyoid, platySma - Nerve VII

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10
Q

3rd branchial arch

A

greater horn of hyoid - stylopharyngeus - Nerve IX (glossopharyngeal)

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11
Q

4th branchial arch

A

thyroid, cricoid - pharyngeal constrictors, cricothyroid, levator veli palatini - Nerves X (swallow)

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12
Q

6th branchial arch

A

thyroid - all intrisinc muscles of larynx but cricothyroid - Nerve X (speak)

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13
Q

bronchial apparatus embryo

A

outside-in CAP; cleft = ectoderm, arches = mesoderm, pouches = endoderm

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14
Q

1st pouch

A

Develops into middle ear cavity, eustachian tube, mastoid air cells.

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15
Q

2nd pouch

A

Develops into epithelial lining of palatine tonsil.

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16
Q

3rd pouch

A

Dorsal wings—develop into inferior parathyroids. Ventral wings—develop into thymus.

17
Q

4th pouch

A

Dorsal wings—develop into superior parathyroids.

18
Q

VACTERL

A

Vertebral anomalies, Anal atresia, Cardiac defects, Tracheoesophageal fistula and/or Esophageal atresia, Renal & Radial anomalies and Limb defects

19
Q

Wnt-7

A

produced at apical ectodermal ridge - dorsal-ventral axis

20
Q

SHH

A

produced at base of limbs - anterior-posterior axis

21
Q

FGF

A

produced at apical ectodermal ridge - lengthening of limbs

22
Q

Hox

A

craniocaudal direction - mutation = limbs in wrong locations

23
Q

alkylating agents

A

missing digits

24
Q

carbamazepine

A

facial dysmorphism, neural tube defects

25
Q

methimazole

A

aplasia cutis congenita

26
Q

warfarin

A

bone deformities, abortion, eye abnormalitiies

27
Q

monochorionic diamniotic cleavage day

A

days 4-8

28
Q

type I error

A

false positive - saying there is an effect where there is not = a = p

29
Q

type II error

A

false negative - saying no effect where there is one = B, statistical power = 1-B

30
Q

ANOVA

A

comparing mean between 3 or more groups

31
Q

Chi-square

A

difference between 2 or more percentages/non-means

32
Q

relative risk

A

cohort study - comparing percentages over total

33
Q

odds ratio

A

case controlled - comparing percentages over 1-percentages

34
Q

attributable risk

A

% difference between percentages of exposed or nonexposed - if risk of lung cancer in smokers is 21% and risk in nonsmokers is 1%, then 20% of the lung cancer risk in smokers is attributable to smoking

35
Q

relative risk reduction

A

1-relative risk

36
Q

absolute risk reduction

A

difference in risk to intervention minus control - vaccine develop the flu vs. 2% of people who receive a flu vaccine, then ARR = 8% − 2% = 6% = .06

37
Q

number needed to treat

A

1/ARR

38
Q

number needed to harm

A

1/AR