Flashcards - Embryo
Patau syndrome
cleft lip, polydactyly, rocker bottom feet
branchial apparatus
CAP - clefts (ectoderm) - arches (mesoderm, neural crest) - pouches (endoderm)
First Aortic/Pharyngeal
part of maxillary artery
Second aortic arch
hyoid artery, stapedial artery
Third aortic arch
common carotid artery, proximal internal carotid artery
Fourth aortic arch
left - aortic arch; right - proximal right subclavian artery
Sixth aortic arch
proximal pulmonary arteries; left - ductus arteriosus
1st branchial arch
M’s - Meckel cartilage, Mandible, Malleus, incus, spheno-Mandibular ligament - Muscles of Mastication (temporalis, Masseter, lateral/Medial pterygoids), mylohoid, tensor tympani - Nerves V2 and V3
2nd branchial arch
S’s - Stapes, Styloid, Stylohyoid ligament, lesser horn of hyoid - Stapedius, Stylohyoid, platySma - Nerve VII
3rd branchial arch
greater horn of hyoid - stylopharyngeus - Nerve IX (glossopharyngeal)
4th branchial arch
thyroid, cricoid - pharyngeal constrictors, cricothyroid, levator veli palatini - Nerves X (swallow)
6th branchial arch
thyroid - all intrisinc muscles of larynx but cricothyroid - Nerve X (speak)
bronchial apparatus embryo
outside-in CAP; cleft = ectoderm, arches = mesoderm, pouches = endoderm
1st pouch
Develops into middle ear cavity, eustachian tube, mastoid air cells.
2nd pouch
Develops into epithelial lining of palatine tonsil.
3rd pouch
Dorsal wings—develop into inferior parathyroids. Ventral wings—develop into thymus.
4th pouch
Dorsal wings—develop into superior parathyroids.
VACTERL
Vertebral anomalies, Anal atresia, Cardiac defects, Tracheoesophageal fistula and/or Esophageal atresia, Renal & Radial anomalies and Limb defects
Wnt-7
produced at apical ectodermal ridge - dorsal-ventral axis
SHH
produced at base of limbs - anterior-posterior axis
FGF
produced at apical ectodermal ridge - lengthening of limbs
Hox
craniocaudal direction - mutation = limbs in wrong locations
alkylating agents
missing digits
carbamazepine
facial dysmorphism, neural tube defects
methimazole
aplasia cutis congenita
warfarin
bone deformities, abortion, eye abnormalitiies
monochorionic diamniotic cleavage day
days 4-8
type I error
false positive - saying there is an effect where there is not = a = p
type II error
false negative - saying no effect where there is one = B, statistical power = 1-B
ANOVA
comparing mean between 3 or more groups
Chi-square
difference between 2 or more percentages/non-means
relative risk
cohort study - comparing percentages over total
odds ratio
case controlled - comparing percentages over 1-percentages
attributable risk
% difference between percentages of exposed or nonexposed - if risk of lung cancer in smokers is 21% and risk in nonsmokers is 1%, then 20% of the lung cancer risk in smokers is attributable to smoking
relative risk reduction
1-relative risk
absolute risk reduction
difference in risk to intervention minus control - vaccine develop the flu vs. 2% of people who receive a flu vaccine, then ARR = 8% − 2% = 6% = .06
number needed to treat
1/ARR
number needed to harm
1/AR
